RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING USING GIS-A case study in Palakkad district

Guided by Presented byProf.M.V.L.R. Anjaneyulu Keerthi.M.G Ceo4m007

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

Introduction Scope and Objectives of the Study Literature Review Brief Review of the Software Used Data Collection Analysis of Data Conclusions Limitations and Scope for Future Study References

INTRODUCTION

As roads are the only means of transport available to most of the rural settlements, it plays a predominant role in the comprehensive development of a society. It acts as the lifeline of the rural economy and society.

STATUS OF CONNECTIVITY OF VILLAGES Sl.no Population Total Number of

VillagesTotal Number of Villages Connected

(% of Total)

1 Less than 1000 459465 173837(37.83)

2 1000 -1500 58029 45138(77.79)

3 More than 1500

143248 132108(92.22)

Total 660742 351083(53.13)

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Palakkad is a typical hill district in Kerala having a predominant share of rural population.

Detailed Panchayath Resource Maps based on cadastral maps are prepared by the Kerala Land Use Board.

Network planning mainly aims to improve flexibility of travel and reduce the circuity.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To review the rural road network development strategies that have been recommended by researchers.

Collection of secondary data,preparation of maps and database in GIS.

Identification of major villages or the future growth villages

(contd…)

To generate road networks based on alternative scientific procedures

Evaluation of the alternative networks using graph theoretical indices

To suggest a methodology for link prioritization

LITERATURE REVIEW

Mineetha (1992), in her work on "Generation and testing of alternatives for rural road network development -a case study of Kozhikode District", has made an attempt to identify village hierarchy based on the trip rate produced from each village.Factor analysis was used for analysis.

Purushottam,et al(1993)in their paper “Scientific preparation of Master plans for Rural Roads in Andra Pradesh” has suggested that rural road network planning is to be carried out in three stages viz: node choice, link choice ,network choice which are decided on the basis of Transport Priority index,Link Priority index and Village Affinity index.

Raji(1997),in her Ph.D thesis work “Rural Road Network Planning through Transportation Related Hierarchy of Settlements” developed a systematic procedure to identify hierarchy of settlements is done in a multidimensional framework using non hierarchical clustering.

(Contd…)

Daya Krishnankutty(1997),in her dissertation work on “Rural Road Network Planning for Kasargod district”, conducted primary household surveys to understand the travel characteristics of the rural community and predicted the average trip rate of villages using data from census reports and using multiple regression analysis.

Prasada Rao, et al(2003) in their paper “Information system for rural road network planning - a case study”,GIS has been used for planning of rural road connectivity for a Community Development block and the information system was developed for village and rural roads.

Praveen Kumar , et al(2004) in their paper “Facility Based Network Planning of Rural Roads Using GIS”, a computer based user friendly rural road network design model was developed.

GRAPH THEORETICAL INDICES FOR NETWORK EVALUATION

Connectivity Measures

Alpha Index - Measure of redundancy

Beta Index - Measure of completeness

Gamma Index-Measure of connectivity

Accessibility Measures Mean Associate Number: Gives the total

length of links needed to connect a link to the most distant node

Mean Dispersion Index: Gives the total number of links needed to connect any node with all other nodes in the network

Circuity Index: Measures the directness of route connecting two nodes

Components of GIS

REVIEW OF THE SOFTWARE USED

TERMINOLOGIES USED IN GEOMEDIA GeoWorkspace Co ordinate system Geographic Projected

Warehouse Windows Map Window

Data Window Layout Window

Legend Feature and feature class

FUNCTIONS OF GEOMEDIA

Digitization Development Of Database Running Queries Buffer Analysis Thematic Mapping

Map Window with Legend Entries

DATA COLLECTION

STUDY AREA

Ottapalam Block Mannarkkad Block

Latitude between 10021’and 11014’

Longitude between 76002’and 76054’

Area(sq.km) 1991 2001

1 Alathur 9 127 372.25 237679 2533852 Attapadi 3 37 703.23 62033 661713 Chittur 6 82 261.24 149821 1585104 Kollengode 5 66 163.32 119886 1239085 Kuzhalmannam 7 87 192.12 156657 1660296 Malampuzha 8 109 468.04 200281 2238087 Mannarkkad 9 127 482.35 246877 2895388 Nenmara 6 75 741.35 130450 1358829 Ottapalam 5 67 165.07 123806 13791810 Palakkad 8 100 203.88 174065 19646411 Pattambi 10 127 224.16 232425 26689912 Sreekrishnapuram 7 83 219.41 144928 16191213 Thrithala 7 91 172.16 164254 183134

90 1178 4368.58 2143162 2363558

Population

Total

Sl.No

Community Development Block

Number ofPanchayaths

Number ofWards

ADMINISTRATIVE PROFILE OF THE BLOCKS IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT

CATEGORYWISE LENGTH OF PWD ROADS IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT

Sl.No.

