Ruby Glass Composites

8/6/2019 Ruby Glass Composites

1/23

ADiscussiononRubyGlass

Composites&TheirPotentialImpact

ontheNomenclatureinusefor

FractureFilledorClarityEnhanced

stonesinGeneral

KennethScarratt

GIALaboratory,Bangkok

(FirstlimitedLMHCdistributionFebruary2008)

Introduction

Theassociationofrubywithtreatmentsthatresultinanadditionofglasstothefinal

productbegan in1984withtheappearanceon themarketofThaioriginrubies in

which cavities had been filled with glass (Kane, 1984, Scarratt, et al., 1984) a

treatmentthathadevolved intoglasscrackfillingby1987(Hughes,1987,Scarratt,

1987). In1992withthediscoveryofcorundumdeposits intheareaofMongHsu,

Burma(Myanmar)thatrequiredhightemperaturefluxheatingregimestobringthe

material to market the association of ruby treatments and glass was dramatically

expanded(Hlaing,1993,Kremkow,1993,Laughter,1993,Peretti,1993,Smith,etal.,

1994). Twentyyearsafterthe firstassociationanewrubyglassassociationanew

formofglassfracturefilling inrubyappearedonthemarket (GAAJ,2004,Pardieu,

2005,SmithC.P.,2005,McClure,2006).

Pardieu (Pardieu, 2005) noted that some terminologyproblemsmayoccurabout

this treatment regarding to theLeadGlassdefinitionasmanydifferentformulas

canbeused:Pureleadoxide,leadoxidesmixedwithsilicaorfluxeslikeboraxcanbe

encountered Temperatures, parameters and result can be very different. Some

specificstudieswillprobablybedoneinthefutureregardingtothisissue.

Pardieu (Pardieu, 2005) also witnessed the treatment procedure as performed in

Chantaburi, Thailand by Master Burner Mahiton Thondisuk and reported that the

most suitable rubiesfor repairare stoneswith colorpotentialand thatare rich in

fissures.Hestated further thatthisnew treatment isperformedcurrentlymostly


2/23

on Andilamena rubies (Madagascar) on which Mr. Thondisuk has had extensive

experiencebutanyrubymaterialwithfissurescouldberepaired.Itisamultistep

treatment involvingsimpleheatingandtheuseofdifferent leadrichcompoundsto

fillthefissuresandcavitiesofthestones.Ifmostoftherepairedstonesseenwere

largesizestones,stoneslessthan1carathavealsobeentreatedthisway.

WhilePardieudidalludetowidetractsofglasscrossingthesurfaceofexampleshe

examined in 2004 5 until recently (early 2008) the material observed in

laboratories1 had an equivalence to treatments applied to clarity enhance

emeralds (with the use of resins and oils) and diamonds (glass) and therefore the

terminologyusedwasadaptedfromthese,i.e.,minor,moderateorsignificantclarity

enhancement. In reality the vast majority fell into the significant clarity

enhancement category although as McClure (McClure, 2006) points out the

efficiencyofthetreatmentissuchthatasingle largefracture inanotherwiseclean

rubycouldbemadetodisappeartotheunaidedeyeexactlyasfilledfracturescan

bemade todisappear inemeraldsanddiamonds. Infact,wehavealreadyseen

several stones that fall into this category. Further and following stability tests

laboratories within the Laboratory Manual Harmonization Committee (LMHC)2

added Glass filler may be unstable to elevated temperatures and to chemical

agents.Specialcareshallbetakenwhenrepairingjewelryitemssetwithglassfilled

corundum.Duringjewelryrepairtheunmountingofsuchstonesisrecommendedto

reportsonthesestones.

During a meeting of the LMHC held October 18th

20th

2007 in New York City, Dr.

