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Tips  and  tricks  for  high  performance  websites  

Harald  Zeitlhofer  

Boost  your  website  by  running  PHP  on  Nginx  

@HZeitlhofer  harald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com  

 

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• Technology  Strategist  at  Dynatrace  • Database  and  Web  Development  

• PHP  for  more  than  15  years  

• Love  to  discover  new  things  

Harald  Zeitlhofer  

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Tips and tricks for high performance websites

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Web  ApplicaIons  

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Modern  Web  Pages:  lots  of  staIc  content  

434  Resources  in  total  on  that  page:  230  JPEGs,  75  PNGs,  50  GIFs,  …  

more  than  20MB  page  size  

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Fifa.com  during  Worldcup  2014  

hXp://blog.dynatrace.com/2014/05/21/is-­‐the-­‐fifa-­‐world-­‐cup-­‐website-­‐ready-­‐for-­‐the-­‐tournament/  

largest  item  on  page:  favicon.ico  with  370  KB!!!  

but  also  some  heavyweight  CSS  and  JS  files  with  up  to  288  KB!!!  

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cached  content  

can  sIll  create  roundtrips    to  the  network!  

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Web  Request  handling  

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Web  Request  handling  

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PHP  run  modes  

Apache  Module  

–  tradiIonal  approach  –  used  for  most  PHP  environments  

PHP-­‐FPM  

–  fast  process  manager  

–  run  mulIple  PHP  worker  processes  to  serve  FastCGI  requests  

HHVM  

–  Virtual  machine  for  HipHop  

–  fast  PHP  engine  –  can  serve  FastCGI  requests    

 

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PHP-­‐FPM  FastCGI  Process  Manager      

Available  since  5.3.3  

Stable  since  5.4.1  

     

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•  InstallaIon    

• Pool  configuraIon  /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

PHP-­‐FPM  

[www] user = www-data group = www-data listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 # for Unix socket: unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

root@hzvm01:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ps -ef | grep php root 6435 1 0 14:39 ? 00:00:32 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf) spelix 6439 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch spelix 6440 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch www-data 10576 6435 1 18:45 ? 00:00:48 php-fpm: pool www www-data 10920 6435 1 18:47 ? 00:00:47 php-fpm: pool www www-data 10927 6435 1 18:47 ? 00:00:46 php-fpm: pool www

sudo apt-get install php5-fpm

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HHVM  HipHop  Virtual  Machine  

Facebook's  PHP  engine  

JIT  compiler  

supports  PHP  and  Hack  

 

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•  InstallaIon  

 

•  start  server   cd /your/root/folder hhvm --mode server -vServer.Type=fastcgi -vServer.Port=9000

echo deb http://dl.hhvm.com/ubuntu trusty main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hhvm.list sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install hhvm

hhvm --mode server -vServer.Type=fastcgi –vServer.FileSocket=/var/run/hhvm.sock

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Nginx  

Lightweight  HTTP  server  

Event  based  request  handling  

Open  Source  project  (BSD)    

Development  started  in  2002  by  Igor  Sysoev  to  solve  the  c10k  problem  

Commercial  version  NGINX  Plus  

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Leading  among    top  100.000  websites  

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/etc/nginx/nginx.conf  

 

 # max_clients = worker_processes * worker_connections worker_processes 8; # number of CPUs pcre_jit on; # enable JIT for regex events { worker_connections 1024; multi_accept on; }

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•  StaIc  content  served  by  Nginx  •  Dynamic  requests  sent  to  PHP  

IntegraIon  

server { listen 80; server_name www.yourdomain.com; root /var/www/test; index index.php index.html index.htm;

location ~* \.(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ { try_files $uri =404; }

location / { try_files $uri $uri/ =404; }

location ~* \.php$ {

fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1; include fastcgi_params; }

}

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CommunicaIon  via  sockets  •  TCP  vs  Unix  

•  Unix  slightly  faster  when  used  on  localhost  

•  Use  TCP  for  high  load  

location ~* \.php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; }

fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

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TransacIon  flow  

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hXp://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014  

è  to  be  processed  by  index.php  

URL  rewrite  

... RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-l RewriteRule ^(.+)$ index.php ...