Category of Roads

Length (in kms.) of Road

Palakkad Kerala

1 National Highways141.000(9.25%)

1523.954

2 State Highways373.079(9.86%)

3784.717

3 Major District Roads794.026(6.78%)

11711.264

4 Other District Roads436.910(8.22%)

5315.518

5 Village Roads42.390(6.46%)

655.993

6 Municipal Road612.905(7.96%)

7696.769

7 Panchayath Roads6643.306(6.97%)

95516

WBM-15

Earthen-43

Bituminous-42

WBM-1

Earthen-53

Bituminous-46

Ottapalam Mannarkkad

Distribution of Panchayath Roads

Work-30.79

Shopping-12.89

Health-4.60

Social&Recreation-20.43

others-2.64

Purpose Wise Distribution of Trips

GIS IN RURAL ROAD PLANNING

An effective tool for village and road information system.

Concurrent access to multiple users which provide user transactions in an efficient manner.

It is an indispensable tool for data storage in planning.

Spatial analysis capability along with thematic mapping, network analysis charting etc are important.

Attribute Table Showing Ward Level Data Of Mannarkkad Block

Ward Boundaries with Facilities of Mannarkkad Block

Map Showing Existing Roads With Inventory Data in Ottapalam Block

Thematic Map Based On Population Of Ottapalam Block

Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to Krishi Bhavan in

Ottapalam Block

Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to College-

Mannarkkad Block

Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to High School-

Mannarkkad Block

ANALYSIS OF DATA

FUNCTIONAL PLANNING APPROACH

Deals with the locational aspects of various facilities in a well distributed manner to cater to the socioeconomic needs for balanced regional growth.

Prioritization of settlement is based on an index known as settlement index or utility value.

SIi=settlement index for habitation i

Wxi=weight for xth facility for habitation i

x

xii WSI

16 8 4 2 0

1 Population 3000+2000-3000

1000-2000

500-1000 <500 16

2SC/ST Population 900+ 750-900 500-750 250-500 <250 16

3 L.P./U.P.School - - > One One Nil 4

4Tutorial/ Parallel College - - > One One Nil 4

5

Higher Secondary School - Yes

upto 2kms 2-5 Km 5 km+ 8

6

College/ Vocational Institution Yes

upto 2kms 2-5 km

5-10 Km 10 Km 16

7Hospital /dispensary Yes

upto 2kms 2-5 Km 5-10km 10 Km+ 16

8 MCW Centres - Yesupto 2kms 2-5 Km 5 km+ 8

9Veternary Hospital - Yes

upto 2kms 2-5 Km 5 km+ 8

% weight for thegroup

1. Demographic

132. Educational

Sl. No. Name of facilityWeightage Maximum

score

133. Medical

13

RELATIVE WEIGHTS FOR FACILITY VARIABLES FOR COMPUTING SETTLEMENT INDEX

  Ward ;No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Panchayat Ambalappara 98 96 108 96 102 60 66 150 58 116 106 96 106 102 94 84

