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CIvitE d l ma nka rpøa s;E R beB je ed a yGMNac E dl )anm kB Iesck þ IBited a ysarR B H bnÞÚ l énR B H )anpÞúH ec jeL I ge T A d l;CIv itG ñk d éTe To t ta mry ³k ar GFib,a y ka rbeR gón k arsre srd ¾sVa h ab ;rb s; B Yk eK R Bm TaMg ka rpSay tamv Ied G U nig ka rsþa b; tam ry³ G UD Iy :U ¬ sUr sMel g ¦rb s;B Yk eK .

sir Il ¥d ¾KY r[R B WR B ÜcénR B Hv t þma nrbs ;R B H KWR t Úv) anTT Ylk arB iesaF n _enAk ñúg k ar sre sIr nigk ar fVa ybgÁM en Akñúg k mµv iF I sik ça sal aepSg ² eB lE d l Gñk eCOTaMg L ay ) anR savR Cav rkeX Ij nUvr ebo b E d l eF VI[eK) ank øay CaG ñk f Vayb g ÁMR BH ed a y esckþIB it nig ed ayG s;B Icit þ . ma nmnusS CaeR cIn ) anR sav R Cav rk eX Ij nUv x ñaténC ½yCMnH f µI ² nigKY r[ PJak ;e p¥Il R B m Ta Mg man PaB k øah a n ta mry³ k ar beR gó nr bs;B Yke K GMB Ik arGs© arüénG ñk eC O .

rIÉ G ñk R sIcy) anb NþúH b N þa ld l ;G ñk eCOCaeR cIn CaCM h a‘n²eq <a H eT Aka n;k arg ard ¾Gs© arü E d lR B HR Tg;) a nR bTa n

d l;eKe d aypÞal ;x øÜnmañk ;² e d ayG MNacénk areR ) as[Carb s;R B H Ed lh Urta mry³ éd rbs;BYk e K . m anmnusS Ca eR cIn) ane ro n ed Im, I[) anTT Yl nUvk a rGs©a rüta mreb o b GF iFm µCat i E d lBYk ek ) anb g ðÚrt²Kña eT Ad l;G ñkd éTeT o t ta mry³G MeNa yTan TaMg 9 én R BH v iB aØa Nb risuT §e nA kñúg k arrs;e nA nig ka reFVIk a rga rrbs ;B Y k eK .

TaMg ela ke G>E Gl nig G ñk R sIcy )a nsik Sa nig) anTT YlnUv k R mitf ñak ; m :asÞ½réne Tv v iT üa . rIÉe lak eG >E G l k¾cg ; ) a n TTYl t ME Ng b N ÐitE p ñkTsS nv i C¢a enA kñúg k R mitf ñak ;eTv viT üa E d lecjB Isk l viT üal ½yTsSnR KI sÞan pgE d r . k ic© k arg arrb s; eK KW) antaMg mUl d æanR KwH enA elIR B H b nÞÚlR B H KW) anta Mge lIR B H eysU‘v ed Im,I[ mane sck þI CMen Orwg maM R B m Ta Mg ) anb eRg ó ned a ynUv G MNacénR B Hv iB aØa Nb ri suT§ .

ka rg arrb s;e K KWCak arb g ðaj bMP ø Wmk B Iesck þIR sL aj;d ¾Gs ;B Icit þ énR B H d ¾CaR B H vr bita . k a rGF ib,a y nig ka rbe R gó n rb s;eK KW) anR b R B wt þeT Aed ayG MNa cén k arca k;e R bg taMg E d lm anTIsm Áal ; karG s© a rü nig ka reR) a s[ Ca KWCak arG s© a rü Ed l manrlk rMeB Ik eR k amG MNa cR BH ecsþar b s;R B H .

T Ism Áal;d ¾r s;r ev Ik E dl rab ;b B a© ÚlnUv sMeN Icbr is uT § k ary Men AcMeB aH R B H P®k þrb s;R BH Gm © as; R B m TaMgk ar sE m þgn Uvk ar R BWRB Üc én sirIl ¥rb s;R B H nig G MNacE dl R t Úv ) anTT Ylk arBie sa Fn _tam mnusS CaeR cIn E d l) ancUl rYmR b CuMrb s;B Yk e K .

RBHbnÞÚleTAkan;RKÚbeRgón nigsisS

RBH eysU‘v RT g;m an bn ÞÚlfa { k ar eR sce hIy } k ic © k ar gar eR )ase laHrbs ;RBH ey sU‘v )an seRm cehIy . eh t uGV I) an Cabn Þab ;m k ey Ige nA Ete XIj m an mnus SCaeRc In r s;en Ak ñúg P aB br aC½y ? eh t uGVI)an C aGñk e C O Cae Rc In r s;e nA ed ay P aBm an C MgW? e h tuGVI) an Cam nusS rbs;RBH r s;en A kñúg bn Þúk Gan uP aB exµacR Bay b isacd Ed l ?

sataMg )an b eBaäatey Ig¡ k ñúgkMLúge BlE dle yIg)an )at;b g;eT AnUv esc kþIBit GMB Ik ar Gs© ar ü Ed lr ab ;bB a© ÚlT aMg k ar Ed leyIg)an TT Yl n Uv k ar eR )ase laH m k BIR BH . elak sav k b:ul )an E cgf a³

)an C ae b IGñk Naen A k ñúgRBH RKIs Þ en aH eQµaH fa)an ek It CafµIeh Iy G s;T aMge sck þIcas;)an kn øg )at;e T A e m Il RK b ;T aMgGs;) an RtLb ;C afµIv ij ¬2 k Ur in fUs 5 ³1 7 ¦ .

k ar ebIk sEmþg BIC Iv it Ed lm an k ar pøa s;ER b en Akñúgk ar sik Sae mer on r Ub P aBé nk ar e k ItCaf µI r Ub P aBé nk ar e k ItCaf µI r Ub P aBé nk ar e k ItCaf µI r Ub P aBé nk ar e k ItCaf µI nwg eFVI[ Gñk e C OT aMgLay )an r YcBIGar m µN_ E d lK itfa xøÜn man k Mh us Cab ;m an eT as P aB K µa n témø P aBe fak T ab RB mT aMg P aB min eB jel j Kwe dIm ,I[B Yk eK Gac bBa¢ ak ;)an fa eK m an r UbP aBd UcCa RB H RKIs Þey sU‘v . k ar T aMgen H eh Iy E d lr Med aH Gñk e COT aMg Lay [ m an esck þIGMNr [ e Kd wgfa G VIEd lm an enAk ñúgRB H e n aH BYk eKk ¾m an Ed r .

k ar sik S aenH n wge bIk sE mþgnUv esc kþI Bit E d le Bjed ay GMNacd Ucm an es ckþIE cgf a k ar e k ItCafµIe nA k ñúgRB JH ey sU‘v RK Is Þ . v aK WCaes ckþI Bit CaRK wH Ed l {RtÚv EttaMgenA } d l;Gñk e C O RKb;r Ub .

ed Im ,I[ el ak Gñk )an r itEt yl ;RC Üt RCabn Uv esc kþIBit Ed l ecj BIRB HbnÞÚl RBH E d lR Tg;y k RBHT ½y Tuk d ak;e lIk ar e kItCafµI [ )an eR cIn Cag en H eT A eT ot es ck þIB itT aMgen H nwg b Mp øas ;b MER bcitþK Mn itr bs;e lak Gñk [ )an ed Ir ed ay viBaØaN Cam in x an . k ,Ün y uT§s a®s þén emeon enH n wgp þl;[ e lak Gñk )an eRb IR )as d UcCael ak Gñk )an p þl ;[ nUv e sck þIBitd l ;Gñk d éT eT o tEd r .

k ar ebIk sEmþg BIC Iv it Ed lm an lk çN³ Cab uK Ál K WCat Rm Úv k ar én esckþIbe Rgónd ¾Cak ;lak ;b Mp ut . Gñk n iBn §T aMg Lay ) an lubecj nUv k ar beR gón T aMgen HBIk ic ©k ar garen H dUe c ñHR K Úbe Rgónn wgpþl;n Uv k ar eb Ik sE mþg B Ik ar Bie saFn _r bs;xøÜn pÞal ; e T Ad l;sis ST aMgLay Na E d lm anlT §P aB G acT T Yl)an . K Yr Kb ,I[R Kb ;K ña)an cg caMCan ic © fa R BH viBaØaNbr is uT §RT g;)an m k beR gón eyIg BIRK b;k ar T aMgGs; e h Iy k ar T aMgen aH eBl Ed l ey Ig k MBugsik Sa b ¤eB lEd ley Ig kMBugE tbeR gón eyIgk ¾K Yr Kb ,IGn uBaØat[ R BH v iBaØaNbr is uT§RT g;d wk n aMp gEd r .

k ar sik S aenH K WCak ar l¥b Mp ut s Rm ab ;k ar sik S aC alk çN³b uK Ál b ¤Cak ar sik S at am R kúm sal aR BH Km <Ir s alae r on éf¶GaT itü RB m T aMg Rk úm sik Satam pÞH . K WCak ar sMx an ; T aMgR K ÚT aMgsis S Ed lRt Úv Etm an nUv k ,Ün em er on [ )an RKb;éd k ñúg eBl Ed lk MBug sik Sa . eb IT ij eRc In GacbB a© úH tém ø)an .

eso veP A em er on l¥² e y IgRt Úv Ets r esrk t ;Rtac uH K Us bnÞat;x age Rk am Bak üsMx an;² Bin itüBicar NanUv R Kb;T aMgB ak ün Im Yy ² RB mT aMg ec H segçbGtßbT p gEd r . ey Ig)a nTuk [ man cen øaH sRm ab ;el ak Gñk k t;Rt a n ig eFVIe sck þIseg çb . r eb o bRtÚv )an e Ke robc MTuk C am un ed ay m anRb B½n§ x e y ag Gac em Il)an r h½s T an ;c it þ sRm ab ;[ el ak Gñk e mIlsar e LIgv ij n igC Yy [ e lak Gñk )an r k eXIj enA k En øg d Ed l²mþgeT ot )an . m an reb ob Bie ss² Ed leFVI[ m an l T§P aBsRm ab ;m ñak ;² BYk eK )an sik SaEt m þgb:ueN ÑaH tam r y ³smÖar³en H ed Im ,Ibe Rgónn Uv m at ik ae nH eT Ad l;Gñk d éT eTo t . e lak sav k b :ul )an s r e sre TAk an ;elak F Im :Ue ffa³

ÉGs;T aMge sck þIEd l Gñk )an B ¤GMBI en A mux sµr bn Þal ;CaeRc In en aH k ¾RtÚv ep JIT uk nwgm n usS esµaH R tg; Ed lGacn wgbgVwk beR gón teT A Gñk ÉeT ot E dr ¬2 F Im :Ue f 2³2 ¦ .

fñak ;er on enH )an e r obc MeLIgC ar eb o bk ar sik S aR BHK m<Ir sR m ab ;Gn uv tþen A k ñúg m :aj s _ ¬R bB½n §GP iv DÆ n_k ar gar = MINDS= Ministry Development System¦. re bo be ro b cME d lB ie ssb Mput K We F VI[ kmµv iFIs ik S am an k arrI kce R mIn . KM n it en H KWR t Úv)an e r ob cMe LIg [) an CaB h uKu N e nA kñúg CIvit cMe B aHk arg ar n ig be Rgó n d l;sisSC ae R cIn e n Ae B lGn aK t . cMe B aHr e b o b rb bé n sisS R t ÚvE te RbIk, Ün en H e dIm , I[ Gac b e R gón em e ro ne n H )an y: ag g a yR sYle T Ad l;Gñkd é Te To t .

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em ero nT I1 k a rbeg áIt [m a n rUbPa B d UcG g ÁR Tg ; 1 em ero nT I2 eyIm a nrUb Pa B d Uc Ca RB Hd¾Ca R B Hv rb it a 1 1 em ero nT I3 eyIg m a n rUbPa B d UcCa R B Hra Cb uR t a 24 em ero nT I4 rUbPa B én ka rek It Ca fµI 38 em ero nT I5 k a rpøa s;b þÚr n Uv rUb Pa B c a s;rb s ;eyIg 48 em ero nT I6 rUbPa B rbs ;eyIg en A k ñúg RB HR KIs Þ 62 em ero nT I7 k a rek It Ca f µId ¾m a n s iT §iG MNa c 75 em ero nT I8 k a rek It Ca f µId ¾m a n Ku NR bey a Cn _ 85 em ero nT I9 k a rma n c ME Nk Ca nis S½ yé n R B H 96 em ero nT I1 0 R B Hbn ÞÚlén R B H nig k a rek It Ca f µI 1 11

y:a g eh a cNa s ;ka rbg ða j eRk AB Ien H em eron G MB IrUbPa B én ka rek It Ca f µI R t Úv ) a n dk R sg ;

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emeronTI1 karbegáIt[manrUbPaBdUcGgÁRTg;

esckþIepþIm ka rsik Sa eme ro n r UbP aB énka r ek ItCaf µIr UbP aB énka r ek ItCaf µIr UbP aB énka r ek ItCaf µIr UbP aB énka r ek ItCaf µI nwg naMmk nUv k areb Ik sE m þg 1 mane Bjed ay G MNac cMeB aH ey Ig E d l enAkñúg R B HR KIsÞ ma nn½yf a k arekItCaf µI . va naMmk nUv esrIPaB E d lrYcB IG armµN _f a x øÜnen AE tm aneTa sk Mh us m ank arpþnÞae Ta s PaB m ineB je lj nig Pa Be fa kTa bCae d Im . v aed aHE l g[ eyIg man cit þG g;G ac ed a yma nCIvitp øas;E R b E d l bg ðaj[d wg f a e yIg rs;e nAd ¾ma nn½yk ñúgR B H eys‘ Uv R KIsÞB itR ) akd .

ey Ig nwg rav rk [eX IjnUv G VI E dl R B HR Tg;) a nbR múg T uk[e y Ig ta mry³k ar ga r eR ) a sel aH d¾Gs© ar ürb s;R B HG g Á . ey Ig nwg rke X Ijed a ypÞ al;x øÜne y Ig mñak ;² tam ka r eb IksE mþg d UcteT A ³

� ka rek ItCa f µI � ka rek ItCa f µImþg eT o tx ag Év iB aØa N � ka rpøas;E R bCa fµI ela ksav k b :ul) a nsresr nUvR B H b nÞÚlTa Mge nHE cg f a³

)an Cae b IGñk N ae n Akñúg R B HR KIs Þ e n aHe Qµ aHf a)an e kIt Caf µIe hIy G s;Ta Mg e sck þIc as; ) an kn øg )at ;e T A e m Il R Kb ;Ta Mg Gs; ) an R t Lb;Caf µIv ij ¬2k Ur in f Us 5³1 7¦ . e B lE d l)an e COe lIR B He hIy e yI g m an karR b NaMg f µI²C ae R cIn KWC akarR b Na Mg n wg {kar e kIt Caf µI} e n A kñúg CIvit E d lrs;e n ACam Y yn wg R B H . e yIg KWCa Gñk ) an e kIt C af µIkñ úg R B H R KIsÞ . e n A kñúg kar sikS ae n H G ñke COTa Mg LayR t Úv E t rMé B e mIlf a e t I { )an e kIt C af µI} e hIyb ¤e n A ? kar sikS ae n H n wg n aMm kn Uvk are b IksE m þg d¾f µI² cMe B aH Gs ; GñkE d lm an R B HR KIs Þe ys‘Uv Kg ; e nA Cam Yy . cMe B aHk are b IksE mþg d ¾e B je d ayGM Nac e n H e yIg E d lC aGñ ke CO n wg cab ;e pþIm e d Irkñúg e sr I P aB d ¾sMx an ;f µI² d Uc Ca m an G MN ac m an P aB Gg ;Gack ø ahan m an e cs þ a R B mTaMg m an C½ yCm ñHe n A kñúg CIvit n ig kñúg karg arrb s;x øÜn . e yIg nwg r ke X Ije d ayx øÜn e yIg pÞa l; n Uve sckþIk øa h an Gg ;G ace d ay h‘ an R bk asf a ³ ´ dwg f a ´ e nA kñúg R B HR KIsÞ ¡ ´ KWCam ñ ak ; E d lR B HRTg;m an b n ÞÚlf a K W hñwg e hIy ¡ ´ Gace F VIn UvGVI E d lR B HR Tg;m an b n ÞÚlf a ´ G ac e F VIR Kb;T aMg G s; )an ¡ ´ Gacm an GVI E d lR B HR Tg;m an bn ÞÚlf a ´ G ac man R Kb ;TaMg G s; ¡

mnusSCati- KWCakarbegáItenAkñúgrUbPaBrbs;RBH ed Im, I[) any l;d wg nUv G VIE d l ey Ig ) a nekItCaf µI ey IgR tÚv E tyl ;f a TaMg b ur sTaMg ®s þI KWR B H R Tg;) anb eg áItCa cm,g nig ma nenAeh Iy . ey Ig R tÚv E tyl;f a R B HR Tg ;ma neKal bMNg