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hXp://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014  

è  to  be  processed  by  index.php  

URL  rewrite  

upstream php { server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; } server {

listen 80; root /var/www; index index.php index.html index.htm; server_name www.mysite.com;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ @missing; }

location @missing {

rewrite (.*) /index.php; }

location ~ .php$ {

fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_pass php;

} }

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using  Nginx/PHP-­‐FPM  there’s  a  beXer  way:  

URL  rewrite  

upstream php { server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; } server {

listen 80; root /var/www; index index.php index.html index.htm; server_name www.mysite.com;

location /images {

try_files $uri =404; }

location /scripts {

try_files $uri =404; }

location / {

fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www/index.php; fastcgi_pass php; }

}

<?php

$params = explode('/', $_SERVER["DOCUMENT_URI"]); ...

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• Easy  way  to  deploy  your  applicaIon  • All  source  files  packed  into  one  *.phar  file  

PHAR  –  PHP  Archives  

location ~* \.(php|phar)$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root/myapp.phar; }

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PHAR  example  root@hzvm01:/var/www/app/src# ls -lrtR .: total 8 drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 10 16:27 lib -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27 Oct 10 16:27 index.php ./lib: total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 87 Oct 10 16:27 App.php

root@hzvm01:/var/www/app/src# cat index.php <?php $app = new App(); ?>

root@hzvm01:/var/www/app/src# cat lib/App.php <?php class App { function __construct() { echo "Starting Application\n"; }

}

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PHAR  example  

location /myapp { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root/myapp.phar; }

root@hzvm01:/var/www/app# phar pack -f myapp.phar src lib/App.php index.php root@hzvm01:/var/www/app# l myapp.phar -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6923 Oct 10 19:51 myapp.phar

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PHAR  execuIon  

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Nginx  and  Caching  

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• Part  of  Nginx'  FastCGI  module  

Nginx  FastCGI  cache  

fastcgi_cache_path /etc/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=APPKEY:100m inactive=60m; fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";

location ~* \.php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_cache APPKEY; fastcgi_cache_valid 200 60m; }

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FastCGI  cache  in  acIon  

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FastCGI  cache  in  acIon  

<?php echo time()."\n"; ?>

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FastCGI  cache  in  acIon  

<?php echo time()."\n"; ?>

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Full  page  cache  with  Memcached  <?php ... function __construct () { $this->c = new Memcached(); $this->c->addServer('localhost',11211);

} function setCache ($key, $content) { $this->c->set($key, $content);

} ... // get HTML content $html = $this->renderPage(); $this->setCache($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], $html); ... ?>

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Data  cache  with  Memcached  <?php ... function __construct () { $this->c = new Memcached(); $this->c->addServer('localhost',11211);

} function setCache ($key, $content) { $this->c->set($key, $content);

} ... // get data structure $newslist = $this->getNewsList(); $this->setCache('/data/news/getlist', json_encode($newslist)); ... ?>

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• ngx_hXp_memcached_module  

Full  page  /  data  cache  with  Nginx  and  Memcached  

upstream php { server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; } server { location / { set $memcached_key "$uri"; memcached_pass localhost:11211; error_page 404 502 504 = @notincache; } location @notincache { fastcgi_pass php; } }

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PHP,  5k  requests,  concurrency  100  

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Apache+PHP   Nginx+PHP   Nginx+Memcached  

<?php echo "Hello World"; ?>

7,28   4,6   3,05  total  Ime  in  se

c  

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•  set  HTTP  response  expires  header  

Caching  StaIc  Content  

location ~ \.(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ { expires 365d; access_log off; error_log off; log_not_found off; add_header Cache-Control "public"; try_files $uri =404; }