  Ananganadi 84 128 122 72 78 86 102 92 88 70 88 114        

  Chalavara 102 80 100 100 98 122 108 86 98 110 90          

  Lekkidi Perur 80 110 102 100 94 88 80 92 118 112 124 108 98 86    

  Vaniyamkulam 86 104 112 84 146 112 90 88 86 78 110 116 58 112 92  

PANCHAYATWISE LIST OF WARDS IN OTTAPALAM BLOCK AND CALCULATED SI

ALL HABITATIONS IN THE BLOCK

UNCONNECTED CONNECTED

WARD INDEX PRIORITISED HABITATIONS

POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE LINKS FOR MAKING CONNECTIVITY FOR EACH UNCONNECTED SETTLEMENTS

AVAILABLE ROAD LINKS

ALL CATEGORIES OF ALL -WEATHER ROAD NETWORK AND CONNECTED HABITATIONS

SELECTION OF THE BEST LINK OUT OF THE ALTERNATIVES FOR EACH UNCONNECTED AND PRIORITISED SETTLEMENTS

OPTIMUM NETWORK BASED ON EFFICIENCY AND ACCESS REQUIRED BY UNCONNECTED HABITATIONS UNTILL ALL SETTLEMENTS ARE CONNECTED

If not connected next prioritized habitation is formed

Approach for Network Connectivity

PREDICTION OF TRIP RATES

Trip rates are calculated using a regression equation

T= 60.797+6.156U1/2+30.518U1/3-130.189U1/4+63.269U1/5-

2.228 (log H) 1/2

Where T= Trip rate of the ward

U=Utility Value or Ward index

H= Number of occupied households in the village

Trip Rates from the Wards of Ottapalam Block

IDENTIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY

By Clustering

K-means clustering is done with the Utility Value of the ward as input.The wards in each of the blocks are classified into four clusters.Clustering is done in such a way that within variance of clusters is less compared to among variance.

Hierarchy of Settlements Based on SI for Ottapalam Block

Hierarchy of Settlements Based on SI for Mannarkkad Block

BY TRIP RATE

Trip Rate can be used as a criterion for identification of settlement hierarchy.It measures the intensity of activities within a settlement. Trip rate frequency distribution diagram is used.

Cumulative Trip Distribution Diagram-Ottapalam

% wards

Cumulative Trip Distribution Diagram-Mannarkkad Block

CLASSIFICATION USING TRIP RATE IN OTTAPALAM BLOCK

Sl.No Class Range in trip rates No. of wards

1 1 5.43-6.5 9

2 2 6.5-7.54 24

3 3 7.54-8.95 27

4 4 8.95-11.55 7

CLASSIFICATION USING TRIP RATE IN MANNARKKAD BLOCK

Sl.No Class Range in trip rates

No.of wards

1 2 5.38-6.22 32

2 1 6.22-7.41 49

3 4 7.41-9.00 30

4 3 9.00-11.34 16

By Clustering By Trip Rate

1 1109 1 12 1512 1 13 1106 1 14 1107 1 15 1210 1 16 1204 1 17 1205 1 18 1509 1 19 1302 1 110 1401 1 211 1407 1 212 1201 2 213 1116 2 214 1503 2 215 1206 2 216 1308 2 217 1414 2 218 1508 2 219 1209 2 220 1211 2 221 1406 2 222 1507 2 223 1311 2 224 1506 2 225 1208 2 226 1408 2 227 1514 2 228 1115 2 229 1405 2 230 1102 2 231 1104 2 232 1112 2 233 1101 2 2

Sl.no Ward codeOrder of Settlement hierarchy

Comparison of settlement hierarchy by Clustering and Trip Rate

Contd…

By Clustering By Trip Rate

34 1305 2 335 1309 2 336 1413 2 337 1303 3 338 1304 3 339 1404 3 340 1207 3 341 1114 3 342 1105 3 343 1403 3 344 1501 3 345 1111 3 346 1113 3 347 1103 3 348 1307 3 349 1412 3 350 1310 3 351 1402 3 352 1510 3 353 1410 3 354 1502 3 355 1505 3 356 1513 3 357 1212 3 358 1117 3 359 1511 3 360 1110 3 361 1409 4 462 1203 4 463 1306 4 464 1411 4 465 1202 4 466 1504 4 467 1108 4 4

Ward codeOrder of Settlement hierarchy

Sl.no

COMPARISON

BLOCK METHODOLOGY

  FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH

OTTAPALAM

BY TRIP RATES 9 24 27 7

BY CLUSTERING 11 25 24 7

MANNARKKAD

BY TRIP RATES 32 49 30 16

BY CLUSTERING 34 46 34 13

PHILOSOPHY1 FOR NETWORK GENERATION

All higher order settlements are given connection to the existing roads.

All lower order settlements which are not having connections or having connections only through a single branch of a spanning tree is given connection to a higher order settlement or to another road in the vicinity, whichever is nearer.

Inter settlement connections are given.

