Rural Development

RURAL DEVELOPMENTLesson 3: Rural Development

P.B. Dharmasena0777 - 613234, 0717 - 613234

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Course Content• Introduction to rural sector• Rural poverty• Rural development• Rural demography• Supporting services• Rural development societies and their role• Planning and implementing rural development

projects• Past and present rural development programs in

Sri Lanka and constraints• Analysis of rural development projects in the

Asian region

• Although the population of the developing world is still more rural than urban, the twentieth century witnessed a significant decrease in the percentage of people inhabiting rural areas worldwide.

• Global rural population declined from about 87% in 1900 to 71% in 1950, and 51% 2005.

Fate of Rural Population in the World

What is ‘rural’?

1. Size of place; Rural communities tend to be generally smaller in size of area inhabited than urban communities

2. Population density and composition:Number of inhabitants per unit area of land in rural communities is always smaller than for urban centers. Rural populations also tend to be less heterogeneous than urban populations.

What is ‘rural’? Contd…..

3. Closeness to nature:Rural environment permits greater and more direct closeness to physical environmental elements such as soil, wind, radiation, parasites and microorganisms.

4. Occupation: Farming and other primary production activities are generally the major occupations in rural communities, unlike urban centers where organization, commerce and industry take the centre stage.

What is ‘rural’? Contd…..5. Cultural simplicity:

Complex culture, high fashion, music and literature are more associated with urban areas than rural ones.

6. Social interaction: Primary group contacts form the main feature of social interaction in rural areas, while secondary contacts define most interactions in urban centers.

Primary group - Group of individuals living in close, intimate, and personal relationship.

Secondary group - Secondary groups include groups in which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, and such. They also include university classes, athletic teams, and groups of co-workers.


7. Social stratification:There are generally fewer social classes in rural areas than urban areas.

8. Social mobility: Urban dwellers often move more rapidly from one social stratum to the other than their rural counterparts.

Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society.

9. Social differentiation: Rural areas tend to have very little division of labour and specialization and are thus made up of several similar independent units, unlike urban centers.

Social differentiation is the distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and socio-cultural factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles and status within a society.

10. Social control: There is usually greater internalization of societal values and norms in rural areas, thereby leading to higher levels of social control than in urban centers which relies more on formal institutions.

Social control is the enforcement of conformity by society upon its members, either by law or by social pressure.


11. Levels and standards of living:Although this is not true for all places and periods, urban centers, due to the presence of a variety of infrastructures, goods, and services tend to offer higher levels of living than rural centers. Especially in developing countries, urban centers tend to offer higher standards of living due to better housing, education, health and communication facilities.


RURAL COMMUNITY1. A group of people with a common characteristic or

interest living together, in a village.2. A Rural Community can be classified as rural based

on the criteria of lower population density, less social differentiation, less social and spatial mobility, slow rate of social change, etc.

3. Agriculture is the major occupation of rural people.

MAIN FEATURES OF RURAL COMMUNITYVillage is an institution-The Village is a primary institution. The development of villages is influenced considerably by the life of the village. It satisfies almost all the needs of the rural.Community-They have a sense of unity and a feeling of belongingness towards each other. Religion-Faith in religion and universal power is found in the life of the villages. Agriculture-Main occupation is agriculture which involves dependence on nature. Nature gives the livelihood to them. Farmers worship forces of nature.

LIFE OF RURAL PEOPLELifestyles in rural areas are different than those in urban areas, mainly because limited services are available.

Governmental services like law enforcement, schools, health centres, and libraries may be distant, limited in scope, or unavailable.

Utilities like water, sewer, street lighting, and garbage collection may not be present.

Public transport is sometimes absent or very limited, people use their own vehicles, walk or ride an animal.

Rural Development1. Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the

economic and social life of rural poor.

2. It is a process, which aims at improving the well being and self realization of people living outside the urbanized areas through collective process.

3. Rural Development is all about bringing change among rural community from the traditional way of living to progressive way of living. It is also expressed as a movement for progress.

Rural Development - The Definition of United Nations

“Rural Development is a process of change, by which the efforts of the people themselves are united, those of government authorities to improve their economic, social and cultural conditions of communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national programme.”