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• keep  handlers  for  requested  staIc  files  open  

Filehandle  Caching  

open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=5m; open_file_cache_valid 60s; open_file_cache_min_uses 5; open_file_cache_errors off;

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Load  balancing  upstream php { ip_hash; server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock weight=5; server 192.168.56.12:9000 weight=2; server 192.168.56.13:9000; server 192.168.56.14:9000 backup;

} server { listen 80; root /home/www/test; server_name test.hzvm01; location / { try_files $uri =405; } location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass php; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; }

}

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• Methods  •  round-­‐robin  

•  least-­‐connected  (least_conn)  

•  session  persistence  (ip_hash)  

• Weighted  load  balancing  

• Health  checks  •  max_fails  

•  fail_Imeout  

Load  balancing  

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more  performance  tuning  

location ~ \.(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ { expires 365d; access_log off; error_log off; log_not_found off; add_header Cache-Control "public"; try_files $uri =404; }

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news  from  the  NGINX  front  

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•  remove  the  spdy  parameter  from  all  listen  direcIves  !!!  

HTTP/2  

server { listen 443 ssl http2 default_server; ssl_certificate server.crt; ssl_certificate_key server.key; ... }

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• first  preview  announced  at  nginx.conf  2015  • custom  JS  engine    

• one  VM  for  each  request  

•  JS  snippets  embedded  in  NGINX  configuraIon  

• evaluated  at  runIme  

nginScript  

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nginScript  –  js_set  http { js_set $hello_world " var str = 'Hello World!'; // JavaScript str; "; server { ... location /{ return 200 $hello_world; } } }

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nginScript  –  js_run  

location / { js_run " var res; res = $r.response; res.status = 200; res.send('Hello World!'); res.finish(); "; }

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nginScript  –  request  parameters  http { js_set $summary " var a, s, h; s += 'Method: ' + $r.method + '\n' + 'HTTP version: ' + $r.httpVersion + '\n'; s += 'Host: ' + $r.headers.host + '\n' + 'Remote Address: ' + $r.remoteAddress + '\n'; s += 'URI: ' + $r.uri + '\n'; s += 'Headers:\n'; for (h in $r.headers) { s += ' header \"' + h + '\" is \"' + $r.headers[h] + '\"\n'; } s += 'Args:\n'; for (a in $r.args) { s += ' arg \"' + a + '\" is \"' + $r.args[a] + '\"\n'; } s; "; server { listen 8000; location /summary { return 200 $summary; } }

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• easy  distribuIon  of  3rd  party  modules  to  end  users  

• migraIon  of  exisIng  modules  (rebuild)  

• only  cerIfied  modules  loadable  in  NGINX  Plus  

Dynamic  modules  

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• Nginx  running  with  default  sepngs  

• Apache  •  AllowOverride  None  

•  MulI-­‐process  (prefork)  mode    to  allow  usage  of  mod_php  

Benchmarking  Nginx  vs  Apache  

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StaIc  HTML,  10k  requests  

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100   500   1000   2000  

Apache/2.4.9  nginx/1.1.19  

concurrency  

Total  respo

nse  Im

e  [sec]  

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Performance  Monitoring  

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• Load  Generator    (Apache  Benchmark,  Selenium,  JMeter)  

• Firebug,  Google  Developer  Tools  Dynatrace  Ajax  EdiIon  

• Dynatrace  Free  Trial  •  Free  trial  license  for  30  days  

•  Free  personal  license  for  developers  

My  favorite  performance  tools  

hXp://bit.ly/dXrial  

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www.dynatrace.com  

Thank you !!!

Harald  Zeitlhofer  Performance  Advocate  #HZeitlhofer  harald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com  blog.dynatrace.com  

Dynatrace  Free  Trial  Free  Personal  License  hDp://bit.ly/dDrial