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nig manE pnk ar eB lE d lR B HR Tg;) anb eg áItm nusS R bú s-R s I mk en Akñúg rUb Pa B rbs;R B H Gg Á nig ma nG MNa cR Kb;R Kg el I E pnd IenH . R B H Km<Ir el ak ub, tþi 1³ 2 6 -2 8 ) a nE cg fa³ R Tg;k ¾ma nb nÞÚlf a cUrey Ig eF V I mnusS[d Uc CarUb ey Ig [ma nPaB d Ucey Ig ehIy [ma n G MNacel IR tIsmuR T s t Veh Ire l IGa ka s nig stVe CIg b Y nE d l enAel IE pnd ITa Mgm Ul R B m TaMg st Vl U nva rE d le nAE pnd Ipg R Tg;k¾b eg áItmn usS[d Ucr Ub Gg ÁR Tg; KW) anb eg áIteK[c M nwg rUbG gÁR Tg ;ena HÉ g k ¾b eg áIte Ke L IgCa R bús CaR sI R Tg ;R b TanB rd l;e K eh Iyman bnÞÚl fa cUrb eg áItkUn [ce R mInCae R cIne L Ig [m aneB jB aselIE pnd IcuH R tÚv b ®g áab E pnd I eh Iym anG MNace lI R t IsmuR T stVe h Irel IGak as nig CIv itpg TaMg L ayE d lk eR mIke nA E pnd Ipg .

manrUbPaBdUcCaRBH ey Ig R t Úv ) anb eg áIt[man rUbPaB d UcCaR B H . eB lEd l eyIg ) a nek ItCa fµI K W

ey Ig ) anm anrUb PaB d UcCaR B H raCb uR ta rbs ;R B H Gg Á KWma nrUbPaB cMnwg rU b Gg Árbs ;R B H Gg Á E tmþg . tamv cnanuR k mBisþae rb s; ela kv uwb es ÞIr B ak üf a { dUcCa rUbPaB } m ann½yf a³

� tR mab ; b¤Cat MNag [mnu sS � ka rsE mþg Canimit þr Ub é nka rbe gáItG V Im Yytamr y³ ka rqøúH b B a© aMg d UcCarUb q ø úH

� dUcCam nu sSm ñak ;ma nrUb d UcCam nusS CaeR cIn ka rcmøg [d Uc rUbq øúH b ¤k ¾ Pa Bd Uc

� Cat MNa gd ¾rs; rev Ik mYy . R B HR Tg;) a nbe gáItel ak G ½d a mmk [manrUb PaB d UcCat YGg Árb s;R B H Gg Á KWR B H

R Tg;) anb eg áIt[ cMn wgr Ub Gg Árb s;R B H . rUb qø úH k ñúg kB a© k ;rb s; R B H KWCa rUbE d lm anenAk ñúg rUbk ay R Bl wg nig viBa ØaNrbs ; R B H GgÁ E d lmanCIv itrs; nig mand eg ðIm rbs;R B H .

mnusS Cat i KWR t Úv) anb eg áIte L I g[ manrUb PaB d Uc nigm ansirI l ¥rbs ;R B H enAel I E pnd IenH .

R B HKm <Ir 1 k Urinf Us 1 1 ³7 k> ) a nE cgf a { E pñk x ag B Yk bursv i j e naH minR t Úv B ak ; G VIenAe lIk ,al eT B IeR Ba H xøÜn Ca KMrU eh IyCasir Il¥é nR B H } .

éRtÉk R B HR Tg;m anb nÞÚlf a { cUre y Ig eF VImnu sS[d UcCa r Ubey Ig} R Tg;manb nÞÚl fa

{ ey Ig } BIeR B a HR BH R Tg;CaR B H b IGg ÁrYmmk E tmYy KWR Tg;Ca³ � R B H d¾Ca R B H vrb ita � R B H d¾Ca R B H raCbuR ta nig

3

� R B H d¾Ca R B H viB aØaNb ri suT § burs nig ® sþI R t Úv ) anb eg áIteL Ig enAk ñúg rUb PaB d UcCaR B H GgÁ k ¾m anb IsN æanE d rKW³

� ey Ig ma nv iBa ØaN v iB aØaNrb s;e y IgK WCa E pñk v i B aØaNE d lmk BIR BH eF VI[ey Igd wg x øÜn E d ley Ig

R t ÚvE teF VIG VI²ed a ynUv v iB aØaN KWCaE pñk mYy rbs ;ey Ig E d leFVI [ey IgG acma n T Mnak ;TM ng nigR bk b Ca mYynwg R B H )an .

� ey Ig ma nR B lwg R B lwg rb s;e y IgK WCa E pñk mYy Ed l eF VI[ey Ig m anKMn itR ) aCJaE d lm kB IR B H va

KWCa bB a Øarb s;ey Ig Ca mena Kt i rb s; ey Ig nig Ca bMNg cit þrb s; ey Ig . e naH KW CaE pñkm Yyrb s;e y Ig E d l eFVI[ ey Ig ma neh t upl nigm anKM nit .

� ey Ig rs;e nAk ñúg rYU bk ay rUbk ay rbs;ey Ig KW CaE pñk mYyénF mµ Cat irb s;e y Ig KWd Uc Cap ÞH E d lR B lwg nig

v iBa ØaNsña k;en A . R B He ysU‘vk ¾ma nrUb bIGg Á E d lE ck d ac;B IKña nig ma nPa B c,as; la s; e hIyTaMg b I

Gg ÁenH rYmmk CaR B HE tmYy R BHG gÁ enAkñúg n½yd UcK ñaen H v iB aØaN R B lwg nigr Ubk ayrb s ; ey Ig m anPaB Camn usSB it² E d l R B H R Tg;) anb eg áIte y Ig mk [m anenA .

ela ksav k b :ulk ¾) an bB a¢a k;nUv éR tPa B rbs; ey Ig e Bl E dl ela k) ansres r sMb uR teT Ak an;B Yk CM nuME d lenA R kúg E f sSaL Únicf a³

sUm [R B H éne sck þI sux sa nþ E jkG ñkra l;Kñae c jCab ri su T§ s B VR Kb; eh Iy [TaMg R B lwg nig v iBa ØaN eh IyrUb ka yTaMg mUl ) anb R múgT uk \ tesA h µg d ra bd l;R B H eysU‘v R KIsÞ CaR B H Gm© a s;éney Ig R Tg;y ag mk ¬1 E f sSaLÚn ic 5 ³ 23 ¦ .

ey Ig R t Úv ka rmanT Mna k;T Mng x ag É viBa ØaNE d lb egáIteL Ig fµ I² tam ry³ k areb Ik sE m þg Ed lR B H R Tg;sB VR B H h b £T½y R bTanR Blwg nig rUb ka y[ey Ig) anek Itmþg eT o t E tmYyd g CaseR mc Ed leF VI[rb s; TaMg Gs;) anek Itmk eh Iyma nenApg . eh tud UecñH eh Iye y Ig nwg{ R t Úv )a nse ®g ÁaH d ¾eB jx ña t} RB m TaMg { R tÚv ) anTT Ylk arB ar e d ay\ tma n ka rbe nÞas) an enAeB l E d lR BH G m© as;eysU‘v R Tg;y ag mk vij Cael IkT I2 } .

edaymanCIvitrbs;RBH ey Ig d wg fa RB H d¾CaR B H E d lR Tg;) anR kúg ey Ig [en Akñúg R B H hsþrb s;R B H Gg ÁR Tg ;

pÞa l; KWd Uc CaR BH R Tg ;) ansUnrU b el ak G ½d am [ma nrUbPaB d UcCarUb Gg ÁR Tg ;pÞa l; R Bm TaMg R bTa nBr [m anx ül;d e gðIm nig [el ak ma nCIvitrs; pgE d r .

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R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 2³ 7 E cg fa³ R BH ey hUv :ad¾CaR BH R Tg ;ykFUl Id Imk sU neF V ICa mnusS R Tg ;pø úMx ül;d eg ðIm CIv itb Ba © ÚleT Ak ñúg rn§R cmuH enaH k ¾R tL b;Ca manR B l wg rs;e L Ig .

CIvitrb s;R BH K Wv ies sCa Ca g Pav ³ Ed l ma nCIvitrs;e nAe TA eT o t . v a KWCa R bPB én R Kb; CIv it Ta MgG s; .

CIvithSÚ manB a küCaPasaR kik B Irm:at ;E d l sMxa n; E dlyk mk eR bI KWB ak üf a { CIv it} en A

kñúg R B H Km<Ir sB aØaf µI . { s‘Uh ð} (Psuche) B ak üPasaR k ik m ann½yf a Fm µCat i b¤C Iv it mnusS . {h SÚ} (Zoe) mann½y fa CIv it b ¤Fm µ Ca t iénG gÁR Tg ;pÞal ; Ca R B H KWCaCIv itr bs ; R B H E d lR Tg;) anE ck [R Kb ;G ñke COTa MgG s; E d l) anek ItCaf µI eh Iy .

ka renH KYr[r MeP I by :ag Na h ñ+ Ed l eyIg ) a nrs;e nAed ay manCIv it nig Fm µ Cat i rbs;R B H y :ag d UecñH ¡ eB l E d le la kG ½d am nig na ge Gv:a) a neF VI) ab B Yke K) an) a t;b g ;nUv CIvith SÚrb s;R B H b :uE nþ eB lE dley Ig) anek ItCa f µI viBa ØaNrb s;ey Ig R t Úv ) anb eg áIt[ma n Cvitr s;E d l manCIv itrb s;R B H eL Ig v ij . man E tCIv itrb s;R B H eT E d l ma nG MNaced Im, I be gáIt CIv itd éTe T o t . kñúg k arb eg áItm nu sS KWka reFV IF Ul I d I[) ankøay Cama nCIvitrs ; B IeR B aH CaCIv itr b s;R B H E dl man d egðIm enAk ñúg v aR sab ; .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1³ 3 /4 E cgf a³ R Kb ;rbs;TaMg Gs ;) ane kItm ked a ysarR Tg; eh Iyk ñúg b Nþarb s ;E d l) anb eg áItm k Ta Mgb :u nµan ena HK µa n G VINa mYyek Itmk eR k AB IR Tg; eL Iy enAk ñúgR Tg ;m anCIv it ehIy CIvitena H Ca B n øWénm nu sS ela k .

edaymanBnøWrbs;RBH CIvitrb s;R BH KWCaB nø W ehIyB nøWe nH b ¤sir Il ¥rb s;R B H E d l pS ayecj ) ankøayCa

B nøWd l;el ak G ½d a m nig na ge Gv :a muneB l E d lBYk eK) ane FVI) ab . R B HKm <Ir 1 y :Uh an 1³ 5 E cgf a³ enH Ca d MNwg E d l eyIg ´ )a nB¤B IR Tg ; eh Iyk¾

R ) ab;mk G ñk ra l;Kña KWfa R B HR Tg ;CaB nøW PøW Kµan esck þIg g wtNa e nAk ñúg R Tg;e sa H . enH KW CalT §PaB d ¾x øaMg k øab Mput mun eB lE d l mnusSR t Úv Føa k;cuH E dl el ak G½d am

nig nag eGv :a )anb iTB nøWrb s;R B H KW) a nbiTnUv s irIl¥E d l E tg E tpSa yecj rb s;R BH Gg Á . edaymankarRKb;lkçN_rbs;RBH ey Ig ) and wgf a rUb ka yrbs;e l ak G½d a m nig rUb k ayrb s;na g eGv :a mansux PaB

R Kb;R Ka n; manG MNa c R B mTaMg ma nkm øaMg BIeR B aH rUb ka yTaMg Gs;enH K WCaE pñk énC Iv it rbs;R B H .

d eg ðImrs;r bs ;R B H ) ankMB ug E th Urq øgk at ;Q am eT AsBVR Kb ;ek as ik aTaMg Gs ; rbs;B Yk eK nig ) anR b Tan[B Yk eKma nsux PaB R Kb ;R Kan; R B m TaMg manCIv itr s;e nAGs ; kl ,Canic© E f m eT o tpg . rIÉe lak G ½d a m nig nag eG v :aR tÚv ) anb eg áIt eL Ig [ma nCIv itr s ;

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enAGs;k l, Ca n ic© . BYk eKminG acsøa b;) aneT k ML úg eB lE d l BYke Km anCIv itr bs ;R B H enA kñúg B Yk eK .

R B lwg rb s;e lak G ½d a m nigR B l wg rbs; nag eG v:a ¬KMnit k ar esa yGa rmµN _ nig qnÞ³ ¦ KWman PaB d UcCaR B H enAk ñúg Fm µCat irb s;B Yk e K . R B lwg rb s;BYk e K m anCIv itrb s;R B H enACam Yy TaMg KMnit Ta Mgq nÞ³ Ta MgG armµN _rb s;eK K WE tm YyC am Yynwg R B H .

rIÉ viB a ØaNrb s;B YkeK KWR Kb ;l kç N _ KWCaE tm YyCamYy nwg R BH . karpþl;[nUvGMNac

erOg T I1 R B H R Tg;) anma nbnÞÚ l G MB Iel ak G ½d am nig nag eG v:a b nÞab ;BIR Tg ;) a n be gáItB Yk e Kmk fa ³ { cUr[ manG MNac¡ }

R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 1 ³ 2 6 E cgf a³ R Tg;k¾m anb nÞÚlf a cUrey I ge FVIm nu sS[ d UcCa rUbe y Ig [ma nPaB dUcey Ig e h Iy[m anGMNacel IR t IsmuR T st Veh Irel IGak as nig st Ve CIg b YnE d lenA elIE pnd ITaM g m Ul R Bm TaMg st Vl Unv arE d lenAE pnd Ipg .

R B HR Tg;) a nR b Ta nB r[el akG ½d am nign ag eGv :a manG MNacd ¾eB jelj nig G MNacR Kb;R Kg el IE pnd Ie nH . R B H R Tg;) annwk caMnUv G MNac nig G MNacR Kb ;R Kg elIcR k v al TaMg Gs; elIk E l gE tPB páa ymYy b:ue N ÑaH . R B HR Tg;) anR bTanG MNacenH d l ;Gs;G ñk E d l) anek ItCaf µI E d lR B H GgÁRTg;pÞal ;) a nbeg áI teKmk [man PaB d UcCaR B H GgÁ .

edayGMNacEdlbegáIteLIg R Kan;E tG MNacrb s;R B H E d lR Tg;) anb eg áItcR k v al mk elakG ½d a m nig nag eG v:a

k¾R t Úv ) a nTTYl G MNac E d lm anenAk ñúg R B H Gg ÁenaH E d r . ta Mg BIR B H R Tg;) anb eg áIteKmk bMNg cit þrb s;BYk e K ) ane nAE tmYyCam Yynwg R B H

kµa nplGa R kk ;Naek IteL Ig d l;CIv itE d lm anR B H nigm anKMnitx u sqÁg Na mYy ek IteL Ig d l;B Yk eKeL Iy . R Kb ;sña R B Hh sþTa MgG s;rb s;R B H suT §E t) anR Kb ;lk çN_ nig \ te x ©a H eh IyB Yk eKR t Úv ) anb eg áInCaB h uKuN x ag E pñk ka rrs;enAk ñ úgPaB R Kb ;lk çN _ .

R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 1 ³2 8 E cg f a R Tg;R bTanB rd l ;eK eh Iymanb nÞÚl f a cUr be gáItk U n [ ceR mInCa eR cIneL I g [mane B jB asel IE pn d IcuH R tÚv b® gáa bE pnd I eh Iy man G MNa celIR t IsmuR T st Ve h IrelIG ak as nig CIv it pg TaMg L ay Ed lk eR m Ike nAE pn d Ipg .

mankarRbkbCamYyRBH eB lE d lR B H R Tg;) anb eg áIte la kG ½d a m nig nag eGv :am k BYk eK) anR Kb ;l kçN _

kñúg k arR b k bTak ;Tg CamYy nwgR B H Gg Á . R Tg;m anR B H bnÞÚl eT Ak an;B Yk eK ed a ymux Tl ; nwg mux . BYk eKm anPaB rwg maM nig ek o kkitCam Yynwg R BH Can ic© . BYk eKminE d l ma n

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Garm µN_f a m ankMh us mank arpþn Þa eTas b¤k ¾ma nPa Be fa kTab ena H eL Iy . BYk eKma n ka rR b kb Tak;TgR Kb ;R Kan; Cam Y ynwg R B H .

R B HR Tg;) a nsE mþg bg ðajnUv k areCO Cak ;T ukci t þrb s;R Tg ; enAk ñú g ela kG ½d am en A eB lE d lR Tg ;) annaMyk st VTaM g L aym kd ak;enAcMeB aH Kat ; edIm, I[Kat ;) and a k;e Q µaH B Ykst VTa Mg e naH y :ag d Ucem þc.