PHILOSOPHY 2 FOR NETWORK GENERATION All higher order settlements are given connection

to the existing roads All lower order settlements are given connection

to higher order settlements in the hierarchical order as far as possible. If in any situations this is not possible, then connections are given to the nearest higher order settlement

Inter settlement connections are given

Existing Road Network - Ottapalam Block

Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 1- Ottapalam Block

Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 2- Ottapalam Block

Existing Road Network – Mannarkkad Block

Road Network Generated Using Philosophy1- Mannarkkad Block

Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 2- Mannarkkad Block

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE NETWORKS

Sl.no Properties Existing

E=90,V=82

Alternative1

E=116,V=99

Alternative2 E=94,V=82

1 Alpha 5.66 9.33 8.17

2 Beta 1.09 1.17 1.15

3 Gamma 37.9 39.86 39.17

4 Mean Associate Number

29.12 25.86 33.24

5 Mean Dispersion

Index

14.57 14.06 14.49

6 Circuity Index

1.63 1.57 1.60

Structural Properties of Ottapalam Block

STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MANNARKKAD BLOCK Sl.no Properties Existing

E=90V=82

Alternative1

E=116,V=99

Alternative2 E=94,V=82

1 Alpha 2.09 4.76 2.79

2 Beta 1.03 1.09 1.04

3 Gamma 35.07 36.84 35.55

4 Mean Associate Number

Region1

Region2

36.99

31.76

20.01

25.62

34.97

24.88

5 Mean Dispersion Index Region1

Region219.64

17.48

10.87

13.85

17.41

12.49

6 Circuity Index

Region1

Region2

2.56

2.58

1.64

1.93

2.43

2.05

Calculation of Connectivity Indices Using Geomedia Professional

METHODOLOGY FOR LINK PRIORITIZATION

Based on travel demand By Sensitivity Analysis Using Structural

Properties

Additional Links with ID to be added to Existing links in

Ottapalam Block

LINK PRIORITIZATION USING TRAVEL DEMAND

Sl.no IDTravel

DemandOrder of priority

1 25 21393.7 12 7 19115.2 13 9 18712.2 14 2 18597.1 15 24 18538.2 16 6 18424.2 17 8 18205.5 18 5 16902.3 29 10 16891.9 2

10 13 16514.7 211 12 16514.7 212 26 16289.8 213 17 15883.8 314 4 15856.7 315 1 15729 316 14 14691.1 417 22 14376.1 418 11 14102.8 419 18 14102.8 420 20 14051.6 421 16 13922.4 522 19 13922.4 523 15 13424.6 524 21 12931.4 525 3 12492.9 526 23 11685.9 5

Sl.no ID Mean Associate Number

Mean dispersion Index

Circuity Index

Order ofPriority

1 9 24.03 13.49 1.54 1

2 17 24.35 12.65 1.54 1

3 25 23.82 13.08 1.54 1

4 24 24.01 12.78 1.54 1

5 1 23.99 13.24 1.57 2

6 6 23.99 13.24 1.57 2

7 12 24.08 12.98 1.57 2

8 13 24.08 12.98 1.57 2

9 14 24.08 12.98 1.57 2

10 20 24.63 12.85 1.57 2

11 22 23.95 13.21 1.57 2

12 3 24.02 13.99 1.58 3

13 4 24.02 13.99 1.58 3

14 5 24.02 13.99 1.58 3

15 7 24.02 13.99 1.58 3

16 8 24.02 13.99 1.58 3

17 26 27.98 13.21 1.58 3

18 2 24.01 14.04 1.6 4

19 10 25.01 13.28 1.6 4

20 21 25.05 12.89 1.6 4

21 23 26.46 13.98 1.6 4

22 11 25.48 14.25 1.6 4

23 15 26.48 13.96 1.61 5

24 16 26.48 13.96 1.61 5

25 18 26.98 14.05 1.61 5

26 19 26.98 14.05 1.61 5

LINK PRIORITIZATION USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING

Study the secondary data collected . Prioritize the settlements by its Utility Value Stratify the connected and unconnected

settlements into different orders by using Clustering with input as the Utility Value of the settlement.

Rank ordering of settlements can also be done by using trip rates.

Provide connection of higher order settlement to existing roads and lower orders to either the existing roads or higher order settlements whichever is nearer. Intersettlement connections are given.

Evaluation of the alternative networks generated by using graph theoretical indices.

Prioritization of links based on travel demand or sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Literature review suggests that the development of rural roads network linkages based on the size of settlement as the sole criterion is erroneous.