PornsawatWathanakul(ScientificAdvisortotheGITmember)reopeneddiscussions

on glass fracture filling in ruby. Several members had noted myriads of large gas

bubbleswithinthenewermaterialbeingsubmittedtotheirlaboratoriesandthatin

many cases the glass was filling wide seams crossing facets and seemed to be

accounting for an ever increasing volume of the finished product. Further, it was

surmised fromobservationthatthematerialwasbeingheldtogetherbytheglass,

i.e.theglassacting insimilarmannertoanadhesive. Followingdiscussionsandan

agreementthatthistreatmentwentbeyondwhatmightberegardedasafracture

fillingorclarityenhancementprocess, thegroupdecidedtodescribethis(heavily

treated)materialasrubyglasscompositesionallfutureidentificationreports.

FurtheronNovember13th2007AmericanGemLaboratories (AGL)announcedthat

they were changing their reporting policies with regards these stones (AGL, 2007)

and indicated that their report wording henceforth would be Identification:

CompositeRuby,Standardenhancement:Heat,andAdditionalenhancement:Lead

glass. Theyalsoindicatedafurthercommentwouldbeadded Thisrubyhasbeen

heavilytreatedusingahighrefractive index leadglasstofillfracturesandcavities,

1Comparedwiththeprevalenceinthemarketrelativelyfewofthesestoneshavebeensubmittedto

laboratoriesforreports.2

The

members

of

the

LMHC

are;

AGTA

Gemological

Testing

Center

(USA),

CISGEM

(Italy),

GAAJ

Laboratory(Japan),GIAGemTradeLaboratory(USA),GITGemTestingLaboratory(Thailand),Gbelin

GemLab(Switzerland),SSEFSwissGemmologicalInstitute(Switzerland)


3/23

vastly improvingtheapparentclarityandpotentiallyaddingweight.Theglassmay

bedamagedbyavarietyofsolvents.

Thispaperdescribesseveralrubiestreatedwithglassandexperimentscarriedout

at GIA Laboratory (Bangkok) and at GIA New York that demonstrate the LMHC

assumptionthatthestonesarebeingbondedtogetherbyglass. Asanimplication

oftheseexperimentsandgiventhatseveralgemstones(ruby,emeraldanddiamond

being the most often cited but others including tourmaline and quartz being not

uncommon)areclarityenhancedthroughtheinfusionoffractureswithoils,resins

and glass, the paper also introduces new (February 2008) nomenclature for

describing stones that have been clarity enhanced and those that are clearly

composites.

Materials and Methods

Samples (Figure 1) were sourced on the Bangkok market between November 12th

and23rd

2007. Theytotaled40roughuntreated,703roughtreated,and116faceted.

Fromthissamplegroup15facetedstoneswereselectedforaciddisintegrationtests,

theserangedinsizefrom0.97ctto23.86ct(Table1). Thevastmajorityoftherough

materialwasopaqueheavilytwinnedandconsiderablyfracturedtotheextentthatit

wouldhavebeendifficultifnotimpossibletocutintofacetedmaterial.Thesurfaces

ofthetreatedrough(thistreatment isnormallyappliedtotheroughmaterial)was

covered in a smooth, often thick coating of glass The faceted samples appeared

reasonably translucent to transparent and varied in color from pink, pinkish red

throughredandorangishred.

3Moreroughwasobtainedastreatedsamplesbutwaslatercutandthesestonesareincludedinthe

cutspecimenlist.


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Figure1:Someofthespecimensusedforthisreport. Theroughspecimensontheleftrepresentthe

startingmaterial,thespecimenstopandrightrepresentthetreatedrough,andthespecimensat

centerarecutfromthetreatedrough.

The material was examined using Gemolite microscopes in the magnifications

rangingfrom10to60xandphotomicrographsrecordeddigitallyusingNikonsystem

SMZ1500withaNikonDigitalSightCaptureSystemandavarietyofmagnifications.

Fluorescence images were recorded using the DiamondView (The Diamond

TradingCompany).ThechemistryoftheglasswasdeterminedwithThermoXSeries

II LAICPMS system with an attached New Wave Research UP213 laser. Acid

disintegrationtestswerecarriedoutusingconc.50%hydrofluoricacid(HF=20)at

roomtemperatureandwithnoorlittleagitation, inanisolatedenvironmentunder

anappropriatefumehood.


5/23

Figure2:Arackholdingindividualplastictubesthatheldthespecimensthatunderwentacid

disintegration. Thestoneswereplacedintothetubesandthencoveredwithhydrofluoricacid4

sealedandlefttosoakforfromtwototendays.