R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 2 ³1 9 E cg f a R B H eyh Uv :ad¾CaR B H R Tg;) anyk dIm ksUn eF VI R Kb;TaMg st VeC Igb Yn nig st Ve h IrTaMg b :unµan rYck ¾naMmk É G ½d am edIm ,I[d wg CaKa t;nwg eh A y :ag dUcem þc É eQ µa H NaE d lG ½d a m) a nd ak ;[d l;CIvit pg Ta M g L ay ena H) anseR m cCa eQ µaH rb s; st V enaH É g .

esrIPaBxagqnÞ³ R B HR Tg;k ¾) anR bTannUv k are R CIser Is d l ;ela kG ½d am nigna ge Gv :apg E d r KW

[B Yke Kmanb MNg c it þ n igq nÞ ³ ed a yesrI . B Yk eKminE m nR t Úv) anb eg áIte L Ig[ d UcCa mnusSyn þ ed a yKµansmt ßPa B nwge R CI ser Is b ¤k¾tv :anwg R B H enaH e L Iy . BYk eKma n sm t ßPaB n wg eR CI serI s nUv k arsþab ;bg Áab ; b¤m in sþa b;b g Áab ;) an .

ka reR CIser Ise nH ) a nd ak;Ca k Nþa lrv ag k arh amR )am rbs;R B H min[B Yk eK TTYl TanE pøeQ Im Yy ed Im E d lenA kN þal sY nc, arena H KW Ca ed Imd wg x usR tÚv . R B HR Tg ; manb nÞÚl f a R b sineb IBYk eKT T Y lTanE pøeQ Ie naH nwg R t Úv søa b ; CaB it .

R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 2 ³1 6 - 17 E cgf a RB H eyh Uv :a d¾Ca R B H RTg ;b g Áab ;eT AG ½d am fa É g nwg su IE pøeQ ITa MgG s;k ñúg sYn c,a renH ) a nta mcit þ E tÉ R tg ;ed Imd wg x usR tÚv enaH m in R t Úv[ ÉsuIple L Iy d , iten Aéf ¶ NaE d l Ég suI e naH nwg R tÚv søab ; Caminx a n .

RckecjBI)ab-KWecjBIkar)at;bg;énmnusSCati

R B HKm <Ir) ansE m þgf a el akG ½d a m nig nag eGv:a) aneR CIse rIsyk ka rmin sþab ; bg Áab ;R B H . k are nH )aneF VI[B Y k eK) ane FVI) a b .

d UcCaR B H Km <Irel ak ub, tþ i 3 ³ 6 ) a nE cgm kR sa b;f a kal ®sþI) aneX Ijf a E pøeQ I enaH b riePa K) an k ¾CaT IKab ;d l; E P ñk eh IyCaed Im E d llµmKYrn w g cg ;) an edIm ,I[) a nR )aCJa enaH na gk ¾yk E pømk br iePa K R B mTaMg E ck [dl ;bþIE d r Kat ;k ¾brie PaK tam . qøg tam ka reF VI) ab enH eF VI[m nusS Ca tiTa MgG s;R t Úv TT Ylk arr g T uk ç nig ma nka r ) at ;b g;d ¾F Msem, Im .

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)at;bg;nUvkarRbkbTak;Tg R B Hd ¾Ca R B HR Tg ;enA E tsßitkñúg P aB br isuT §R Kb ;lk ç N_ R BmTaMg ma nPaB sucri t Canic© dUecñH eh Iy R Tg;minG acb nþn Uvk ar Ta k;Tg Cam Yynwg e la kG ½d am nig nag eG v:a teT A eT o t) aneL Iy . G MeB I) ab rbs;B Yk e K ) a nka t;pþa c ;rv ag BYk eK nigR B H . kMh us nig ka r pþn Þa eTasrb s;B Yk eK ) a neF VI[ B YkeKl ak ;x øÜnB IR B H . R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 3³ 8 E cg fa rYcmk )anB ¤semøg R B H eyh Uv:a d ¾CaR B H Ed lR Tg;yag k ñúg sYn c, arenAe Bl éf ¶e lðIy enaH G ½d amnig R b B n§Kat ; k ¾B Ynnwg R BH e yhUv :ad ¾CaR BH enA kN þal ed Ime QIk ñúg sY nc,ar . B YkeK) an) at ;b g ;nUv mUl d æand ¾ma ntém ø nUvPaB Cit sñ iT §E d l B Yke KF øab ;) a nR bk b Tak ;Tg d ¾R Kb ;lk çN _Ca mYynwg R B H .

kar)at;bg;CIvitrbs;RBH eB lE d l elak G½d am nig nageGv :a) anTT YlTanE pøeQ Id wg x usR t Úve h Iy B Yk eK k¾) anR t Úv søa b;x a gÉ viB aØaN . BYk eKm inman CIv itrb s;R B H enA k ñúg eKte T AeT o teL Iy . R B HKm <Ir r:Um 5³ 12 E cg fa d UecñH E d l) ab) a ncUlm kkñúg e l ak Iy ed ay sa r mnusSE tmña k; eh Iyk ¾mane sck þIs øab ;cUlmk E d r e d aysarG Me BI) ab enaH y :a gNa ena H esckþ Is øab ;) anq øg ral d al dl ;mnusSR K b ;Kña y :ag ena HE d r d,itR Kb ; Kña) an eFVI) ab eh Iy .

kar)at;bg;sirIl¥rbs;RBH sir Il ¥rb s;R B H Ed l )a nta Mge nACamYy ela kG ½d am nig nag eGv :aR t Úv )a n) at;b g ;Ca mYyrMe Bce h Iy . R B HKm <Ir r:Um 3³2 3 E cg fa BIeR B aH R Kb ;Kña) a neFVI) ab ehIy x VHm ind l;sirIl ¥ én R BH . B YkeK) and wg kñúg m YyrMeB cenaH f a BYkeK) anenACa GaR k atTeT . R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 3 ³ 7k Ecgf a e naHR sab ;E tE P ñk rbs; G ñk TaMg B Ir) anP øWeL Ig eh Iy eKd wg fa x øÜnenACaG aR k at .

kar)at;bg;nUvkaryl;dwgxagÉviBaØaN eB lE d l elak G½d am nig nag eGv :a )ansøab ;x ag É v iBa ØaNehIy R Bl wg rbs;B Yk eK k¾m in) anr s;e nA Ca mYynwg R B H teT AeT o tE d r . rIÉ KMnitrb s;B Y k eK k¾m inE mnCaK MnitE d l mk B IR B HteT AeT o teL Iy . Rb PB énc MeNH d wgrb s;BYk e K k¾ ) a ncak ecjB Iv iB aØa NB Yk eK E d l\L Úv en H) ansøab ;eh IyE d r . G VIE d l BYk eKG acyl ;d wg) an KWed a ysa rE trUbk ay x ag Fm µCat irbs ;B Yk eKE tb: ueN Ñ aH .

8

B YkeK) ancab ;ep þImd MeN I rk arKMn i tyl;d wg E tR twmcMeNH d wg E d l ecjBIG v yv³ TaMg 5énrUb k ayrb s;BYk e KE tb :ue NÑa H . ka rBit nig esck þIB it Ed l eKd wg )an KWeKGa c d wge d aykarsþab ;B ¤ ed a yh itk øin e d ayPøk;rs Cat i b ¤ed a yk arb :HB a l;E tb :ueN Ña H .

kar)at;bg;suxPaBRKb;RKan; rUbr ag Áka yrb s;el ak G ½d a m nigna g eGv :aGt ;m anCIv itr b s;R B H Ed lh Urtam

sré sQ am rbs ;B Yke Kt eT Ae T o teT . lT §plr bs ;B Yke K\ L Úv enH KWR tL b;Cam anCMg W mane raKaB üaF i n igk arx Ucb g ;E tb:ue N ÑaH . enAeB l eR k aym ke To t B Yke Km anE t) a n eF VI) ab eK) ancab ;epþImca s; Q W ehIy søa b;x a grUb k ayrb s;e K .

kar)at;bg;GMNac ela kG ½d am nig nag eGv:a ) an) at ;bg ;G MNacrb s;e K nig G MNac R Kb;R Kg el IE pnd I

enH . e K) anR b Kl;G MNacTaMg ena H [eT AsataMg Gs;rlIg . BYk eK) anrs;ed ayB wg el I nKre nAE pnd IenH E d l mane Bjed a yT I\ tsg Çwm KWma nE tCY bR b TH nUv } k arl Yc sm øab ; eh Iyk ar bMpøajE tb:ue N ÑaH } .

køayCaEkminekIt KMn itE d l E k min) an KWKµanK Mnit eCO Cak ;E d ;l Gacek IteL Ig ed ay sa rR B Hb nÞÚl R B H E d lE tg E teq H enaH [) aneq Hd l ;pøÚv cit þrb s;B Yk e K) ane L Iy .

R B HKm <IrsuPas it 6 ³ 1 6/1 7/ 1 8 E cg fa m an6 mux E dlR B Heyh Uv :aR Tg ;s¥b ; eG I man7 pg E d lR Tg;ex <Im eq ¥Im KW E P ñk eq µIgé q µ1 G Nþa tP UtPr1 éd E d lkMcay Q amm nusS \ te Ta s1 cit þE d lKitKUb eg áIt G Me BIG aR k k;1 eCIg E d l rh½seT AR b R BwtþG aR k k;1 .

B YkeKm aneB jed ayKMn itE d l RB HR Tg ;s¥b;e x < Im KW³ � ma nesck IþG M nYt � ma nGNþa tP UtPr � cUlcit þb g ðÚrQ a mE d l \ te Ta s � B nøt;e P øIg é nR B Hv iB ØaN � R b jab ;nwg rt ; eT AeF VI[ma n esck þIGnþra y ela ksav k b :ulk ¾) an BN ’naG MBIm nusSE d lKµa nR B H nig mnusST u c© ritpg E d r . ta mry³ R BH Km<Irr: Um 1³ 1 8-2 2 ) anE cg fa B IeR B aH esck þIeR k aF rbs;R B H ) a n

sE m þg mk B Isßa n sY K’ Tas;nwg R Kb;Ta Mge sck þ ITm iL el µI s n ige sck þI T uc© rit rb s ;mnu sS E d l eKbg ça Mge sck þIB ited a yesckþI T uc© rit eR B aH k arG VIE d lGacnwg sÁa l;B IR B H ) an enaH ) a n sE m þg mk kñúg B Yk eKeh Iy ed ay R BH R Tg;sE mþg k arena H[ eKe X IjCa k; d ,itG VI² rb s;R Tg ;

9

E d lrk emIlm ineX Ij taMg B Ik MeNItel ak Iymk eTaH TaMg RB H ecsþa d ¾enAGs ;k l, Canic © nig ni sS½y Ca R B H rbs ;R Tg ; enaH eX Ijc,a s;v ij ed ay Bica rNa yl;rb s;TaMg b: unµa n E d l R Tg;) anb eg áItm k eR Ba H ka leK) ansÁal ;R BH ena H eKmin) a nte máIg R Tg; T uk CaR B H eT k¾m in d wgKuNR Tg ;E d r eKek Itm anKM nit\ tR be yaCn_v i j e hIycit þ eK E d l\ te yab l; k ¾) a n R tL b;Cag g wteT A e KG Ytx øÜnf a ma nR )aCJa )a nCaeKR tL b ;eT AC al¶g ;el ¶Iv ij .

esckþIsnüarbs;GñkeR)aselaH esckþIsnüaTI1 [el ak G½d am nig nag eG v :a) anenAk ñúgs Ync,a reGE d n³ � ka rGs;sg Çwm ) ane nACaGa R ka td l;k arT Mnak ;T Mng nig k arR b kb Cam Yynwg R B Hr bs;B Yke K . � R Tg;) andk ecjnUvG MNa cr bs;B Yke K � R Tg;) andk ecjnUvR ) aCJa nig sux PaB rb s;B Yk eK eTaH Cay :a gNak ¾ed ay eB lE d lR BH R Tg;ma nbnÞÚl eT Ak an; sataMg R Tg ;) a n snüa fa nwg E k E R b mnusS Cat ie L Ig v ij tamry ³ ka rga rCMnY s KWCaG ñk eR ) a se la H E d l ek Ite cjB IB UCr bs ;®s þImk . R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 3³ 15 E cgf a Gjnwg eF VI[É ge h Iynig ®s þI KWTa Mg BUCÉ g nig B UCna g mane sck þIx µaMg nwg Kña B UCnag nwg k ink, alÉ g e hIyÉ g nwg cwk E k g eCIg e K . tamry³BUCrbs;elakG½R)ahaM esckþ Is nüarb s;G ñke R ) asel aH KWR t Úv ) anb nþ enAeB l E d lR B H R Tg;ma nbnÞÚl fa R Kb ;Cat isa sn_Ta MgG s;el I B iPB el ak nwg ) a nB rtamry³ ela k G ½R ) ah aM . R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 1 8³ 1 8 E cg f a d ,itG ½R ) ah aMnwg R tL b;Ca nKr1 y :ag F M eh IyB UE k CaBitR ) k d R Kb ;TaMg sasn _enAE pnd I nwg ) anB red a ysarKat ; . R B HR Tg;m anR B H bnÞÚl sareL Ig v ij nUv esck þI snüa E d l R Tg;) antaMg sB aØa cMeB aH ela kG uIsa k; nig ela ky :ak ub . R B HR Tg ;) an snüaf a R Kb;Ca ti sas n_TaMg Gs ;el IBiPB ela k enAE pnd IenH nwg ) an Bre d aysarB UCrb s;B Yk eK . ka renH ma nG ñk se ®g ÁaH ) a nmk d l;eh Iy . tamry³BUCrbs;esþcdaviD R B HR Tg;k ¾) ane FVIk arsnüa ed ayk arta MgsB aØacMe Ba H esþcd a v iD f anwg R b Ta nB r ta mry³ r bs;R Tg ;pg E d r . B UCenH KWR t Úv ) anb B a¢Únmk [e FVI C aG ñkeR )asel aH pgE d r KWCa tYG g ÁR BH ey sU‘v R KI sÞ .

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R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 89³ 3 4 -3 6k E cg f a Gjnwag mink, t;e sck þI sBa Ørb s;G j b¤b M pøas ;bME R b esck þIE d l) a necjBIb b U rmat ;GjeL Iy Gj) ans,f mþg eh Iy ed a ynUv esckþ Ib ri suT §rb s;Gj f aGj minR B me Ba lkuh k d l;d aviD eL Iy BUCBg Sd a v iD nwgsßite sß r enACad ra b . TMnayelakeharaeGsay ela k eh araeGsay ) a nTayB Ik aryag m krb s;R B Hd ¾eR ) asel aH . R B HKm <IreGsay 9³ 6/7k E cgf a d ,itman buR t1 ek Itd l;e y Ig R B H R Tg;R b Tanb uR ta1 m ke yIg ehIy Ék arR Kb ;R Kg nwg enAel Isµ a rbs;b uR te naH eh IyeKnwg eh AR BH na mR Tg;fa R B Hd ¾CYyKMn ity :ag Gs© arü R BH d¾m anR BH ecsþa R B H v rb ita d ¾Kg;e nA Gs;kl , nigCa m© as;énemR tI P aB É esck þIceR mIn énrd æ) a lRTg ; nige sck þI sux sanþr b s ; R Tg; enaH nwg min ecHp utB Ibl ø ½g ár bs;d av iD nign Kr énR Tg ;eL Iy . karCMnYsrbs;eyIg G MeB I) a b nige sck þI søab ; KW Cal T§pl én ka rTa s;T T wg rb s; e la kG ½d am nig nag

eGv :a . v a manE tk arvil mk vije b s;el ak G ½d am cuge R ka yeT sR m ab ;CaG ñk CMnY sr b s ; ey Ig Ed l eyIg G acma nesr IPaB rYcB IeTas) a n . el ak eh arae Gsay) a npþl ;[ cMnYn 53 d g mkd l ;ey Ig E d lniyayB IrUb Pa B d ¾Gs©a rümYy G MBIk ar yag mk rb s;R B H d¾eR ) as ela H .

R B HKm <IreGsay 53³ 4 /5 E cgf a R Tg;) anR TaMR T rgG s;TaM g esck þIQ Wca b;rb s; ey Ig eh Iy )anTT Yl pÞ úk Gs; TaMg esckþ IT uk çR B Üyrb s;ey IgCa B it b :uE nþey Ig ral ;Kña) a n rab ;R Tg;T uk CaG ñk m aneTasv i j KWCaG ñkE d lR B H) an vay CaG ñkE d l rg ev Tna E tR Tg;R t Úv rbYs e d ayeR B a HG MeB IrMlg rb s;ey Ig k ¾R t Úvv a yCaM e d ayeR B a HG MeB IT uc©r itrb s ;ey Ig eT Ék ar vayp© al Ed lnaM[ey Ig ) anCaem R tI enaH ) a nFøa k;eT Ae lIR Tg ; eh Iyey Ig ral ;Kña) a n eR ) a s[Ca ed a ysarsñamrMB a t; enAGg ÁR Tg ; .

qøg k at ;tamry³ ka rg areR) asela H KWR t Úv) anyagm ke dayRB H em suI R Kb;e rOr :av TaMg Gs; E dle la kG ½d am nigna g eGv :a)a nTT Ylk ar) a t;bg ; nig F øak ;cuH enaH KYr) a nTT Yl ka rE k Ca f µIeL Ig vijeh Iy . Caf µImþg eT o t m nusS Cat i KYr ) anR t Úv be gáIteL Ig Caf µI pg E d r . ka rbe gáIteL Ig Caf µ Ik ¾K YrE t) anEk E R b eLIg v ijE d r .

sMNYrsMNYrsMNYrsMNYr³³³³ 1 - et Ieh t uG VI) a nCael ak G ½d am nig na geG v :ama nlkçN³ d UcCa R B Hx øa Mge møH e Bl Ed l R BHR Tg;) a nbe gáIte Km k?