The maps of two blocks of Palakkad district, Ottapalam and Mannarkkad are digitized using Geomedia Professional 5.2. The ward level information and road inventory data are stored in GIS database which is used for analysis.

The main advantage of using GIS in this study is to access and analyze spatially distributed data with respect to its actual spatial location overlaid on a base map.

The planning is mainly based on functional planning approach . (Contd..)

An index derived from a set of composite variables consisting of demographic ,socioeconomic infrastructural development and policy variables is used to prioritize the settlements.

Two alternative strategies are proposed for rural road network development.

Evaluation using graph theoretical indices indicates the first alternative which recommends direct connection irrespective of hierarchical order is suited for the study area.

A methodology for link prioritization based on travel demand or sensitivity analysis is suggested.

LIMITATIONS

The study is limited to two blocks of Palakkad district The physical feasibility of the links should be checked

before real life implementation of the network .In this study the physical feasibility is not considered due to time and other resource constraints.

The methodology for link prioritization did not consider factors like cost,travel time etc.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

By the effective utilization of the resources a strong database in GIS environment ,the Village and Road Information System can be built.This will be very useful for problem identification, planning and allocation of various socioeconomic facilities.

Physical feasibility can be checked using digital toposheets.

An optimal methodology for link prioritization can be made taking into account various factors like cost,travel time,travel demand ,structural properties.

REFERENCES

Daya Krishnankutty (1997), “Rural Road Network Planning for Kasargod District”, M.Tech thesis submitted to Calicut University.

Khanna.S.K and Justo C.E.G, “A text book on Highway Engineering”, Nem Chand and Bros,Roorkee

Kumar.A and Tillotson (1989), “A comprehensive Planning Methodology for Rural Roads in India”, IRC Journal, Vol 9-2, pp 290-332.

Lakshmana Rao.K.M and Jayasree.K (2005), “Road Network-Design Methods and Evaluation Patterns”, Indian Highways, April 2005, pp 33-53.

Mahendru A.K, Sikdar P.K and Khanna.S.K (1982), “Nodal Points in Rural Road Network Planning”, Indian Highways Vol 10 -4, pp 5-10.

Mineetha.C (1992), “Generation and testing of Alternatives for Rural Road Network Development”, M.Tech thesis submitted to Calicut University

Minimal.K (1992), “Development of Land use Transportation Models for Rural Road Network Planning in Thrissur district”, M.Tech thesis submitted to Calicut University.

Prasad Rao, Kangadurai.B, Jain.P.K and Neelam Jain (2003), “Information System for Rural Road Network Planning-A case study”, Map India Conference 2003. www.gisdevelopment.net/proceedings/mapindia-2003

Praveen Kumar, Manoj Arora and Marem Sudhakar (2004), “Facility Based Network Planning of Rural Roads Using GIS”, Indian Highways, July 2004, pp 5-22

Purushottam.Y.S, Murahari Reddy.S, Kesavan Nair.S and Mahesh Chand (1993), “Scientific preparation of Master Plans for Rural Roads in Andra Pradesh”, IRC journal Vol 52-3, pp 357-410.

Raji.A.K (1997), “Rural Road Network Planning through Transportation Related Hierarchy of Settlements”, Ph.D thesis submitted to Calicut University.

Ramayya.T.V and Anantharamaiah.K.M (1986), “Impact of Transportation Facility on Economical Development in Rural Areas”, Proceedings of the international conference on Transportation System Studies.

Rural Roads Manual (2002), Indian Road Congress Special Publication 20, New Delhi

Sikdar.P.K (2001), “Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana-A mission for Rural Connectivity by All Weather Roads”, Indian Highways May 2001, pp81-94

Sikdar.P.K, Neelam Jain, Pankaj Gupta and Kishore Kumar (2003), “Geographic Information System in Transportation Planning”, Map India Conference 2003

Srinivas.N.S, Ramesh.V.N, Satyamurthy.T.J, Robinson.D and Ramakrishnan.T (1992), “District Level Planning of PWD Road Network-Palghat”, Indian Highways March 1992, pp31-38.

Swaminathan.C.G, Lal.N.B and Ashok Kumar (1982), “A Systems Approach to Rural Road Development”, IRC journal, Vol-42(4), paper no.347

http://www.censusindia.net/