Inclusion observations

Figure 1 through to Figure 9 shows the typical remaining natural inclusions in the

facetedtreatedstones. Silkintheformoffineintersectingneedlesbothinisolated

clusters and as part of hexagonal zones were often present as were crystals and

negativecrystals. None of these inclusions revealedany indications that theyhad

beensubjecttoheating,atleastabove1300C. Thereforeitissurmisedthatanyheat

involveinthistreatmentprocessshouldbebelow1300C. ThusconfirmingPardieus

observations (Pardieu,2005) the stonesarewarmed. Infact, thisstep isa

heat treatment.Thisstep is important toremove the impuritiespossiblypresent in

thefissures that could create someproblems when the glass is added. The heat

treatment may also by itself improve the stone color. This warming can be

conducted at different temperaturesfrom 900C to 1400C depending on the ruby

type.As900C isnothotenoughtomeltsome inclusionsasrutile,manystonescan

stillhaveanunheatedaspect.Butallstonesareheated.

The natural inclusion scenes were largely indicative of some East African and

Madagascarsources.

4Note: Hydrofluoricacidisdangerousandshouldonlybeusedundercontrolledconditions


6/23

Figure3:Rutileneedles(silk)in

arubyglasscomposite; thesilk

isunalteredbyheating

Figure4:Anhexagonalcrystalin

arubyglasscomposite; the

crystalisunalteredbyheating


arubyglasscomposite: thesilk

isunalteredbyheating

Figure6:Rutileandother

needlesinarubyglass

composite:theneedlesare

unalteredbyheating

Figure7:Anhexagonalcrystalin

arubyglasscomposite: the

crystalisunalteredbyheating


anhexagonalformationina

rubyglasscomposite: thesilkis

unalteredbyheating

Figure9Acrystalinarubyglass

composite:thecrystalis

unalteredbyheating

Alsoincludedwerecopiousnumbersofbothfattenedandfullyexpanded(Figure10

toFigure16)gasbubbleswithinthetractsofglassineachofthetreatedstones. In

many cases the bubbles were so large and/or so prolific that the observers first

thoughtsstrayedtowardsaconclusionthatthestonewasalowqualityglassrather

thansomethingassociatedwithruby. Thetractsofglassalsowereresponsiblefor

the obvious color flashes (Figure 17 to Figure 19) that were visible even to the

unaidedeye. Thesecolorflashesbeinginstarkcontrasttosomewhatdifficulttosee

colorflashesthathavebeentreatedinthesamemannerbuttoalesserdegree.

Inonecasethemicroscoperevealedthattheglassbeingusedhasanorangecolor

(Figure20toFigure24).SuchorangecoloredglassisdescribedbyPardieu(Pardieu,

2005)werehestatesInrubiesenhancedinBangkokbyOrangeSapphirecompany,

someyellowtoorangecolorconcentrationappearsislargefissuresandincavities.

AstatementsupportedbyimagesthatcomparewellwithFigure20toFigure24.He

further states Thefact that leadglassused inmostChantaburi treatment ispink

explainswhyitismostofthetimenotvisibleinsidethegem.


7/23

Glassrelatedinclusionsobservedinsomeoftherubyglasscompositesexaminedfor

thisreport

Figure10:RGC001flattened

bubbleswithinfilledfractures

Figure11:RGC005expanded

bubbleswithinfilledfractures

Figure12:RGC006flattened

bubbledwithinfilledfractures

Figure13:Flattenedbubbles

withinfilledfractures

Figure14:RGC007flattenedand

expandedbubbleswithinfilled

fractures

Figure15:RGC007flattenedand

expandedbubbleswithinfilled

fractures

Figure16:Bubbleswithinfiled

fractures

Figure17:RGC008colorflashed

fromrevealingtheglassfilled

fractures



fractures



fractures

Figure20:RGC015orangeglass

fillingacavityand

fracture.Figure21toFigure24

showthisindifferentlighting

conditions


fillingacavityand



conditions


8/23


fillingacavityand



conditions


fillingacavityand



conditions


fillingacavityand



conditions

Fluorescenceobservations

Inanattemptto furthercategorize (visually)thevolumeofglassused intheruby

glasscomposites,15ofthesampleswereexaminedand imagesrecordedwiththe

DiamondView (Diamond Trading Company). These images are produced here

fromFigure25toFigure39. Thisexercisewasrewardinginthatitquicklyrecorded

images that allowed for a close estimation of the position and volume of glass

present in each stone. In particular stones RGC011 and RGC015 revealed copious

amountsofglass.