2 - et Iela kG ½d am nig nag eGv :a manl k çN³ x ag kñúg d Ucemþcx øH x us B Ist V TaMg L ay E d lR B HR Tg;) anb eg áItm k?

1 1

3333 ---- cUreF V IbB a¢Ier o bra b;B Ik arx øH ² E dl mnusS Cat i) a n) at ;b g; nig Føa k;cuH e h IyE d l KYrE tR tÚv ) anE kCaf µIeL Ig v ij e d Im,I[ ) anek It Caf µI?

emeronTI2 eyIgmanrUbPaBdUcCaRBHd¾CaRBHvrbita

esckþIepþIm ed Im, I[) any l;nUv rUb Pa Bénk a re kItCaf µ I ey Ig R t Úv E tm ankare bIk sE m þg G MB IG ñk Na E d lR B H d¾CaR B H v rb ita ) antaMg eL Ig . ta MgB Iey IgR t Úv ) a nbe gáItm k[m anrUb Pa B d UcCa R B HG gÁ ey Igm inGacy l;) a nf a Gñk Na Ca G ñk be gáItey Ig m ken aH eT l uH R taE teyIg ) a n manr UbPaB B itrb s;R B H vr bita eT Ib ey Ig yl ;c,as;f aR B H d ¾CaR B H v rbita )anb eg áItey Ig mk E mn .

ela ksav k b :ul) a nsresr fa ey Ig E d l kMB ug E trMB wg emIl si rI l ¥R B H Gm©a s; ey Ig kMB ug E tpøas ;E R be TA dUcCarUb qø ú H en aH Ég . ka reb IksE m þg naMm knUv k arpøas;E R b .

2 k Urinf Us 3 ³1 8 E cg fa e hIyey Igra l;KñaTa MgG s; E d l kMB ug E trMB wge mIl si rIl ¥ R B HG m©a s; TaMg mux TeT dUcC aq øúH emIl R Tg ;kñúg k B a© k ; eyIg k MB ugE tpøas;E R b eT A [ dUcCa rUbq ø úH enaH É g B IsirIl¥ e TAd l ;si rIl¥ KWed aysarR B H Gm © as;d¾Ca R BH viB aØa N .

enAk ñúg emero nenH ey Igk MB ug E trMBwg K itB I sirIl ¥énR B Hd ¾Ca R BH v rb ita . ey Ig ma n bMNg bd ie sF f a xøÜne y Ig ma nrUb PaB d UcCaR B H vrb ita . eyIg ma nbMNg sUm [R B H v iBa ØaNbris uT § e bIk sE mþg [yl ;nUv R B Hb nÞÚl R B H edIm ,Ib g ða jnUv rUb Pa B Bit énR B H d ¾Ca R B Hv rb itaE dl Kg;e nAsßan sYK’ d ¾CaT IR sL aj;rb s;ey Ig e T Av ij .

clnaTaMgbIénRBHviBaØaN RBHeys‘UvCamnusS R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;Cam nusS R Tg ;mancl na man G ñk Ca eR cIn) a nTT Yl R B H GgÁ ed ay ka reb IksE m þgx a gE pñk sac;Q am nig ) anyag mk kñúgk arTa k;Tg Cit sñiT § nig R bk b Ca mYynwg t YGg ÁR B H eys‘Uv pÞa l;pg E d r . karpøas;CafµIrbs;karism:aTik

kñúg k arpøas ;Caf µ Irb s;k ari sm:a Ti k ma nmnusSCaeR cIn ) ancUl mk Ta k ;Tg nig R bk b y :ag Citsñ iT § Ca mYyt YGg Á b uKÁl énR B H v iBa ØaNbri suT § .

eB lE d l sav kb:ul ) anG nuB aØat[R B H viB aØaNbr isuT § ) a nyag cUlm k BYk eK) a n d YlcuH TaMg eR có gsresIrR B H R BmTa Mgrk eX IjnUv esck þIG MNrE d l )an eb IksE mþg tam R B HKm <Ir eF VI[e Ksre sI rtemáIg d l ;R BH e ys‘Uv .

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esþcd av iD ) ansE m þgG gÁR Tg ; eB l E d lR Tg ;) a nsresr R BH K m <Ir TM nuk temá Ig en A R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 1 0 0³ 4 E cgf a cUrnaMKñacUl tamT VarR Tg ; e d ayeB alB ak üGrR B H KuN eh IycUl k ñúgT Il anR Tg ; ed ayb Tsre sI r cUrG rR B HKuNd l;R Tg ; eh Iy sresI rR B H nam R Tg;cuH .

karsÁal;RBHvrbita kñúg cl naR B H v tþm anénR B H enH muneB l E d lR B H ey s‘Uv R Tg ;nwg y ag mk kñúg eB l

d ¾qa b;x a gm ux enH eyIg k ¾manb M Ngnwg cUl mk Tak ;Tg nig R b kb Cit sñ iT § Cam Yynwg R B H d ¾Ca R B Hv rb itapg E d r . e y Ig manb MNg cg ;) an køa yCaG ñk f Vayb gÁM d l;R B H GgÁ .

ey Ig k MBug E teR có g kMBug E ts resIr ed ayTH éd e dayE R sk ed aye lat nig ed ayr aMenAcMeB a Hm ux R B H Gm© as;k ñúg TIl anrb s;R Tg; . \ L Úv enH ey Ig ) a ncUlm ked a y) a n se R mccit þy :ag el I sl ub nwgc U l mk k ñúgR B H v tþma nénR BH d ¾CaR B H v rb ita ed aymancME Nk én R BH v iB aØa Nb risuT § nig mi nx øaccMeB aH v iB aØa NGa R kk;NaeL Iy .

miny Urb : unµane L Iy e y Ig nwg) anE q ¥t nig ) ane nAkñúg T Il an . eyIg ) anE sVg rk R B HP®k þénR B H vrb itaG s;eB l y :ag y Ur ed Im ,I[) a neXIjR BH P®k þ n igm anGa rmµN _fa R B Hh sþr bs;R Tg ;) anh ‘u¿B ½T §C uM Ci te y Ig ed ay esck þIR sL aj; ey Ig k ¾) ancUl mk Cit eh Iy fVa yb gÁMR B H Gg Á .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 4³2 3 E cgf a E tn wgm aneB l ev lamk k ¾enA\ L Úv enH eh Iy enaH B Yk G ñk E d lfVay bg ÁMed a yB itR tg ; eKnwg f Vayb gÁMR BH v rb ita ed ayv iBa ØaN nige sck þ I B it B IeR B aH RB H vr bita R Tg;rk B Yk G ñk y :ag ena H [) a nfVayb gÁMR Tg ; .

R B Hv rb itaR Tg;k MBug E tE sVgr kG s;G ñk E d lf Vay bg ÁMR B H GgÁd ¾B itR tg ; KW Gs;G ñk E d lcMNaye Bl f Vayb g ÁMR B HGg Á ed ay viBa ØaNnige sck þIB i t KWCa Gs;G ñk E d lcUl eT AÉ T Ibri suT § ed a yma ncitþb r is uT§ .

RBHvrbitaéneyIgEdlKg;enAEpndIenH rUbPaB rb s;e y Ig KWCa r UbPaB é nR B H vr bitarb s;ey Ig E d lKg ;enA sßa n sY K’ E d l

R Tg;E tg E t) anta Mge L Ig ed ayl k çN³ rb s;R BH G gÁ d UcCa «Bu k rb s;ey Ig e nAE pnd IenH . ka rTak ;Tg rb s;ey Ig CamYy nwg«B uk ey Ig enAE pnd Ie nH KW m an\ T §iB lel Ik arTak ;Tg Ca mYynwg R B H v rbita éne y Ig E d lKg;en A sßa n sYK ’E d r .

rvl;xøaMg «B ukCae R cIn) anCa b;rv l ;x øaMg nwg cMNayeB l CamYy kUn² e B lE d lB Yk eKka n;

E tmanv ½yF MeL Ig . erOg enH KWCam Uleh tul ¥R t wmR t Úv Na s; b:uE nþk are nH naM[m ank are) a H bg ;Cae R cIn eh Iyman GarmµN_ f a {R B HR Tg;rv l ;x øaMg Na s; sR m ab ; } .

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Gñkkan;vin½ytwgrwug

«B ukx øH ma nka rTak ;Tgd¾G aR k k;Ca mYynwg k Un ² ed ayeR bIv in½yt wg ruwg min) a n bg ðajes ckþIR sL a j; Tal ;E tesaH . k UnTaMg enH E tg E tmanGarm µN_f a R B H v rbitarb s ; eK E d l Kg;e nAsßan sYK’ ma nka rtwg E tg nwg eK eh IymincUl cit þ[G V IeKe T e mIl eT A R B HP®k þrb s;R Tg ; d UcCama nka n;R B ng ;enAR B H h sþrbs ;R Tg ; rg ;caME tG ñkNaE d l ed Irecj B ICYrE tb : ueN ÑaH .

)at;bg;karRsLaj; manG ñkCa eR cIn) a nFMeL Ig en Akñú g pÞH Cak E nøg E d lm anesck þIR sL aj; y :ag t ic

tYcb M put b ¤k ¾E tg E tma nk arR b úgR by ½t ñrv ag Kñanig Kña ed a ysarE t«B uk rb s;BYk eK . m in Cab Ba ðat wg E tg b :unµane T e d ayB Yk eK) anB iesaF B IeR B a Hv ah ak ;d UcCaB Yk eK minE d l ) a n TTYl k arÉ kPaB b¤k ¾k arTT Yl sÁal ;B I«Buk rb s;e KE tb : ueN ÑaH .

cMeB aH erOg TaMg enH rUb PaB b B a© aMg B IR B H vrb itarb s;e K E d lKg;enAsßan sY K’ KW Ca rUbPaB m Yyénka rminÉ k Pa B nig ka rR B eg Iyk enþIy cMeB aH esckþIR t Úv k arrb s;B Yk eKE t b:ue N ÑaH . eKm anGa rmµN _f a RB H R Tg ;min) a nx Vl;x Vay GMB Isña éd r bs;B Yke K ehIyE d lR Tg ; min) a nR sL aj;BYk eKed a yB itR ) ak d enaH É g .

PaBRkxSt; erOg r:av d éTeT o t R t Úv ) a neKelIk eL Ig enAk ñúg R KÜsa rTaMg L ay Ed l «Bukrb s ;

B YkeK minG acb¤m in pþl;[ nUv cM N UlR Kb ;R Kan; cM eB aH k arpÁt; pÁ g ;d ¾sþÜce sþIg d l;R KÜ sar E d l mane sck þIR t Úv ka rCamUl d æané n k arrs;enA .

mnusSTaMg e nH E tg E tm an { rUb Pa B bB a© aMgB IPaB R k x St ;} r bs; R B H . BYke KBi) ak nwg eC OR BH f a R Tg;n wgpÁ t ; pÁg ;R K b ;TaMg esck þIR t Úv k ar sR m ab;k arrs; e nA rb s;BYk e K .

karPan;RcLM mank Un²Cae R cI n) anPan;R cL M ed ay sa r«B ukrb s;BYk e KE d l enAE pnd I . ma n

mnusSx øH ) anTT Yl ka rPa n;R cL M e d ayq ab ;rMCYlcit þeB c enH K W Ca E pñkén rag Ák ay E d l eFVI [G ñk d éTe T o tR t Úv TT Ylrg rb Y sx a gpøÚv eP Ted aym ank arb MB an .

erOg enH ) anTb ;Tl ;B Yk eK B Ik a rma nlT §PaB ed Im ,I[) a nT ukcit þeB je lj el I R B Hv rb itarb s;e K E dlKg ;enAsßan sY K’ b¤k ¾TT Yle sck þ IR sL a j; nig esck þ Iesñh ad¾F M]t þm rbs;R B H . B Yke Km anGa rmµN _ f a ) aneF VIx us enAcMeB aH R B H b ¤k ¾ma nesck þ Ik Mh wg cMeB aH R B H

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Gg Á eh IyB Yke Kk¾m inGacnwg T u k cit þel IR B H Gg Á d¾eB jelj e nAkñúg CIv it rbs ;B Yke KE d r .

RBHvrbitaéneyIgEdlKg;enAsßansYK’ RTg;manesckþIRsLaj;

minKi tB Ika rQ Wcab ; Kµa nka rbd i e sF n _ b¤Kµa nka rb MB a n E d ley IgTaMg Gs;Kña su T § E t) anTT YlB I«B uk rbs;ey Ig E d lenAE pnd Ie nH ey Ig R tÚv E tGt ;eTas d l;B Yk Kat ; eh Iy TTYl k areR ) as[Camk BIR B H ed Im, I[ey Ig Ga csÁal ; TT Yl R B m TaMg ) ansb, ayrIk ray nwg esck þIR sL aj;d ¾el Isl u b én R BH v rb itarb s;ey Ig E d l Kg ;enA sßa n sY K’ .

R B HKm <Ir 1 y:Uh a n 3³1 k E cgf a e mIl esck þIR sL aj;y :a g Nahñ+ Ed l RB H v rbita) anpþl;m ke y Ig ral ;Kña [e y Ig ) aneh Af aCakUnrb s;R B H d UecñH .

ela ksav k b :ul k¾) ansresrE cgT uk mk f a Kµa nG ñk Na mYyGacnwg B R g t;ey Ig ecjB Ie sck þ IR sL a j;rb s;R B H v rb ita) a neL Iy .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 8³ 3 8/3 9 E cg fa d ,it´ eCO Cak ;f a e Ta H søa b; b¤rs ; B Yk eTv ta b ¤ G MNacG VI k arG VIenACan;e nH b ¤e T Amux b ¤\ T §ib £T§ iG VI TIm ank MB s; T ICeR m A b ¤rbs ;G VI E d l ek It mk É eT o tk þI enaH B uMGacnwg B Rg t ;ey Ig ecjB Ie sckþIR sL aj;rb s;R B H E d lenAkñúg R B H R KIsÞ ey sU ‘v CaR B H Gm© a s;éney I g ra l;Kñae TA) aneL Iy .

RBHvrbitaRTg;manesckþIGMNrelIeyIg CMn Yse T Ae lI«B uk E d lt wg rwg nig minx Vl ;BI e y Ig ey Ig k¾m anR B H v rb ita d¾Kg;e nA

sßa n sY K’ E d l R Tg;R sL a j;d l ;ey Ig d ¾x øaMg d l ;emø:H E d lR Tg;k MB ug E tm anesck þIG M Nrmk elIe y Ig ma neB je d ayesck þI G MNr nig eB je d aysemøg eR có g .

ela ke h ara espa na BN ’naB IR B H y :ag dUecñH f a³ R B He yh Uv :a d ¾Ca R B HénÉ g R Tg;Kg ;enA kN þal Ég R Tg;CaR B H d ¾ma n\ T§ib £T § I ed Im, I

CYyse ®g ÁaH R Tg;nwgm ane sc k þIrIkra y Grsb ,aycMe Ba H Ég R Tg ;nwg tR miH kñúg es ck þI R sL aj;r bs ;R Tg; k ¾nwgG rsb ,a ynwg Ég edaysem øge R có g ¬ espa na 3³ 1 7 ¦ .

ela ke h ara espa na ) aneR bIB ak üCaPa sa eh eR BIrsR m ab ;esc k þIG MNr E d l ma n n½yed Im fa { el at} b¤ { e la te pøa H} . R B H R Tg;k ¾eF VI[m ane sckþIG M Nrx øa Mg enAk ñúg ey Ig d UcCak Unrb s;R B H Gg Á R Tg;k ¾) a nel atcuHe lateL Ig nig ra M Ed lb gðajBIe sck þIG M Nrd ¾ elIsl ub nig Ca T IKa b ;R B H h b £T ½y .

et IG VIE d l manrUb PaB epSg B Ir Ub PaB E d lR B Hv rbitam an? R B HRTg ;k¾m inrv l;Na s ; Na sR m ab ;ey Ig eT . R B HR Tg ;k ¾Kµanv i n½yt wg E tg nig x VHe sck þIR sL aj;d l;ey IgE d r .

1 5

R Tg;k ¾min ) anTak ;Tg Bie ss EtcMeB aH k arCMn uMCR mH d l ;ey Ig en aH e L Iy . R Tg ;kMB ug E t Grsb, ay nige la tcuH el ateL Ig e d ayGMNr enAB Iel Iey Ig .

»citþeGIy¡ cUrEbrmkÉRBHvrbita¡

R B HR Tg;k MB ugE teR bIR ) as;BYk eh ara [b E gVrcit þk Un²m kÉ «B uk r bs;B Yk e K taMg B I R KasBa Øacas;rh Utm kd l ;sm½ ysB Véf ¶ enH .