BENEFITS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

INFRA-STRUCTUR

E

TECHNOLOGY

HEALTHEDUCATION

ECONOMY

Changing Scenario of Rural Development

• Before 1970s– Rural development = Agricultural development.

• 1980s by the World Bank:– ‘Strategy designed to improve the economic and

social life of the rural poor’.• USDA in 2006:– ‘Improvement in the overall rural community

conditions, including economic and other quality of life considerations such as environment, health, infrastructure, and housing’.

OBJECTIVES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT.

1. To develop farm, home, public service and village community.

2. To bring improvement in producing of crops and animals living condition.

3. To improve health and education condition etc. for improvement of the rural people.

4. To improve villagers with their own efforts.

5. To improve village communication.

Main Objectives

PROBLEMS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

1. People related problems2. Agricultural related problems3. Infrastructure related problems4. Economic problems5. Social and Cultural problems6. Leadership related problems7. Administrative problems

PEOPLE RELATED PROBLEMS 1. Conventional way of thinking.

2. Poor understanding.

3. Low level of education to understand development efforts and new technology.

4. Deprived psychology and scientific orientation.

5. Lack of confidence.

6. Poor awareness.

7. Low level of education.

8. Existence of unfelt needs.

9. Personal ego.

Agriculture in Sri Lanka

• Nearly 40% of the population of Sri Lanka are involved in farming, with the majority of these engaged in rice farming.

• The farming community in the country is primarily from the poorer segment of the society.

• As an economically disadvantaged group, they lack effective organization, leadership skills and representation at a political level. Lack of strength and effective voice means the community is dependent on the others, many of whom have different agendas and interests.

Agriculture in Sri Lanka

The needs and wants of the rice-oriented farming community:• Effectively managed water supply• Seed paddy• Fertilizers• Farm implements, pest and insect control solutions etc• Access to finances with least bureaucratic hurdles and at reasonable

cost• Purchase price that reflects both costs and a reasonable return on the

investment

Sri Lanka’s rice sector SWOT analysis

• Strengths:– Availability of land, – Farming knowledge, – Ability to work long hours, – Simplicity of life style


• Weaknesses– No access to low cost finances– Lack of good storage facilities– Lack of financial power to hold

paddy for long periods– Limited influence in their own

affairs– Often in debt and under

obligation to the private paddy buyer

– No say in end consumer price– Benefits to middle man

Sri Lanka’s rice sector SWOT analysis• Opportunities

– Innovate and organize to capture more of the value chain– Build influence in the paddy chain– Ensure right price for their paddy– Profit from any variation in the price of rice– Build financial strength– Ensure steady income even after having sold the paddy stocks– Uplift living standards– Overall increase in the purchasing power of farmers and benefit for other goods

and services sectors– Create a viable, sustainable and profitable industry– Attract those who are presently in marginal employ or under employed– Build and sustain marketing and distribution process– Establish a pension or provident fund scheme paid for from the profits– Dividends– Earn foreign exchange


• Threats– Mega rice industrialists– Power of the existing mega brands– Administration conditioned to present system– Import of agricultural products– Reluctance of younger generation to consider farming as a

worthwhile career

AGRICULTURE RELATED PROBLEMS

1. Lack of expected awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude.2. Unavailability of inputs.3. Poor marketing facility.4. Insufficient extension staff and services.5. Multidimensional tasks to extension personnel.6. Small size of land holding.7. Division of land.8. Unwillingness to work and stay in rural areas.

INFASTRUCTRE RELATED PROBLEMS

Poor infrastructure facilities such as: 1. Water2. Electricity 3. Transport 4. Educational institutions 5. Communication6. Health7. Employment8. Storage facility etc.

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1. Unfavourable economic

condition to adopt high cost technology.

2. High cost of inputs.3. Under privileged rural industries

LEADERSHIP RELATED PROBLEM1. Leadership among the

hands of inactive and incompetent people.

2. Self interest of leaders.3. Biased political will

ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS

1. Political interference.2. Lack of motivation and interest.3. Unwillingness to work in villages.4. Improper utilization of budget.5. No proper monitoring of programs and lack in their implementation.