DiamondView (Diamond Trading Company) images of specimens RGC001 to

RGC015. Glassrevealsitselfaseitherblackorbluetractsrunningacrosseachstone.

The brighter red areas reflect the positions of gas bubbles. Sample numbers are

givenforeachstone.

Figure25:RGC001 Figure26:RGC002 Figure27:RGC003



9/23




Surfacereflectionrelatedobservations

Probablythemostconvenientmethodfor locatingfracturesthatmay(ormaynot)

havebeenfilledwithanysubstance istopositionanoverhead lightandafaceton

thesampleinamannerthatachievesneartotalsurfacereflection(NTSF)ofthelight

fromthefacetunderexamination. Thestone,beingexaminedonamicroscope, is

then turned to achieve NTSF from each facet. In a position of NTSR any

inhomogeneity (whether a change in substance, a cavity or a surface reachingfractures)becomesclearlyvisible.

Figure 40 to Figure 63 show various facets on the selected 15 test specimens

(RGC001RGC015)inNTSF. Allclearlyshowthepresenceglassintractscrossingthe

stone(Figure52toFigure57),manyrevealaveritablejigsawpuzzleofrubyandglass

(Figure40 toFigure51)whileothersshow facets thathaveanapproximate50/50

rubyglasscomposition(Figure61).


10/23

Figure40:RGC007thisNTSR

imageofthetablefacetreveals

avirtualjigsawpuzzleofglass

andrubyislandsofrubyina

glassmatrix

Figure41:RGC007(magnified

fromFigure40)thisNTSRimage

ofthetablefacetrevealsa

virtualjigsawpuzzleofglass


glassmatrix


fromFigure41)thisNTSRimage

ofthetablefacetrevealsa



glassmatrix

Figure43:RGC010asinRGC007

thisNTSRimageofthetable

facetalsorevealsavirtual

jigsawpuzzleofglassandruby

islandsofrubyinaglassmatrix


fromFigure43)asinRGC007











Figure46:RGC011asinRGC007

andRGC010thisNTSRimageof

thetablefacetalsorevealsa



glassmatrix







glassmatrix







glassmatrix


11/23

Figure49:RGC006asin

RGC007,RGC010and

RGC011thisNTSRimageofthe

tablefacetalsorevealsavirtual




fromFigure49)asinRGC007,

RGC010andRGC011thisNTSR

imageofthetablefacetalso

revealsavirtualjigsawpuzzleof

glassandrubyislandsofruby

inaglassmatrix


fromFigure50)asinRGC007,

RGC010andRGC011thisNTSR

imageofthetablefacetalso

revealsavirtualjigsawpuzzleof

glassandrubyislandsofruby

inaglassmatrix

Figure52:RGC002showinga

widetractofglasscrossingthe

tablefacetinNTSF,twobubbles

areseencutthroughatthe

surface

Figure53: RGC002showinga


tablefacetinNTSF,highlighted

areaonthesamefacetseen

inFigure52.

Figure54RGC002showinga




inFigure52





inFigure52


widetractofglasscrossinga

facetinNTSF


widetractofglasscrossinga

facetinNTSF

Figure58:RGC007showing

severalwidetractsofglass

crossingtwofacetsinNTSF

Figure59:RGC010showingwide

andnarrowtractsofglass

crossingafacetinNTSF


andnarrowtractsofglass

crossingafacetinNTSF


12/23


tractsofglasscrossingafacetin

NTSF,Theproportionofrubyto

glassisintheregionof50/50

Figure62:RGC014showing

widetractsofglasscrossinga

facetinNTSF.


tractsofglasscrossingafacetin

NTSF.