R B HKm <Irm:a L aKI 4³ 5/6 k E cg f a e mIl munE d l éf¶d ¾F M eh IyKYrE sJg x øa cr b s ; R B He yh Uv :a) anmk d l; ena HGjnwg cat ; eG lIy :a [mk ÉÉ gral ;Kña el ak nwg bE g Vrcit þ B Yk«B uk mk É kUn nigcit þk U nmk É «Buk v ij . R BHR Tg ;k MBug E tb E g Vrcitþk U nR b ús nigcit þk Un R sI m kÉ «B uk enAE pnd Irb s;B Y k eK R B mTaMg b E gVr cit þk UnR b ú s k UnR sIrb s;R B H Gg Á [mk É R B Hd ¾Ca R B Hv rb ita Ed lKg ;enAsßan sY K’v ij .

man]bsKÁbIy:agcMeBaHkarRbkb GMeBI)ab

ela kG ½d am nigna ge Gv :ama nk arR b kb Cam YyR B Hd ¾eB jel j rh Utd l;B Yk eK ) ane FVI) a b . e d aym anPaB brisuT § nigm anPaB sucr it E d l RB Hd ¾Ca R B H R Tg ;minG acma n ka rR b kb CamYy nwgG MeB I) ab )aneL Iy .

rIÉ G MeB I) ab rb s;e y Ig k¾R t Úv ) a nGt ;eTas nig ed aH ecjed ayk ar se® gÁa H kñúg eB l d ¾x øIx ag eR k aym kE d r . k arTak ;Tg nigk a rR bk b CamYyR BH k ¾) a ncab; epþImpg E d r . R bsineb Iey Ig eF V I) ab Ta MgPaB T Mnak ;T Mng nig k arR b k bCa m Yynwg R B H minG acb nþeT A eT o t) aneL Iy KWR t Úv E tE bk) a k;Ca minx an . Tal;E tma nka rln;t YnUv G MeB I) a br b s ; ey Ig E tb:ue NÑaH eT Ibe y Ig Gace F VIk arR b kb Tak ;TgCa mYy nwgR BH v ij) an .

R B HKm <Ir 1 y:Uh an 1³9 E cg fa e bIe y Ig ln;t Y) ab v ij ena H R Tg ;m anR B H h b£T ½y esµaH R tg; ehIy sucr it R bey aCn_n wg Gt ;eTas) ab [ey Ig eh Iy nigsm ¥atey Ig B IR Kb ; TaMg G MeB IT uc© ritTa MgG s; pg .

karbdiesFn_ manm nusS CaeR cInR t Úv ) an TT Yl ka rb d iesF n_ B I«Buk rb s;B Yk e K E d le nAE pndI

enH KWB Yke K) anek Itmk ed ay «Buk m þayKµanKeR m ag b ¤k ¾mincg ;[B Yke K mank MeN Itmk E d r . CYnk al «B ukcg ;) a nkUn ed aysarE tk arcg;rYmePTE t b :ueN ÑaH b¤k ¾B Yk eKmi n) a n v as;sÞg ;nUv k arrg ;caMed a ysg Çw m rbs;«B uk BYk e KCae d Im .

d UcCamnusSm ñak ;) anTT Ylrg T u k çQ Wcab ; e d aykarb diesF n_ b ¤k ¾ed ayKµan ka r Fa na Ed leF VI[m anGa rmµN _r MCY lcit þek Itm ane nA kñúg C Iv itr b s; Kat ;Caed Im .

1 6

mnusSTaMg e nH E tg E tTT Yl Garm µN_f a R B H v rb ita rbs;e KE d l Kg;en A sßa nsYK’k ¾ kMB ug E tma nka rbdie sF n_B Yke Kd Ue cñaH E d r . e Km ank arlM) aknwg TT Yl nUv e sck þIR sL aj ; rbs;R B H Gg Á nig k arR B mTT YlsÁal ;B IR B H Gg ÁNa s; . k i c© ka rx øH KWh ak ;d UcCaeF VI[B Yk eK mank a rGak;x ank ñúg ka rcUlm kCitR B H Gg Á edIm ,I[) a nR b kb Tak ;TgCal k çNb u KÁl Ca mYynwg R B H v rbita rbs;e K E d l Kg ;enAs ßans YK’ eh Iy køa ymk CaG ñk f Vayb g ÁMR Tg; ed ay esckþ IB it pg E d r .

mnusSmña k;E d l) a nTTYl Ga rmµN _bd ie sF n_ E d lm anen Akñúg CI v itrbs ;eK R t Úv E t Gt ;eTasd l;G s;G ñkE d l ) an bd iesF enaH eh Iy bnÞa b;m knw g ) a nTTYl G MNac én ka r eR ) a s[Ca rbs;R B H eT Ak ñúg R Blwg rb s;B Yk eK Cam inx an .

karP½yxøac ka rP½y x øac ) a ncUlk ñúg R BH v tþma nrbs;R B H v rbita E d lm anenA kñúg mnu sSCa eR cIn

E d l) ankøaym kCa G ñk fVa yb gÁMd l ;R B H GgÁeh Iy . eTaH Cay :ag Na k¾e d ay CMnYsn Uv ka r P½yx øa cenH R BHR Tg ;k ¾) anR bTand l ;ey Ig nUv R B H viB aØaN énPaB Cak UnciBa © wm Ed le yIg GaccUl mk É R B HG gÁ nig E R ske h ArkR B H GgÁfa { »¡Gb ,a ¡ R B Hv rbitae G Iy¡ }

R B HKm <IrrUm 8³ 1 5 E cg fa Gñk ral ;Kña min) a nTT Yln isS ½yCa) av be R mI [R tÚv P ½y x øaceT o teL Iy ) anTT YlnisS½ yCa kUnciB a© wm v ij ed a yeh tue naH ) anCa ey Ig E R skeL Ig fa »G ½b ,a R BH v rbitaeG Iy .

{ G ½b ,a} B ak üenH KWbg ðajB IBa k üsmþIf ñak ;f ñm KWCak arR b k bTak ;Tg y :ag Citsñi T § Calk çNbu KÁl Cam Yynwg R B H vr bitarb s;ey Ig . v aG acR tÚv eKbk E R b f a { »e lak «B uk eG Iy} k¾) anE d r .

R B HKm <Ir 2 k Urinf U s 6³ 1 8 E cgf a Gjnwge FVI Ca«B uk d l ;Ég ral ;Kña eh IyÉ g ral ; Kña nwg eF VI Cak UnR b ú sk UnR s Id l;G j enH CaR B H bnÞÚl énR B HG m© as;d ¾ma nR B H R B He csþab M put .

minR t wmE ted a yesckþIR sL a j;d ¾R Cal eR CA énR BH v rb ita cMeB aH ey Ig E t b :ueN ÑaH enaH eT KWR Tg ;) a nCa«B ukciB © wa mrb s; ey Ig ey Ig k ¾) anCa kUnR b úskUnR sI rbs;R B H Gg ÁE d r .

R B HKm <Ir 1 y:Uh a n 3³1 k E cgf a e mIl esck þIR sL aj;y :a g Nahñ+ Ed l RB H v rbita) anpþl;m ke y Ig ral ;Kña [e y Ig ) aneh Af aCakUnrb s;R B H d UecñH .

ka ryl ;dwgB Iesck þIR sL aj;d ¾ G s© a rürbs;R B H cMeB aH ey Ig KW) anb M) a t;nUv e sck þI P½yx øa crbs ;ey Ig .

esþcdaviDCaKMrUrbs;eyIg

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esþcd av iD KWCamn usSm ñak ; E d lm ank arB wg E p¥kTaMg R sug eT Ael I R B H . R Tg;) a n se R mccit þ [) an køa ymk CaG ñk sñiT §s ñal Cam Yynwg R BH d ¾Ca R BH v rb ita Ed l Kg ;en A sßa n sY K’rb s;R Tg ; enAk ñúg ka rfVa ybg ÁM .

R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 2 7³ 4 Ecg f a ´) ansuMesck þ IE t1 B IR B HeyhUv :a eh Iynig E sVg rk esck þIe naH É g KWed ay´ ) anenAkñúg d MNa k;énR B H eyh Uv :a ra l;E t éf ¶G s;1 CIv it´ ed Im, InwgrMB wg em Iles ck þIlMGé n R B H eyh Uv :a eh Iynig B initüB i carNaenA kñúg R B H v ih arrb s; R Tg; .

esþcd av iD ) anseR m ccitþe nAkñúg R B H v t þmanrb s;R B H Cae ro g ral ;éf ¶R b caMC Iv itr b s ; R Tg; . R Tg;) a nseR mccit þc U leT Ak ñúg v tþm an rb s;R B H v rb i ta nig smøwg emIl eT AÉ T I bris uT §r b s;R B H Gg Á .

fVaykarsresIr nigkarfVaybgÁM R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 2 7³ 6 x Ecg f a ehIy´ nwg f Vaye R KÓ gbUCaén e sck þIG M Nr

enAk ñúg erag ]e) a sf R Tg ; ´ nwg eR có g e G I ´ nwg eR có g sresIrd l;R B H eyhUv :a . esþcd av iD R Tg ;) anyl;R Cab B Ireb o be R có g sres Ir nig el atraMe nAcMeB aH R B H

Gm© a s; enA{ T Ila nrb s;R B H Gg Á} e Ta HCa y:ag Nak ¾ed ay R Tg;e nAE tsre sIrR B H Gg Áreb o b enH Cab n þeT o t KWR Tg ;enAE t) anseR mcR B H T ½y cUle TA kñúg R B H v tþm anénR B H d¾CaR B H v r bita nig E sVg rk R B H P® kþrb s; pg R Tg ;Cab ;Ca nic© .

enAR B H Km<IrT M nuk te má Ig 2 7³ 8 E cgfa ka lR Tg;) a nmanb nÞÚl fa cUrE sVg rkm ux GjenaH »R B H eyh Uv :aeG Iy citþT Ul bg ÁM) a nT Ultb fa T Ulb g ÁMn w g E sVg rk R B H P®k þR Tg ;B i t.

karP½yxøacnUvkarElgrab;rkedayRBH eTaH b ICa e sþcd a v iD R Tg;) anseRmccit þ f Va ybg ÁMd l ;R B Hv rb itaeR cInb :u NÑa k ¾ed ay

k¾R Tg ;) a nse R mcR B H T ½ycab ;epþIm B Ika rcUle TAk ñúg R B H v tþm anénR B H vr bita Cak arf Vay bg ÁMd ¾m anPa B sñ iT § sñal bM put KWR Tg ;enAE tbWtR s Ub yk[ ) anseR m c ed ay Kµa nk arP ½y x øaceL Iy .

R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 2 7³ 9 E cgf a sUm kuMl ak ;R B H P® kþnwg T Ul b g ÁM eh Iy kuMpat ; G ñk be R mIR Tg ;ecje d ayx Jal;e L Iy R Tg;) anE tg eF VICaCMn Yyrb s; T Ul bg ÁM » R B H d ¾CYy se ®g ÁaH T Ulb g ÁMe G Iy sUm kuMR ) as;ec j b¤e ) aH b g;e calT Ul bg ÁMe L Iy .

karElgrab;rkeday«BukEdlenAEpndI esþcd av iD R Tg;) anrg T ukç ed ay«Buk E d l enAE pndI taMgE tB IR Tg ;enAv ½y kum arPaB

mk emø:H e hIy\ L Úv enH R Tg ;k¾e nAma nka rP½yx øa c eday mank arE lg rab ;rk ) an kMB ug E t

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mane nAk ñúgR Tg ; Ed le FVI[R Tg ;X øa te cjB Ik arcUle TA ÉR B H v t þmanénR B H v rb ita E d lKg ; enAsßan sY K’rb s;R Tg ; ed a yKµank arP ½yx øac .

eB lE d l esþcd aviD R Tg ;enAv ½yk emø aH ela keh ara sa My UE Gl) an mk ÉKa t; e nA Na sa E r:t ed Im, Icak ;eR b gtaMg [e FVICae sþc b nÞab ; . «B ukrb s;ela kd a v iD ) a nR bmUlb g R bús²TaMg G s;rb s; Kat ; ed a yman sg Çwm fa nwgm ank UnNa mña k; k ñúg cMeNa mb g R bús² rbs Kat ;; ) anTT Ylk arca k;e R bg taMg eF VICae sþc . rIÉ el ak d av iD v ij minR t Úv ) anTT Yl ka r GeB a¢Ij e d Im,I[) anma nmux CYb nwge la keh ara saMy UE G l enAéf ¶d ¾sMx an ;enaH eL Iy .

erOg enH ) ane kItma nCaeR cI nd g eB l Ed le lakd av iD) anR tÚv T u ke nAk ñúg PaB E l g rab ;rk BIe lak «B uk rbs; Kat ;E d l enAE pnd I . er Og en H) anb eg áItk arP ½y x øacenA kñúg cit þ rbs; el ak d aviD E d l Kat;k¾G acR t Úv ) anR B Hv rb ita E d lKg;e nA sßansY K’rb s; Kat ; ) a n bd ie sF y :ag d Uecña HE d r . Ka t;) anseR mccit þcUlm k kñúg R BH vt þma nrbs ;R B H v rbita Ed l Kg;e nA sßa n sYK ’rb s;Ka t;y :ag eR cInb M pu t ed Im, I E sVg rk R B H P®k þrb s;R BH G gÁ eh Iynig cab ;yk nUvPaB b risuT §r b s ;R Tg ; enAeB l E d l Kat;) anca b;e pþ I m cUl mk k ñúg Ce R mA én ka r fVa yb gÁMrb s ;Kat ; k arP ½yx øac nUv k a rE lg rab ;rk ) ancab ;ykR B lwg Kat ;eT A .

karrMedaHrYcBIkarElgrab;rk ela kd av iD )any l;f a Kat ;R tÚv «B uk mþa yrbs;Kat ;E l gr ab ;rkd l ;Kat ; . Kat ;) a n

yl;n Uvb B aðae nH eh Iybn Þab ;mk Kat ;) a neF VIka rR bk asy :a gm utmaM R b qa Mgnwg Ga rmµN _ én ka rE lg rab ;rk enaH .

R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 2 7³ 1 0 E cg fa eb Ika lNa«Buk mþayl H ecal T Ulb g ÁM enaH R B H eyh Uv:a R Tg;nwgTT YlT U l bg ÁMT uk v ij .

kñúg m YyrMeB cenaH esþ cd av iD )aned Ired ay eCOCak ; e d Im,I[) ancUl eT A kñúg R B H v tþm anénR B H . Ka t ;) anE sV g rk[ eX Ij nUvR BH P®k þrb s; R B H GgÁ nig ) an TT Yl nUv Garm µN_f a esck þIR sL aj; nig k arTT Yl sÁa l;rb s;R BH d ¾CaR B H v rb ita rbs;R Tg ; ) anh Ur mk tamviB aØa Nrb s ;Ka t; .