Importance of Rural Development

Rural development is a dynamic process, which is mainly concerned with the rural areas. These include-

– Agricultural growth, – Putting up of economic and social infrastructure,– Fair wages as also housing and house sites for the landless,– Village planning,– Public health,– Education and functional literacy,– Communication etc.

Rural development is a national necessity and has considerable importance in Sri Lanka

Importance of rural development

• Rural development would continue to be a frontline issue in

global development agenda

• For combating global poverty, disease, human slavery and

inequality

• For arresting rural-urban migration that has become a crucial

issue in many developing countries.

• It would ensure optimum utilization of human and natural

resources in rural communities and reduce pressure on already

overloaded utilities in the urban centers.

No good houseNo waterNo developed land Very low income

Poor health

Polluted environment

Unproductive farming

Poor income avenues

No knowledgeNo supporting services

LonelinessNo body to help

Our Vulnerable Farm Family

Physical improvementsEconomic

improvements

Environmental

improvementsLivelihood improvements

Social improvements

Institutional improvements

Our Vulnerable Farm Family

No good houseNo waterNo developed land

No knowledgeNo supporting services

Poor health

Polluted environment

Unproductive farming

Very low income

LonelinessNo body to help

Poor income avenues

Our Vulnerable Farm Family – What we do?Physical improvements

• Land development• Tank rehabilitation• Well construction

Environmental improvements• Coastal conservation• Soil conservation• Tank ecosystem development• Ecological farming

Social improvements• Training• Strengthening service organizations

Economic improvements (increased income)• Crop• Livestock• Fishery

Institutional improvements• Producers’ Societies• Farmer Organizations

Livelihood improvements• Value addition• Nursery development• Tourism

Institutional Framework

Community

Community

Com

mun

ity

Community

Institutional Framework In

stitu

tiona

l Fra

mew

ork


Strengths and weaknesses

Threats and Opportunities

Family

Family

Economic

Institutional

Live

lihoo

ds

Socia

l

Environmental


Community

Community

Com

mun

ity

Community


Inst

itutio

nal F

ram

ewor

k


PhysicalDisaster

Politics

Services

Interventions

Opportunities

Rural development is needed because1. To develop rural area as whole in terms of culture, society, economy, technology and health.2. To develop living standard of rural mass.3. To develop rural youths, children and women.4. To develop and empower human resource of rural area in terms of their psychology, skill, knowledge, attitude and other abilities.5. To solve the problems faced by the rural mass for their development.

6. To develop infrastructure facility of rural area.7. To provide minimum facility to rural mass in terms

of drinking water, education, transport, electricity and communication.

8. To develop rural institutions like Producers’ Societies, Farmer Organizations, Banking and Credit Societies etc.9. To develop rural industries through the development of handicrafts, small scaled industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage industries and other related economic operations in the rural sector.10. To develop agriculture, animal husbandry and

other agricultural related areas.

Rural development is needed because

11. To restore uncultivated land, provide irrigation facilities and motivate farmers to adopt improved seed, fertilizers, package of practices of crop cultivation and soil conservation methods.12. To develop entertainment and recreational facility for

rural mass.13. To develop leadership quality of rural area.14. To improve rural marketing facility.15. To minimise gap between the urban and rural in terms of facilities availed.


16. To improve rural people’s participation in the development of state and nation as whole.

17. To improve scopes of employment for rural mass.18. For the sustainable development of rural area.19. To eliminate rural poverty.20. To empower them.


Rural development indicators

• The World Bank :– Core indicators are based on 5 themes:

1. Basic socio-economic data;2. Enabling environment for rural development;3. Broad based economic growth for rural poverty

reduction;4. Natural resource management and biodiversity;5. Social well-being (education and health).

Rural development indicators (contd….