Glasscomposition

The composition of the glass used in the specimens collected for this series of

examinationsisindicatedinTable2.

Acid disintegration tests and observations

Asseen inFigure1andconfirmed through industrycontactsthestartmaterial for

the product described here is extremely low quality corundum and further the

assumption is that the material cannot be cut and faceted as mined. This

assumption is confirmed in part both through industry contacts and our own

observations that the material has to be infused with glass prior to cutting and

faceting(seeagainFigure1).

During the October 2007 LMHC meeting a further assumption was made that

withoutthepresenceoftheglassmanyofthesetreatedstoneswouldnotremainin

onepiece;indicatingthattheglasswasactingmuchinthesamewayasacommon

adhesive. Inordertotestthisassumption15stoneswereselected fromatotalof

116 faceted stones present on the Bangkok market in November 2007. These 15

stones were immersed in hydrofluoric acid for either 44hrs:45mins or 107hours.

These timeslots werenotchosen throughany formof calculation but rather they

wereconvenienttimespansthatfittedinwithnumerousotherprojectsandregular

workloads.

Theacidbegantovisuallydisintegratetheglasswithinminutesofimmersion(Figure

64 and Figure 65). As immersion progressed and the acid disintegrated the glass

further so small parts of the stones began to fall off from the main body of each

specimen(Figure66toFigure81). Longer immersionresulted inthestonesfalling

into many pieces (Figure 96 to Figure 121) and in one case a total disintegration

occurred(Figure89toFigure92).


13/23

Figure64:RGC014seenhereimmersedin

hydrofluoricacid. Thewhitesubstanceisresidue

fromdisintegration oftheglassbytheacid.The

disintegration processbeginsassoonasthe

stoneisplacedintheacid. Thisimageistaken

within30minutesofimmersion.

Figure65:RGC015seenhereimmersedin

hydrofluoricacid. Thewhitesubstanceisresidue

fromdisintegrationoftheglassbytheacid.The

disintegrationprocessbeginsassoonasthe

stoneisplacedintheacid. Thisimageistaken

within30minutesofimmersion.

15rubyglasscopositessubjectedtoaciddisintigrationtests(placinginhydrofluoric

acidforbetween2and10days)

Figure66:RGC001

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure67:RGC001

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure68:RGC001

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure69:RGC001after

aciddisintegration.

Figure70:RGC002

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure71:RGC002

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure72:RGC002

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.


14/23

Figure74:RGC003

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure76:RGC003

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.

Figure78:RGC004

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure79:RGC004

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure80:RGC004

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.

Figure82:RGC005

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure83:RGC005

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure84:RGC005

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration

Figure86:RGC006

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure87:RGC006

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure88:RGC006

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.


15/23

Figure89:RGC007

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure90:RGC007

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure91:RGC007

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.

Figure93:RGC008

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure94:RGC008

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure95:RGC008

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure96:RGC009

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure97:RGC009

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure98:RGC009

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure99:RGC010

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure100:RGC010

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure101:RGC010

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.


16/23

Figure103:RGC011

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure104:RGC011

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure105:RGC011

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure106:RGC012

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure107:RGC012

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure108:RGC012

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.

Figure110:RGC013

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure111:RGC013

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure112:RGC013

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.

Figure114:RGC014

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure115:RGC014

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure116:RGC014

afteracid

disintegration


aciddisintegration


17/23

Figure118:RGC015

beforeacid

disintegration.

Figure119:RGC015

afteracid

disintegration.

Figure120:RGC015

afteracid

disintegration.


aciddisintegration.

Discussion

Fromtheaboveobservationsandresultsofaciddisintegrationexperimentsitwould

appearthatanadjustmentinreportingnomenclatureisnecessaryandthattheline

taken by LMHC (rubyglass composite) is integral with this. However, this single

(LMHC)change impactsotherreportingareas. Theseotherareasarethosewhere

presently report language describes clarity enhancement (fracture filling)

regardless of the stone type and whether this involves glass or some other

substance.