RBHeyU‘uvebIksEmþgBIRBHvrbitarbs;RTg; eKal bMNg Ca cm,g m Yyrb s;R B H eys‘Uv KWCaeB l ev la yagmk E pnd IenH tam

ka reb IksE m þgB IR B H v rbitar bs; R Tg; . eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) an eFVIk are nAE pnd I KWCa eB lcug eR k ay muneB l E d lR Tg;R t Úv ) anTT Ylk ar ca b;cg R Tg;) anTT Yl esck þ Il ,Üg nig R tÚv ) a neKq áag R Tg;Cab ;el Ie Q Iq áag R B H ey s‘Uv R Tg ;) ane bIk sE mþg B IR B H v rbitarb s ; R Tg;cMnYn5 0d g tamry³d MNwg l ¥rbs; e l ak y:Uh a n 1 4³ 7 . R Tg;ma nbnÞÚl mþg eh Iy mþg eT o teT Ak an;B Yksi sSrb s;R B H Gg Á f a {´ cg ;[Gñk ral ;Kñas Á al ;R BH v rb itarb s; ¡ }

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{sÁal; KWsÁal;RBHvrbita{ eb Iey Ig ) ansÁal ;R B H eys‘Uv ena He y Ig nwgs Áal ;R B H vrb itaE d r . lÁwk NaE d l

ey Ig cMNa yeB l[ ) ansÁal ;R B H ey ‘Uv tamry ³ dMNwg l¥ ey Ig k ¾nwg ) ansÁal ;d l;R B H v rb ita E d r .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 4 ³ 7 E cgf a eb IG ñk ral ;Kña) a nsÁa l; e naH ) ansÁal ; R B H v rb ita E d r G MBIe nH eT Amux Gñk ral ;Kña k¾ sÁal ; e h Iy) a neXIjR Tg ;pg .

enAk ñúg d MNwg l¥ ey Ige X Ije s ck þIR sL aj; nig e sck þIem t þak ru Na rbs;R B H eys ‘Uv enAeB l E d lR Tg ;) a neQ ag cab ;R B H lwg mnusS R Tg ;k¾) anR b mUl BYk eK ed Im, IbM e Bjn Uv tR mÚv ka rrb s;B Yk eK R Tg ;) aneR ) asBYke K[ Ca R Tg;) anE f rk Sa R B lwg B YkeK Cae d Im . ka rTaMg enH eh Iy E d l cg¥úl b gð a jnUv es ck þIR sL a j; rb s;R B H v rbitad ¾B it .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 4³ 9 x E cgf a Gñk NaE d l) ane XIj´ e naH k¾) aneX IjR B H v rbitaE d r .

esckþIRsLaj;énRBHvrbita eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv ) anna MkUne kµg mk R Tg;) a n»bef Ib B Yke Ke nAkñúg rg Vg ; R B Hh sß

rbs;R B H Gg Á R Tg ;) a nsE mþg nUve sck þIR sL aj;énR B H v rb ita cMeB aH e kµg² Ta Mge naH . R B HKm <Irm:a fa y 19 ³ 14 E cgf a R B H eys‘Uv R Tg;m anb nÞÚv fa T uk[k Unek µg mk É

´ cuH k uMX at ;v aeLIy d ,itnKr sßa nsYK’m ans uT §E tm nu sSd Ucva ral ;Kña . KWCa r UbPaB d ¾Gs© arüG VIem:øH h ñ+ E d lsE mþg B IesckþIR sL a j; d ¾el Islub rbs ;R B H

v rbitaéney Igra l; Kña E d l R Tg;) anb gða jPaB CitsñiT §rb s;R Tg ; cMeB aH ey Ig ed ayR Tg;l Uk R B Hh sßr bs;R Tg ;mk »b ey Igra l;Kñay :ag d UecñH .

eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) anb MeB jPark ic© rb s;R Tg ; cMeB aH Gs; G ñk E d l enA CuMv ij R B HG gÁ KWR Tg ;) ansE mþg nUv es ckþIR sL a j; énR BH v rb ita rb s; R B H GgÁd l ;G ñk Ta Mge naH .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 4³ 2 3 E cgf a RB H eys‘Uv manb nÞÚl e qøI yf a ebIG ñk Na R sL aj; Gñk enaH nwg k an;ta m Ba kü´ enaH R B Hv rbita ´nwg RsL aj;G ñk ena H eh Iy ey Ig nwg mk ÉG ñke naH k¾nwg taMg TIl Me nA enACam YyE d r .

enH KW Cak areb IksE m þgd ¾G s© a rüG VIem:øH h ñ+ enH KW CaR B H bn ÞÚlé nR B H Gm© a s; . R B Hv rb itaén´ E d lKg;enA sßan sY K’R Tg ;R sL a j; ¡ R Tg;sB VR B H h b £T½y yag mk Cam YyR B H eys‘Uv eh Iyrs;e nA CamYy ´¡ R B Hv rb itaén´ R Tg;sB VR B H h b £T ½yta Mg TIl MenA enACam Yynwg ´ ¡ karRbTan[énRBHvrbita

2 0

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ma nbn ÞÚlf a ey Ig G acT UlsUmd l ;R B H vrb itaéney Ig ed ayma n CMen Oe CO Cak ;fa R Tg;nwg R bTan [ ena H nwg) anCam inx an .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 6³2 3x E cgf a R) akd Emn ´ R) ab;G ñk ral ;Kña CaR ) a kd fa G VI² E d lG ñkra l;Kña nwgs Umd l ;R B H vrbita ed ay nUve QµaH ´ ena H R Tg;nwg R bTan[ .

ey Ig nwg min sUmG VIe d aynUv E tR B H namR BH ey sU‘v b :ueN Ña H eT B IeR B aH R B H v rbita R Tg; R sL aj;R BH ey s‘Uv eh IyR Tg;k ¾eF VIR Kb ;ka rTa Mg Gs; sR m ab ;R BH G gÁE d r . eyIg T Ul sUm kñúg R B H nam R B He ys‘Uv BIeR B aHCak arq øg ka t; nUv ka rf VayyBa ØbUCarb s;R B He ys‘ Uv Ed lCa G ñk T Mnak ;TMng r b s ;ey Ig Cam Yynwg R B Hv rb ita KW R tÚv ) aner o bcMT uk CaeR s ceh Iy .

dMNak;rbs;RBHvrbita R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a nmanb nÞÚl mk ka n;ey Ig G MB Id Na k;énR B H v rbita rbs ;R B H Gg ÁrYc

eh Iy R Tg ;ma nbnÞÚl f a R Tg ;nwgy ag eT Aero b cMkE nøgsR m ab ;ey Ig e nAÉ d MNak ;énR B H v rbitarb s ;R B HG gÁ .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 4³2 E cgf a e nAk ñúgd MNak ;énR B Hv rb ita´ man TIl MenACa eR cIn B uMenaH ´ ) anR )a b;G ñkra l;Kñae h Iy ´e TA ero b kE n øg[G ñk ral;Kña .

eT AGna Kt ey Ig R tÚv E trs;e nAk ñúgd MNak ;énR B Hv rb ita enH KW C ak arrs;enACa R kúm R KÜsa r ey Ig R t Úv E t) anTT YlnUv k arR b k bTak;Tg d ¾Citsñ iT § CamY y nwgR B H d¾CaR B H v rb ita én ey Ig E d l Kg ;enA sßa nsYK ’ .

{´nwgR)ab;Gñkral;KñaedayRtg;²} R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;sB VR BH h b£T ½yR ) ab ;ey Ig ed ay\tl ak;la mG MB IR B H v rb ita

rbs;R B H Gg Á . R B HKm <Iry U:h a n 1 6³2 5 E cgfa ´ niy ayesck þITa Mge nH d l; G ñk ral ;Kña ed ay

B ak üe R bó b eF o b E tnwg mane Bl ev l amk E d l´ nwg minniya ynwg G ñk ral ;Kña ed a yB ak ü eR b ó be Fo b eT o teT KWnwg nya ynwg G ñk ral;Kña BIR BH v rb ita y :ag c,as;la s;v i j .

B ak üTa Mgen H KWminE mnR t wmE tB Irb Id gb :ue N ÑaH eT KWCa g5 0d g Ée Na H Ed l RB H eys‘Uv R Tg;m anb nÞ Úlen Akñúg CMB U kb YnE f me To t . R BH ey s‘Uv RTg ;) an cg¥úlb g ðaj nUv ka r se R mcR B H T ½yd ¾FM]t þm rb s;R T g;f a e y Ig mñak ;²R t Úv E tcUl mkR b k bTak ;Tg [)any :ag Citsñi T §bM pu t Cam Yynwg R B H vrb itarb s;R B HG gÁ .

kUnEdlx¢Hx¢ay ta mk arG Fib ,ay CaGt ßanurUb énerOg r :av rb s;kU nE d l x ¢H x ¢ay Ca nic© ka lKwe KE tg

E tFøa b;) a neR b I enAk ñúg R B H bnÞÚl d MNwg l ¥ eK) a neh Af ak arE R bcit þ b¤k arv il mk rk ka rR bk b

21

Tak ;Tg v ij . ey Ig )a nyl ;fa ey Ig Ga ccUlm kÉR B H v rbita ed ayKµa nbB a ða eTaH Cae yIg ) anF øak ;cuH ed ayPaB F ¶n;F ¶rb: uN Ñ ak ¾ed ay .

enAk ñúg ka rTa s;TT wg k UnR búsE d l x ¢H x ¢ay) a ncak ecjB IpÞ H sE m ,g Kat ;) a n R bm UlnUv R TB üsm,t þiTaMg b :un µa n Ed l sR m ab;ciBa © wmCIv itkñ úg mYy CIv it) a nrbs ;Kat ; eT Aca y v ayGs;rl Ig . b nÞab ;mk eB l E d lKat;) anF øak ;x øÜneT ACaR k rh Utd l ;Gt ;) ay e nAT IbMput Kat ;k¾) aneT AenA beR m IeKeF VI CaG ñk ciB a© wmR CÚk eh IyCa y UreB lk nøg mk Ka t ;) anXøa n RB m TaMg cg;cE m ¥tR kB H ed ayGah ar E dlsl ;BIR CÚk ena Hm k Nas; .

PaBCakUnRbús rIÉ BYk ey Ig PaKeR cInb Mp ut Gacyl ;cit þd l;k UnR b ú sE d l x ¢H x ¢ayena H . ey Ig ma n

Garm µN_ b ¤mnusSCaeR cI nm anGa rmµN _fa E lg ma nka rCits ñi T § Ca mYynwg R B H v rbitarb s ; ey Ig E d l Kg ;enA sßa nsYK ’ KWma ne BjeT Aed a yk arP ½yx øac nUv ka rE lg rab;rk b¤k ¾eB jeT A ed ayGarm µN_f a xøÜn Kµant ém ø m anv ib, d isa rI R B m Ta Mgm anP iruT §Pa BCa ed Im .

R B HKm <IrlUk a 15³ 1 7 -2 0k E cg f a kalv aPJak ;d wg x øÜn ena H k¾Kitf a «B uk Gj mane CIgQ ñÜl b: unµa n ² suT §E t ma nGah arb ribUr R Kb ; Kña E tenAT IenH G jCitd ac;eB aH søab ; eh Iy Gjnwg eR k ak eLIg eT Aniyay nwgKa t;f a el ak «B uk ´ ) a neF VI) ab nwg R B H eh Iynig ela k«B uk E m n ´ enH minK Yr[ e Keh ACak Unel ak «B uke T o te T sUm TTYl ´ T uk dUcCaeC Ig Q ñÜlel ak «B uk vijcuH ena H va k¾e R ka ke LIg ed IreT A .

Kat ;k¾) anniya yeT Ak an;«B uk fa {´ Kµantémøte T AeT o teT} m anG ñk eCO Ca eR cI n E d lmansPa B d UcCa mnu sSk e møa He nH enAsm½y sB Véf ¶enH E d l) an F øak ;eT Ak ñúgsPaB Kµant ém øenH . Kat ;) ane FVI[r U bPaB d Ucrb s; Kat ;) a nFøa k;e TA kñúg sPa B Kµa ntém øenH ed ay x øÜnKat ; pÞa l; . b:uE nþ eTaH CaKa t ;F øak ;eT Akñú úg rUb Pa B Ed l Kµa ntém øenH k ¾e d ay k¾Kat ;) a nE R b citþ eh Iy R tL b ;v il E brm kpÞH Katv ijE d r .

PaBCa«Buk rUbPaB enH KW Ca ka reb IksE m þg d ¾G s© ar ü rb s;R B H v rb ita éne y I g Ed l Kg ;enA sßa nsYK’ .

R Tg;m insBVR B H h b £T ½ycg ;C Mnu MCR m H ey Ig eT . R Tg;k ¾min E mnCaG ñkt wg ruwg e naH E d r . R Tg;m in) ansB VR B H h b £T½y [ kUnR b ús) ank øay eT AG ñk suMTa n ed Im,I[R Tg ;) a n

Gt ;eTas[ena He T . et IR B He ys‘Uv m anb n ÞÚld Ucem þc G MB ITeg VIrb s;«B uk ? R B HKm <IrlUk a 1 5³2 0x E cgf a luH «B uke X IjB Icm ¶a yeh Iy k¾m ancit þGa Nit

emt þa ehIy rt;e TA »b ef Ib v a .

2 2

CMn Ys[k ar E brR B H P®k þrb s;R B H v rbitae cjB Iey Ig e nAk ñúgk arE l g rab ;rk R Tg ; kMB ug E trg ;caMk arE R b cit þecjB I G MeB I) ab nig v ilE b rmk rk RB HGg Áv ijE d r . R Tg;sB VR B H h b £T½y cg;l Uk R B Hh sß mk »bef Ib ey Ig ed a ysE mþg bg ðajnUv e sckþIR sL aj;d ¾F M]t þm nig elI slub rb s;R BH Gg Á .

enAKm<Irl Uk ad E dl 1 5³2 1 Ecgf a eT Ibv aniy ayf a ela k«B uk ´) a neFVI) ab nwg R BH ehIyn ige lak «B uk ´ minKYr[ e Keh ACak Unel ak «B uk eT o te T .

ela k«B uk min) ancg ;sUm ,IE tB i Pa kS a BIk Mh usG VIE d l kUn) anR b R Bwtþx u s b ¤k¾G VI E d lKa t;ca b;epþIm niyayteT AeT o tena He L Iy .

R B HKm <IrlUk a1 5³ 2 2 -2 4 ) anE cg teT AeT o tfa E t«BukR )ab ;eT A) a vKa t;f a cUr yk Gavl ¥bMput ecjm k bMB ak ; [v a eh Iyy kcie Ba © ó n nig E s,k eCIg mk [pg rYc yk k Un eKaE d l bMb :nmk smøa b;c uH ey Ig nwg b rie Pa K[sb ,a ycit þ d ,itkUn Gje nH) ans øab ; \ L Úv rs;e L Ig vi j k ¾) a t;e TA eh Iy)ane X Ijm kv ij en aH eKk ¾b rie PaKsb , ayTaMg Gs;KñaeT A .

rUbPaBénkUnRbús ela k«B uk ) a nd wgf a Kat;) anb Mpøa s;b ME R b PaB G at µaniym énk UnR b úseh Iy .

Kat ;) anb MB ak ;ex aG avy :ag l¥R bN It d l;k UnR bú srb s;Ka t ; . Kat ;k ¾) anb MB ak ;cieB a© ó n nig ) anb MB ak ;E s,k eCIgf µIm Yy KUy :a g l¥R tk al d l;k UnR búsr b s; Kat ;E f meT o tpg .

ey Ig ) anTT Yl R B He ys‘Uv eFVI Ca R BH G gÁse®g Áa Hrb s ;ey Ig E tmYyd g CaseR m c R B Hv rb itaéney Ig E d l Kg;e nAsß a nsY K’ R Tg ;emIl mk ey Ig T ukd UcCa kUnR b ú skUnR sId l ; R B HG gÁ . eyIg k¾) anesøó k se møó k bMB ak ;rb s;R BH G gÁ Casem øó kb MB ak ;énesck þI sucr it . ey Ig k ¾) anTT Ylk arb MB ak ; nUvcie Ba © ó nrb s;R B H Gg Ápg E d r KWCacie Ba © ó nd ¾man GMNa cenAel I éd r bs; ey Ig . Kat ;kMB ug n iyay kñúg esck þIR sL a j;f a { »R B H Gm © as;eG Iy¡ T Ul bg ÁMcg ;[e Kd wg fa BYk eK) ane nAk ñúgR B H R KIsÞe ys‘Uv sUm[B Yk eK) an køa ymk CaE tmYy kUnR b ús rb s; T Ul bg ÁME d r¡ sUm [B Yke K) anra b;Casucr itrb s;R B H enAk ñúg R B H R KIs Þe ys‘Uv } .

ela ksav k b :ul) a nsresr G MB I e rOg enH d Uec ñH E cgf a ³ d ,itÉ R B H GgÁE d lmin) a n sÁal ;) ab esaH e naH R B H R Tg;) aneF VI[R tL b ;Ca t Y) ab

CMn Ysey Igr al; Kña vij ed Im ,I[e y Igra l;Kña) anR tL b ;eT ACaes ckþIs ucri trb s;R B H ed a ynUv R B HG gÁenaH É g ¬2 kUrinf U s 5³2 1 ¦ .

rUbPaBénkarekItCafµIrbs;eyIg

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eB lE d l eyIg ) a nGnuB aØa t[ RB He ys‘Uv ) aneb IksE m þgB IR B Hv rb ita rbs ;R B H Gg Á d l;ey Ig enaH cMeB a HrUb PaB E d lx UcR Tg ;R Tay b¤E d l) ank MNt ;R B ME d nrYceh Iy ena He yIg nwg manR B H v rb ita rbs;ey Ig E d l Kg ;enAs ßans YK’ R Tg;n wgb Mp øas;b ME R b Cak ;Cam inx an .

d UecñH ed aysar PaB b risuT §rb s;R B H enaH ey Ig nwg ) a ndUcCae sþcd av iD . ey Ig nwg E sVg rk R B H P® kþrb s ;R B HG gÁ ey Ignwg R tL b ;CaG ñk f Vayb g ÁMd l;R B H GgÁ . ey Ig nwg ma n Garm µN_f a R B HR Tg ;) anR Bm TT Yley Ig ed a yR B Hh sßTaMg sg x ag rb s;R BH Gg Á . dUecñH eB l Ed le y Ig fVaysirIl¥d l ;R B HG m© as; e naH rUb PaB rb s ;e y Ig KWR BH v rb itanwg bM pøa s;b ME R b e hIyenA eB lCam YyKñaena H rUbPa B Ga tµa niymca s;rb s ;ey Ig nwg R tÚv ) a nbMpøa s;b ME R b eT A k ñúg rU bPaB énk arek It Ca f µICa mi nx an .

manm nusS CaeR cIn ) a nkMBug E tE sVg rkR B H h sßrb s;R BH CMnY s nUv ka rE sVg rk R B H P® kþrb s;R BH BYk eK) a ncMNa y eB lrb s;e K e dIm,Im k rkR B H [) a nCYbtam esckþIb :g R ) afñapÞa l;rb s;B Yk eK .

karERbkøayrUbPaB eda yk a rE s Vg rk RB Hv rb it a

ey Ig R t Úv E tm kÉR B H GgÁ R B mTa MgcMNaye Bl enAk ñúg ka rE sV grk R B H P® kþrb s ; R Tg; eh Iy [)ane X IjnUv s irI l¥r bs ;R Tg; b nÞab ;mk ey Ig nwg TT Yl ) annUv ka rER b køa yrUb Pa B enAk ñúg rUbPaB rb s ;R BH G gÁ .