• The World Conference on Agrarian Reforms and Rural Development (WCARRD):– Core indicators based on 6 themes:

1. Poverty alleviation with equity2. Access to land, water and other natural resources 3. Access to inputs, markets and services 4. Development of non-farm rural activities 5. Education, training and extension 6. Growth rate

WCARRD -1:Poverty alleviation with equity

• Income/consumption– % HH below poverty line and % income distribution of the population

• Nutrition– % children (1-5 years) with < 80% weight-for-age, < 90% height-for-age

and < 80% weight-for-height• Health

– Infant and child mortality rate and % population with at least one health problem (group)

• Education– Adult literacy rate and Primary school enrolment and completion rates

• Housing– % of rural household with specified housing facilities, e.g. piped water,

electricity and sanitation facilities • Access to community services

– % of population living in villages/communities with access to: potable water, public health services, primary schools


WCARRD -2: Access to land, water and other natural resources

• % number and area of agricultural holdings by size groups and tenure• % heads of rural households without land• Average wage rate of agricultural labourers • Rate of unemployment and under-employment• %landless agricultural labourers to the population economically active

in agriculture


WCARRD -3: Access to inputs, markets and services

• % rural households receiving institutional credit


WCARRD -4: Development of non-farm rural activities

• % economically active population engaged in non-agricultural activities

WCARRD -5: Education, training and extension

• Number of rural (including agricultural) extension personnel per 1,000 holdings/households.

WCARRD -6: Growth rate

• Annual rate of population growth

Determinants of rural development (factors that determine rural development)• Availability and efficient utilization of natural resources • Production and employment capacities• Manpower and technology• Good and responsible leadership• Basic infrastructure• Peace and political stability• Literacy level• Other factors: (i) geographical location, (ii) size of a village,

(iii) productivity of land, (iv) type of land use, (v) active population, (vi) popular production areas, (vii) proximity to a river, (viii) housing comfort, (ix) characteristics of drinking water, (x) productive fruit areas, (xi) cooperativeness, and (xii) social infrastructure investments.

Millennium Development Goals• At the Millennium Summit in September 2000 the largest gathering of

world leaders in history adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a series of time-bound targets, with a deadline of 2015, that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals.

• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's time-bound and quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability. They are also basic human rights-the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter, and security.

Success of MDG• The UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have,

overall, been remarkably successful in focusing attention and mobilizing resources to address the major gaps in human development.

• Some of the MDGs’ key targets, such as halving the poverty rate, could not be met by 2015;

• Achieving the health goals looks difficult and Africa lags behind, despite the substantial progress it has made since 2000.

• The global community must build on the current MDGs, moving beyond meeting basic human needs in order to promote dynamic, inclusive and sustainable development.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• At the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit on 25 September 2015, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030.

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/09/24/undp-welcomes-adoption-of-sustainable-development-goals-by-world-leaders.html

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a new,

universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.

• The MDGs made no mention of human rights and did not specifically address economic development. While the MDGs, in theory, applied to all countries, in reality they were considered targets for poor countries to achieve, with finance from wealthy states.

• Conversely, every country will be expected to work towards achieving the SDGs.

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html


1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved

nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education

and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women

and girls6. Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

8. Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries11. Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production

patterns


13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources

15. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss

16. Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies17. Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable

development


Enhancing rural development in the 21st century

Principles to be adopted:1. Recognize the great diversity of the rural society

and its institutions;2. Respond to past and future changes in rural areas;3. Be consistent with wider poverty reduction policy;4. Reflect wider moves to democratic decentralization;

and5. Make case for productive sectors in rural

development in order to maximize growth and reduce poverty.

Enhancing rural development in the 21st century (contd…)10 recommendations based on 5 principles:

1. Offer different development options to rural, peri-urban, and remote locations. No single approach fits all situations,

2. Provide livelihood-strengthening options for multi-occupational and multi-locational households. In increasingly noticeable feature of rural occupations is that household members tend to be engaged in more than one income-generating activity.

3. Put in place market institutions, with government playing key roles,

4. Combat inequalities in income and assets targets, timetables and concrete measures

Enhancing rural development in the 21st century (contd…)

10 recommendations based on 5 principles:

5. Demonstrate that agricultural development strategies would be compatible with natural resource management,

6. Recognize the importance of investment in infrastructure and human capital.

7. Respond to the obligation of protecting the poor with new social protection measures,

8. Propose pragmatic steps towards greater de-concentration and devolution,

9. Identify (and ensure) the place of rural development in sectoral programmes, and

10. Recognize the need to support for research.

Rural Development

Education

Transcript of Rural Development