Themarketcontinuestobewatchedandassessedforanynewdevelopmentstothis

orsimilartreatmentprocessesandthisdiscussionpaperwillbeperiodicallyupdated.

The following new report nomenclature was introduced for use within GIA

LaboratoriesatFebruary1st2008.Suggestionsandfurtherinputiswelcome.


18/23

Condition PresumedIntent/

ApplicationCaseA

Fissurespresent,butobviouslyintactmaterial Clarity enhancement;

corundum, emeralds,

tourmaline,etc

SpeciesNatural(Corundum,BerylorTourm

Variety(Ruby/Sapphire,EmeraldorTourm

Theimagesofrubywithglassheregenerallyreflectthematerialdescribed

inthissectionandwouldalsoreflectthesituationwithemerald.

Treatment:

A (minor, moderate, significant) amount

glass,resin,oil)toreducethevisibilityoffis

Add(indicationsofheating)iffillerisglass.

Comment:

Fissure filling materials (glass/oil/resin e

temperatures and to chemical agents. S

cleaningorrepairingjewelryitemssetwith


19/23


ApplicationCaseB

Highly fractured and/or twinned material with

filledvoids,channels and fissures. Materialwas

onepiece initiallybutmay lose integrity if filling

material is removed. An exceptionally large

amountoffillingmaterialispresent.

Tostrengthenfractured

roughtoenablecutting;

improveclarityand

appearance;currently

appliestocorundum

andberyl

Species Natural(CorundumorBeryl)with (f

Variety:(Ruby/SapphireorEmerald)with(



Treatment: Fractures filled with (glass/re

visibility.Add(indicationsofheating)iffille

Comment:

Significant fractures present in this stone

treatmentdescribedabove.Fracturefilling

unstabletoelevatedtemperaturesandtoc

betakenwhencleaningorrepairingjewelry


20/23


Application

CaseC

3.

Assemblage

or

bonding

of

unrelated

gemstone

pieces(chunksorpowder) to

produce

large

cutting

material from unusable

pieces or powders;

currently applies to

corundumandberyl

Species

(CorundumGlass/Berylresin)Composite

Variety:

(RubyGlass/Emeraldresin)Composite



Treatment:

Nothingstated

Comment:

This item is a combination of (ruby / eme

material may be unstable to elevated tem

Specialcareshouldbetakenwhencleaning


21/23

Table

1

Ct Weight

preacid

L W D Aciddisintegrated Ct Weight post acid and after

drying

RGC001 0.97330 7.007 5.187 2.782 IntoHF14:15November24th 2007 out

11:00 November 26th 2007. Total 44

hours45mins

0.93 major piece alone including

residue

RGC002 1.29770 6.973 5.613 3.969 Into HF15:22November24th 2007 out


hours45mins

1.00850 major piece alone

includingresidue

RGC003 1.58270 7.920 6.929 3.012 Into HF16:00November24th 2007 out


hours45mins


residue

RGC004 1.60520 7.510 5.593 4.245 Into HF 12:00 December 7th

2007 out

11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107

hours


residue


2007 out


hours


residue


2007 out


hours


residue


2007 out


hours

1.67Onlydustleft


2007 out


hours


residue


2007 out


hours


residue


2007 out


hours


residue

RGC011 9.84210 14.640 10.280 6.585 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out


hours


residue


out 11:00

December15th2007.Total107hours

11.19majorpiecealoneincluding

residue


out 11:00



residue


2007 out


hours


residue


out 11:00



residue


22/23


23/23

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iComposite m aterials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or

more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which

remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material
http://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.aigslaboratory.com/Filearticle/55.pdfhttp://www.aigslaboratory.com/Filearticle/55.pdfhttp://www.aglgemlab.com/AGLModifiesDisclosure.htmlhttp://www.aglgemlab.com/AGLModifiesDisclosure.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://www.aglgemlab.com/AGLModifiesDisclosure.htmlhttp://www.aigslaboratory.com/Filearticle/55.pdfhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.htmlhttp://www.gaaj-zenhokyo.co.jp/researchroom/kanbetu/2004/gaaj_alert-040315en.html

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