R B HKm <Ir2 k Urinf U s 3 ³ 1 8 E cg f a ehIy ey Ig ral ;KñaTaMg Gs; E d lkMB ug E trMB wg emIl sir Il¥R B H Gm ©a s; TaMg m uxTeT dUcCaq ø úH emIl R Tg;k ñúg k Ba © k; eyIg k MB ug E tpøas;E R b eT A [d UcCarUb qø úH ena H Ég BIsirIl ¥ e T Ad l;sirIl ¥ KW ed ay sa rR B H Gm © as;d ¾Ca R B H viB aØaN . T Mnukrb s; esþcd a viD ) a ncg¥úl b gða j d Ucnwg KMn itrb s;ela k sav k b:ul f a³ ÉTUl bg ÁMv ij T Ul bg Á Mnwg r MB wg emIl R B HP®k þR Tg ; ed ayesck þIsucrit k al NaTUl bg ÁMP Jak ;eL Ig enaH nwg ) a nsáb ;cit þ ed ay eXIjr UbGg ÁR Tg ;; ¬ TMn utem áIg 1 7³ 1 5¦ .

edaykarfVaybgÁMRBHvrbita ey Ig minR t Úv ) a nTT Yl k arpøas;E R b eT Akñúg PaB d Ucrbs ;R B H Gg Á ed ayk ar E sVg rk

ta mb MNg cit þx ø ÜnÉ g nig tamk arseR m ccitþ é nk arE R b køa yrUb Pa B sR ma b;CIv it rs;e nA pÞa l;rb s;ey Ig e naH eT . ey Ig R t Úv ) anbMpøa s;b ME R b cUl eT Akñú g PaBd Ucrb s;R B H Gg Á eB l E d le yIg cMNay eB l CamYynwg R B H vr bitarb s; ey Ig enAk ñúg esck þIR sL aj;d ¾sñiT § sñal nig fVa ybg ÁMR B H Gg Á KWsR ma b;G s;G ñkE d l R Tg ; sB VR B Hh b£T ½y .

eB lE d l eyIg enA E tcMNaye Bl b nþeT AeT o t ed Im ,IE sVg r kR B H P®k þrbs;R B H ey Ig nwg { da s;R B H GgÁ[P Jak ;} e dIm,I[ eX Ijf a mux r bs;ey I g nwg ) anca MgB nøW ed ay sa r

2 4

sir Il ¥rb s;R B H . eyIg nwg ) a nd UcCa el ak mU:es e Bl E d l Kat ;) ancUl mk cMNa yeB l Ca mYYynwg R B H e nAPñMs uINa y e h Iyey Ignwg ) a nTTYl B nøWed a yma nsir Il ¥énR B H .

ela kl Uk a ) ansresrf a³ eb Isin CarUb k ayG ñkTaMg m Ul) anPøW \ tma ng gwtR tg ;Na esa H e naH nwg ) anP øWTaMg

Gs; d Uck al ceg áó gb MP øWG ñk E d r ¬ lUk a 11 ³ 3 6¦. mü:ag eT o t ey Ig k øayCa mnusSE d lR B HR Tg;m anb nÞÚlf a { cUrey Ige FVIm n usS [

d UcCarUb ey Ig } . sMNYr

1 -et IrUb Pa B d UcCa R B Hv rb itarb s;e y Ig E d lKg ;enAs ßans YK ’ d¾m an\ T §iB lel IG VI²TaMg G s; e d aycg ¥úlb g ðajfa ey IgCa kUnr b s ; R B HG gÁy :ag d UcemþcE d r ? 2 - etIrUb PaB d UcCaR B H v rb ita r bs;ey IgE d l Kg ;enA sßan sYK’ R t Úv ) anb Mpøas ;bME R b ey Ig [m anPaB d Ucy :ag dUcem þc cMeB aH rUb PaB B iténR B H v rbita E d l) aneb Ik sE mþg enAk ñúg R BH b nÞÚl R BH ? 3- ta mR B H Km<Ir 2 kUrinf U s 3³ 1 8 e tIe y Ig GacR tÚv ) anE R bk øay rUbPaB eT Akñúg rUb Pa B énR B H Gm © as;) any :ag d Ucemþc?

2 5

emeronTI3 eyIgmanrUbPaBdUcCaRBHraCbuRta

RBHraCbuRtaénRBH ed Im, I[man ka rebIk sE mþg ) a neB je lj cMeB aH Gs;G ñk E d le y Ig ) an b egáItCaf µI

ey Ig R t Úv E tm ank areb Ik sE mþg Car UbPaB é nR B Hra CbuR taénR B H . ela ksav k b :ul) a nsrrsrf a R BH R Tg ;) an R búg eR b ó b T ukCam un R Tg;) ank MNt ; b ¤

R Tg;) anb MbYsey Ig [) anR tLb ;eT ACarUb Gg Á énR BH ra Cb uR taé nR B H . R B HKm <Irr:Um 8³2 9 k E cg f a d ,itG ñk NaE d lR Tg ;) ansÁal ;Cam un ena H R Tg;k ¾

tR mÚv T ukCa mun [ ) anR tL b ;d UcCarUb Gg Áén R BH ra CbuR taR Tg ; . eB lE d l eyIg ) a nR tL b;e TA Ca rUbG g ÁénR B H raCb uR taénR B H eyIg nwg cab;e pþIm

se R mcnUv sk þa nuBl nig CIv itE d l )a nek ItCa fµIrb s; ey Ig eh Iy . e y IgsÁal ;R B H eys‘Uv CaR B H mYyG gÁ Ed lm anRB H v rbita nigR BH vB aØa Nb ri suT § Kg ;en ACa mYy eh IyR Kb ;TaMg Gs; E d lR B H GgÁR Tg ;ma n ey Igk ¾ma nE d r .

RTg;KWCaRBH ela ksav k y:Uh an) a nR) ab;ey Ig nUv ka rsMx a n;²4y :ag G MB IR B Hr aCbuR ta énR B H . �R Tg ;Kg ;e nACanic© . �R Tg ;CaR B H b nÞÚld ¾r s;rb s; R B H . �R Tg ;CaG ñk b eg áItR Kb ;rb s; Ta MgG s; . �R Tg ;) a nR tL b;m kCasac;Q a m ehIy) ansñak ;enACam Yynwg ey Ig

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 ³1 -3 /1 4 E cg fa kale dImd Mb Ugm anR BH b nÞÚl R B H bn ÞÚlk ¾ Kg;e nACamYy n wgR B H e hIyR B Hb nÞÚle na H Ég CaR B H R Tg ;Kg ;enACam Yy nwg R B H taMg G MB Ied Im mk R Kb ;rbs; taMg Gs;) ane kI tmk ed a ysarR Tg; eh Iy kñúg b Nþa rb s;E d l ) anb eg áItmk TaMg b:un µa n enaH KµanG VI Nam Yyek Itmk eR k AB IR Tg;eL Iy R B Hb nÞÚl k¾R tL b ; Casac;Q am eh Iy) ansñak ;enACam Yynwg ey I g ral ;Kña ey Igra l;Kña) aneX Ijsir Il¥R Tg ; KWCas irIl¥ énR B H raCb uR ta E t1 E d lmk BIR B H v rb ita m aneB jCaR B H KuN n ige sck þIB it .

RTg;)anbegáItelakG½damnignageGv:a

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R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n) anE cg f a R Kb;rb s;Ta MgG s;) anek Itmk ed aysa rR B H raCb uR ta én R BH TaMg ela kG ½d amn igna ge Gv :a R tÚv ) anb eg áItm ke d aysarR B H GgÁ .

R B HKm <Irel ak ub,t þ i 1³ 2 7 Ecg fa R Tg;k ¾b eg áItm n usS[d U crUb Gg ÁR Tg ; KW) a n be gáIte K[cMn wg rUb Gg ÁR Tg; enaH É g k¾b eg áIte Ke L IgCa R bú sCaR sI .

ka rse ®g ÁaH d l;m nusS Cat i KW Cak arb eg áIteL Ig sa r Ca f µI ed Im, I [ey Ig ) a n R tL b; eT ACarUb Gg Árb s;R B H mYy Gg Á Ed l )anb eg áItela kG ¾d am nig nag eGv:a mk kñúg rUbG gÁr b s ; R B HG gÁR Tg ;pÞal ;enaH É g .

GMBIkUnmnusS RTg;)ane)aHbg;nUvPaBsucritCaRBH

R B He ys‘Uv R Tg;) anyagm kykk MeN ItCa mnusS Cam Yynwg R sIR km uM R Bh µcar Iy _ R Tg;e nAE tCa R B H dE d l b:uE nþR T g;) anlH b g ;nUv PaB sucr itCaR B H m kekItCam nu sSe nAE p n d IenH . R Tg;BitCa) anek Itmk CamnusSB iR ) a k d E mn b:uE nþ R Tg;min E mnGs;PaB CaR B H enaH eT .

R B HKm <IrPIl IB 2 ³ 5 -8 E cgf a R t ÚvE tm anKMnitK itd UcCaR BH R KI sÞey s‘Uv vij E d l eTaH eb IR Tg;ma nrUbG gÁCa R BH k ¾ed a y Kg ;E tmin) a nrab ;esc kþIE d l esµIn wgR BH ena H Tuk Ca esckþ IE d l KYrka n;x ¢ab ;eL Iy KWR Tg ;) anl H b g;R B H GgÁR Tg ; mk yk rUb Pa BCa ) av b eR mIv ij R B mTaMg R b sUtm km anrUb CamnusS pg eh IyE d l eX Ij R Tg;manPaB Cam nusS d U ecñaH enaH k ¾bn ÞabR BH G gáR Tg ; TaMg cuH cUlsþab ;b gÁa b; rh Utd l;T Im r N³ KWR Tg ;TTYl su KtCab ; el I eQ Iqáa g pg .

v aCaerOg sMx an; Nas;E d lR B H eysU‘v R Tg;) anl HR B HGgÁR Tg ;CaR B H . R Tg;) a n lH R B H GgÁR Tg ;mk yk Pa BCa mnusS . R Kb ;ka rEd l RB He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a neFVI enAe Bl E d l R Tg;) anrs;enA nig ) anb MeB jk a rga renAel IE pnd IenH R Tg;) aneF VIenAk ñúg PaB Cam nusS minE m nkñúg PaB CaR B H eT .

karyl;xus eb Iey Ig ) ane mIlr UbPaB R B H eys‘Uv eB lE d lR Tg ;) anyag dMeN IrelI E pnd IenH

eB lR Tg ;eF VIka rg arKW) an eB jed a yGMNacE d l mk BIR B H e hIyey Igm inGacy l;) a n nUv ka rR tL b;e TA Ca rUbPaB R B H GgÁ e d ayreb o b Na enaH eT .

{ E mn} ey IgG acniyay fa {R B H eys‘UvG aceR ) asG ñk manCM g W b eNþjv iB aØaN GaR k k; nig x ül;BüúH ) a n . eRk AB IR Kb ;k arTaMg Gs;E d l R Tg;) aneF VIe naH mk R Tg ;enA E tCa R B Hr aCbuR ta énR B H R Tg;enAE tma neB jed a yGMNacR B H ecsþa d Ed l¡ etIG VIe TA E d l R Tg; R t ÚvE teF VInwg ey Ig ? }

27

et IR B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a neFVIy :ag d UcemþcT uk CaKMr U b ¤[) a nCacME NksR ma b; k arrs; enArb s;e y Ig R b sineb IR B He ys‘Uv R Tg ;) a nrs; e nA n ig) aneF VIka rg arGs© arü k ñúge Bl E dl ey Ig ) anl n;t YeTas e d Im,Ik uM[ ma nCarnaMg rv ag R B H nig mnusSC at i .

{ ey Ig ma nesck þI sg ÇwmE tmYy Kt ;} ey Ig KYr Kb, Ie FV I[m anm Uleh tuf a { eyIg R t Úv E tGFisæan suMk arG s© ar üm kB IR B H edIm ,IrMed a He y Ig ecjB Ik arx M B uH Ba r Pa B manCMg W b ¤bB aða fv ik arb s;ey Ig } .

R bsineb Iey Ig yk KMr UR B H eys‘Uv Ed lR Tg;) anb MeB jenA E pn d Ie nH KW R Tg;) a n lH b g ;ni sS½y Ca R B H rbs;R B H Gg Á eh IyR Tg;) a nmk ek ItCa mnu sS nig man G MNacE d l) a n R bTa nmk mnusSey Ig bnÞa b; m ke y Ig Gacyk rUb Pa B E d ley Ig eF VIk ard UcCaR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) aneF VIk arE d r .

GMNacenAEpndI R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ma nbn ÞÚlf a³

R ) ak dE m n ´ R) ab;G ñk ral ;KñaCa R ) ak d fa G ñk Na E d;lsþab ;B ak ü´ ehIy eCOd l ; R B HG gÁ Ed l cat;[´ m k Gñk ena H manCIv itd ¾enAGs ;k l, Ca nic© e hIym in E d lR t Úv CMn uM CR mH eL Iy KW) ank nøg h YsBIe sck þI søa b ; e TA d l;CIv itvi j R) akd E mn ´R) ab ;G ñk ral;Kña CaR ) a kd f a nwg ma neB le vl am k k ¾mk d l;eh Iy Ed l mnusS søab ; nwg B ¤semøg R B H raCb uR ta énR B H ehIy Gs;G ñk NaE d l B¤nwg ) anrs;v i j ¬y :Uh an 5³2 4/2 5 ¦ .

Gs;G ñk E d l) anB ¤se møg R B H raCbuR ta énR BH enaH nwg ) an rs;e n A . R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ma nR B H bnÞÚl te T AeT o tfa³ B IeR B aH Ed lR BHv rb itama nCIvit k ñúg R BH G gÁR Tg;y :a gNa ena HR Tg ;k ¾) anR bTan[

R B Hr aCbuR ta manCIv it kñúg R B H Gg ÁR Tg;y :a g enaH E d r ehIy ) anRb TanG MNacm kR Tg ; [CMnuM CR mH pg B IeR B aH R Tg;Cak Unmnu sS ¬ y :Uh an 5³ 2 6 /2 7 ¦ .

KWCa er Og Cak ;E sþg E d l ecjB IR B H b nÞÚlm kf a G MNacE d l RB Heys‘Uv R Tg;) anrs; enA nig ) anbMeB jR BH ra Ckic© e nAE pnd Ie nH m inE mnCaG MNa cE d lR Tg;CaR B H raCb uR taén R B He naH eT KWCaG MNa ck ñúg PaB R B HG gÁR Tg ;Cak Unmn usSd ¾B i t .

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;R t Úv ) anTT Yl ka rE kéx E dl ma nE tmYy T uk CaKM rUrb s; ey Ig . eB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµIk ñúg R B H eysU‘v G MNacrbs;R B H E d l) anR b Tanm key Ige nAE pn d IenH R t Úv) anCab ;enA . ey Ig Rt Úv E tm anG MNacd UcCaR BH eys‘Uv R Tg ;manE d r KWCa G MNa c kUnm nu sSrb s;R B H Gg Á . eBl E d ley IgTT Yl R Cm uCed ayR B H viB aØaNb ri suT § ey Ig ma n G MNacd UcCaR B H eys‘Uv R Tg ;m an b nÞab ;B IR B H v iBa ØaNbris uT §) an ya g mk sN æitelIR B H Gg Á.

2 8

\ L Úv enH eB lE d l ey Ig ) a nGand MN wg l¥ e y Ig GaceX IjR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) aneF VI CaKMr U nig CaE pñk mYyy :a g BitR ) ak d rbs;ey Ig . e yIg GacmanG MNac nig ecsþaE d l R B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) anma nrYcmk eh Iy enAel IE pnd IenH . mn usS Cat iE d l )an ekItCaf µI G acrs ; enA R b kb ed a yG MNacE d l BYkeKR t Úv ) a nbeg áItmk [rs;enAk ñúg Pa B d UcCa R B HR Tg ;) a n manb nÞÚl f a { cUr[B Yk eKma nG M Nac} dUe cña H E d r .

RTg;KWCaG½damcugeRkay R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ya gm ke FVICaG ½d amcug eR k ay .

R B HKm <Ir1 k Urinf U s 1 5³ 4 5 Ecg f a d UcCa esckþ IE d l E cg Tuk BIe la k G½d am E d lCa mnusSmund Mb Ug f a { )anR tL b ;Cam anR B lwg rs;} E tela kG ½d amcug eR k ay bg¥s ; Cav iB aØaNd ¾eR ) a s[r s;v ij .

R Kb;k arTa MgG s;E d l el ak G½d am ) anm an kñúge Bl E d l Ka tR tÚv ) a nbe gáItm k KW R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a neFVIseR m cTaM g Gs; d UcCa R B HR Tg;m anb nÞÚl f a { cUr[B Yk eKma nG MNac} R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ma nG MNacTaMg Gs;enaH E d lGa cQñH elIsa taMg Q ñH el Ik arrs;enAR Kb ; erOg r:av TaMg Gs; Q ñH el Ikm øaMg F mµCat iTaMg Gs ; KWR B H eys‘Uv R T g;) aned Ired a yG MNac .

R B HKm <Irm:a fa y 7³2 8/2 9 Ecg f a ka lRB H eys‘Uv R Tg;m anb nÞ Úle sck þITaMg enH rYceh Iy enaH b Nþam nu sS k¾nwk E pøk BIe sck þIE d l R Tg ;b eR g ó n BIeR B aH R Tg;be R g ó n d UcCama nG MNa c m inE mnd UcB Yk Gacar ürb s;eKe T .

RTg;mancMENkCamnusSCatirbs;eyIg R Tg;m ancME NkCa mnusS Cat irb s;ey IgTaMg sac;TaMg Q am .

R B HKm <Ireh e R BIr 2 ³1 4 k E cg f a dUecñH E d l kUne cA) anR b kbe d aysac; Q am R B mKña enaH k¾TTYl cME Nk Cas ac;Q a mdUecñaH E d r .

RTg;)anTTYkarBiesaFn_nwgesckþIl,Üg R Tg;F øab ;) a nTT Yl ka rB iesaF n _n Uve sck þIl, Üg d UcE d le yIg Føa b;) an TT Yl E d r . R B HKm <Ireh e R BIr 4³ 1 5 E cg f a d ,itsem þc sg Çé ney Ig R Tg ;minE m nnwg minGa c

nwg GaN itG asUr d l ;e sck þIk e mS ayrb s;e y Ig ral ;Kña e naH eT e R Ba H R Tg;) anR tÚv esckþIl , Üg R Kb;y :ag dUcCaey Igra l;Kña E d r E t\ teF VI) ab eLIy .

eTaH CaR B H GgÁF øab ;TT Yl esck þI l ,Üg d UcCamnusSe y Igy :ag Na k¾ed a y k¾R B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) anrs;e nA e d aym in) ane FVI) a bsUm, Ib nþi cNa d UcCa ela kG ½d am nig nag eGv:a E d ltaMg B IR t Úv ) anb eg áItmk eh Iy)a nR tL b;e TA Ca G ñk eF VI) ab ena H eL Iy .

RBHbnÞÚlrbs;RTg; )anCakargarrbs;eyIg

2 9

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a nyagmk nig ) a nbMeB jR B H raCk ic© Ta MgG s; Ed l R Tg;) anb eg áIt mnusS Cat ieF VI eh Iy R Tg;k ¾) a neF VIE d r . R Tg;) anlH eca lnUv PaB sucr ité nR Tg ;CaR B H R B mTaMg ) a nmk rs;e nA nig b MeB jR B H raCk ic© Camn usSCa ti E d lm anenA elIE pnd Ien H .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 4³ 1 2 E cgfa R ) ak dE mn ´ R) a b;G ñkra l;CaR )ak d fa Gñk Na E d le COd l ; ena Hnwg eF VIk arE dl ´ eF VIE d r k¾nwg eF VIk arF M Cag k arTaMg ena He TA eT o t BIe R B aH ´ eT AÉ R BHv rb ita .

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;nwg minR t wm E tm anb nÞ Úlf a { Gs;G ñk NaE d leCOd l ; nwg eF VIka r esµ Inwg´ ena H eT KW nwg eF V Ika rFMCa g k arE dl R Tg;) ane FVIena H eT AeT o t} .

GMNacrbs;RTg;KWCaGMNacrbs;eyIg R Kb;TaMg k arg ar nig R Kb ;Ta MgR B H ra Ck ic© rb s;R B H eys‘Uv E dle Bjed ay GMNac

KWCa G MNacE d l ) anm kBIR B H v iBaØaNbris uT § . R B HKm <IrlUk a 3³ 2 2 k E cg f a eh IyR B H viB aØaNbris uT § k ¾ya gcuH mk sNæ itel I

R Tg; ma nrUbra gd UcCa st VR B ab . Kµank arGs© arüTaMg L a yNa E d l mane nACab ;nwg R BH ey s‘ Uv ena H eT rhUtd l ;

R B HviB aØa Nb ri suT § y ag mk sN æitel IR B H Gg Á eB lE d lR Tg;) a nTTYl R CmuCT wk e T IbR Tg ; ) anca b;epþIm n UvG MNa crb s;R Tg ; . rIÉ R B He ys‘Uv) ancab ;epþI m bMeB jR B H raCkic© rb s ; R B HG gÁ eL Ig .

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ma nbn ÞÚlf a RTg;) anTT Ylk arca k;eR bg taMg ed ayR B Hv iBaØaN bris uT § e d Im,I[pSa yd MNwg l ¥ e R ) asGñk Q W[Ca nig ed jGa rkS ) an . R B HKm <IrlUk a 4 ³1 8/1 9 E cgf a {R B H viB aØaNR B H Gm© a s;sN æ i tel I B IeR B aHR Tg; ) anca k;e R bg taMg ´ [pSa yd MNwg l ¥d l;m nusS T½l R k R Tg ;) anca t; [ mk edIm ,Inwg eR ) a sm nusS E d lm ancit þse R gg eh IyR b ka sR) ab ;BIe sck þI eR )a se laH d l;B Yke Q øIy nig esck þIP øWeL Ig vi jd l;m nusS x Vak ; ehIy [ed aH m nusS E d lR tÚv eKCiH Can;[rY c R Bm TaMg R bk asR ) ab;B Iq ñaME d l R B HGm© as;k M Nt;T uk } .

eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;k MB ug Ete R t ó mR B HGg ÁR Tg; yag mkkan;E pnd I enH R Tg ; manb nÞÚl f a nwg cat ;R BH v iB aØaNb ri suT §[ yag mk eh IyR Tg;k ¾m anb nÞÚlf a R B H viB aØaN bris uT § nwg R bTan G MNa c d l ;Gs;G ñk E d led Ir ta mR B H Gg Á . R B HKm <Irk ic© k ar 1 ³ 8k E cgf a b:uE n þ k alNaR B Hv iB aØaNb risuT §) a nmk sN æit elIG ñkr al;Kña ena HG ñkr al;Kña nw g) anR B H ecsþa .

ey Ig ma nG MNa c d UcCaG MNacE d l ma nenAkñúg CIvit rb s;R B H ey s‘Uv e Bl E d l R Tg;) anb MeB jR B H raCk ic© enAel IE pnd I .

30

kñúg R B H Km<Irl Uk a Føa b;) aneR b IBak üd Ed l²f a {G MNa c} n igB ak üf a { RB H viB aØaN bris uT §} eB l E d lKa t;) ansresrG MB I CIv itrb s;R B He ys‘Uv .

R B HKm <Irk ic© k ar 1 0³ 38 E cgf a KWB IR B H eys‘Uv BIR suk Nas aE r:t Ed lR B H )a n cak ;R B HviB aØa Nb ri suT§ nigR B H ecsþa[m k sN æite nAR Tg; eh IyR Tg ;) a nyag cuH eL Ig eF VIka r l¥ R B mTa Mge R )as[Gs;G ñk E d lR t ÚvG ark Ssgát ;sg ái n) anC apg d ,itR B H ) anKg ;Cam Yy nwg R Tg ; .

RBHeys‘UvRTg;)anyagmk edIm,IebIksEmþgBIRBHvrbita

R B He ys‘Uv R Tg;Ca R B Hra CbuR tar bs;R B H R Tg ;BitCam anrUb Pa B rbs;R B H v rb ita d ¾ B itR ) akd .

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;ma nbn ÞÚlf a³ ´ nigR B H v rb ita KWE tmYyR B H GgÁeT ¬ y :Uh a n 1 0³ 3 0¦ . R Tg;k ¾ma nbn ÞÚl pg E d rfa ³ R B He ys‘Uvm anb nÞÚle TA Ka t;f a ´Ca pøÚv Cae sck þIB it eh IyCaC I v it eb Iminm ktam

´ e naH KµanG ñk NaeT AÉ RB H v rbita) aneL Iy e bIG ñkra l;Kña) ansáal ; e naH ) ansÁal ;R B H v rbitaE d r G MB IenH eT Am ux G ñk ral;Kñak ¾ sÁal ; eh Iy)ane X IjR Tg ;pg ¬y :Uh an 1 4³ 6/7¦. G ñk sre srR B H Km<Ire h eR B Ir ) anmanR bsasn _f a R B H eys‘UvR Tg ;) a nbB a ¢ak ;GgÁ R Tg; CarUb Pa Br bs;R B H .

R B HKm <Ireh e R BIr 1 ³ 3k E cg fa KWR Tg ;Ca rsµIP ø Wmk B Isi rIl¥ énR B H e hIyCarUb PaB én Gg ÁR Tg ; . el ak sa vk b :ul) ansre srfa R B H R KIsÞKW Ca rUbG gÁénR B H d ¾emIl mine X I j .

R B HKm <Irk Ul:u s 1 ³1 5 E cg f a E d lR Tg ;CarUb GG gÁénR B H d ¾em Ilm ineX Ij Cab g c,g én R Kb ;TaMg Gs; E d lRB H )a nbe gáItmk . R B H eys‘Uv R Tg;Ca k MeN Itd Mb Ug el IkMe N It E d lR t Úv ) a nbe gáItm kTaMg Gs; énrUb Pa B R BH v rb itarb s;R Tg ; . rIÉ ey Ig E d lR t Úv) anek It mþg eT o t KWb B a¢ak ;B IrUbPaB rb s; R Tg ; E d ley Ig) anek ItCaf µI .

edIm,IeFVItambMNgRBHhb£T½yénRBHvrbita eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg ;) a nyag mkE pnd IenH R Tg;) ancuH cUlnwg b M Ng R B H

h b £T½y én R BH v rb ita . e Bl Ed l R Tg;) anya ge nAelIE pnd Ie nH R Tg ;) aneF VItam b MNg R B H h b £T½y én R BH v rb itaTaMg Gs; .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 6³ 3 8 E cg f a B IeR B aH ´) a ncuHB Is ßans YK’mk minE m nnwge FV Itam citþ eT KWeF VItam b MNg R B H h b£T½y énR B H v ij E d l R Tg;ca t;[ ´m k .

edIm,IkMcat;kargarrbs;sataMg

3 1

R Kb;T Ik E nøg E d lR B H ey s‘Uv R Tg ;) anb MeB jR BH ra Ckic© KWR Tg ;) anb Mpøajk ar ga r rbs;Ga rkS . el ak sav k y :Uh an E føg R ) a b;ey Ig fa enH Ca eh t uplm Yyd ¾sMx a n;b Mp ut E d lR B H GgÁR Tg ;) an yag mk E pnd IenH .

R B HKm <Ir 1 y :Uh an 3³ 8x E cg f a ed ayeh tue naH ) anCa R B Hra CbuR taénR B H ) a n elcm k edIm ,Inwg b Mp øajk arrb s;G ark Secj .

RBHeys‘UvKWCaGñkCMnYsrbs;eyIg eTasénGMeBI)ab G MeB I) a brb s;ela kG ½d am nig nag eG v:a ) aneF VI[B Yk eK X øatecjB IR B H d ¾brisu T §

E d le FVIR Tg ;minG acrYmrs;e nACa mYynwg G Me BI) ab ) an . R BH d¾Ca R BH R Tg;m inGacseR m c R B HT ½yR sL a j; b ¤Q rsmøw g emIl G MeB I) a be naH eL Iy BIe R Ba H R Tg;Ca R BH d¾R Kb ;l kçN _ y ut þiFm ’ . dUe cñHe h Iy GMeB I) ab m inGaceF VIR B H Gg ÁCaR B H d ¾brisuT § nig y ut þiF m’ beN þay [ enA) a neL Iy .

R B Hd ¾Ca R B HR Tg ;m anb nÞÚlf a ³ d ,itenAéf ¶ NaE d lÉ g suI enaH nwg R t Úv søa b;Ca minx an ¬el ak ub, tþi 2³ 1 7x ¦ .

ela kG ½d am nig na ge Gv :a)a n) at ;b g ;n UvPaB T Mnak ;T M ng rb s;B Y keKnwg R B H dUecñH R B HviB aØa Nb ri suT §énR B H minG acKg ;enA Cam Yy eB lEd l BYk eK) aneF VI) a ben aH eL Iy . ela kG ½d am nig nag eGv:a min Gacpþl;[ kUnr b s;B YkeK ) anTT Yl nUv ka rka n;ka b;G VI² E d l R B HR Tg;) a nR b Ta n[enaH e L Iy . Pa B Ca R B HE d lm anenAk ñúg B Yke K R t Úvr lay sa bsUnü eT Aeh Iy eh IyGMeB I) a bk ¾) a nesayra Cü enAel IB Yke KE d r . B Yk eKk¾R tÚv ) a nR bKl ; e TA [ G MeB I) a bR Kb ;R Kg vij .

R B HKm <Ir 1 k Urinf U s 1 5³2 2 E cg f a eR BaH d UcCa R Kb;m nu sS Ta MgG s;) anR t Úv søa b; k ñúg ela kG ½d amCa y :agNa enaH R Kb ;Kñak ¾n wg) aneR ) as[rs; k ñúg R B HR KIsÞy :a ge naH E d r .

G MeB I) a bk ¾) an qøg ral dal BImnu sSE tmña k; eT AmnusSCae R cIn tamr y³ BUCB I«B uk rbs; eKte T A . cab ;ta MgB Iena H mk R Kb ;E d l enAelIE pnd I k ¾ma nG MeB I) ab t²Kñamk dUcCa ela ksav k b :ul) a nsresr E cg f a ³

B IeR B aH R Kb;Kña ) aneF VI) a b ehIyx VH m ind l;sir Il ¥énR B H ¬r:Um 3³2 3¦ . eTasén G MeB I) ab KWCae sck þIs øab ;x ag É viB aØaN eh IylT §plé nrUb k ay KWR t Úv E t

søa b; .

3 2

R B HKm <Irr:Um 6³ 2 3 E cgf a d ,itQ ñÜlr bs;G M eB I) a b enaH Cae sck þ Isøa b; E t G MeNayTanénR B H v ij KWCa CIv i td ¾enAG s;k l ,Can ic© ed ayR BH R KIsÞ ey s‘ Uv CaR B H Gm © as; én ey Ig ral ;Kña .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 5 ³ 1 2 k¾) a nE cgf a d Ue cñH E d l) a b) ancUlm kkñúg el ak iy eday sa rmnu sSE tmña k; e hIyk ¾ma nesck þ Is øab ;cUlm kE d r ed aysarG MeB I) ab enaH Ca y :ag Na enaH esck þ Isøa b;) a nqøg ra ld al d l;mnusSR K b;K ña y :ag enaH E d r d , itR Kb ;Kña) a neF VI) ab eh Iy .

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a nyagmk E pnd IenH R Tg;) ancab;b d isn §ie d ayR B H viBa ØaNbri suT § nig ) anek ItCamYy nwg® sþIR B h µca rI ed Im,I[) ank øayCaG ñkCMnYy rb s; ey Ig ral ;Kña . ed aysar E tk arca b;b d isn §i E d l eB jed aykar Gs© a rüdUecñH R B H eys‘Uv R Tg ;k¾en AE tKµa n ) ab dE d l . R Tg;enAE tma nFm µCat i CaR B H enA Ca mYyR B HGg ÁE d r Ed l eFVI[ mnusSCat i eB jed a yG Me BI) ab enaH m inenAk ñúg R B H Gg ÁeT .

R B HKm <Irm:a fa y 1³ 2 0x E cgf a y:UE sb B UCh øÜg d av iD eGIy kuM[ x øacnwg yk nag m:ar aCaR b B n§G ñk eL Iy d ,itbuR tE d l mk cab;T MépÞnag enaH ek I tB IR BH v iB aØa Nb risuT §eT .

R B HKm <Irm:a fa y 1 ³2 3 ) a nEcg bnþeT o tf a { emIl na gR Bh µcarI nwg manKP ’ R bsUt) an buR ta1 e hIyR B H nam buR tena H R tÚv eh Af a eGm:ajÚ E Gl } E dl ER b f a RB H GgÁ R Tg;Kg ;Cam Yynwg ey Ig ´ .

EpnkarénesckþIRsLaj;rbs;RBH esckþ IR sL aj;rb s;R B H d l ;mnu sSel ak KWCak arE b øk y :ag Gs© arüb Mp ut TaMg

ela ksav k y:Uh an nig el ak sav k b:ul ) ansresr erOg e nH fa ³ d ,itR B HR Tg;R sL aj;mnu sSel ak d l;e m:øH ) anCa R Tg;R b TanR B H raCb uR taR Tg;

E t1 e dIm,I[G ñkNaE d l eCOd l ;R BH ra CbuR tae naH minR t Úv vina se L Iy KW[ manCIv itG s ; kl ,Canic© v ij ¬ y :Uh an 3³1 6¦ .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 5³ 8 E cg f a E tÉ RB H R Tg;sE mþg esckþ IR sL a j;r b s;R Tg ; d l ;ey Ig ral ;Kña[eX Ijc,a s; ed a yR B HR KIsÞ su KtCMn Ysey Ig ra l; Kñaena H KWk ñúg k al E d ley Ige nA man) ab enAeLIy pg .

E pnka rén e sck þ IR sL aj;d ¾FM] t þmrb s ;R B H sR ma b;m nusS C a ti rYmb B a©Úl TaMg ka rbB a ¢ÚnR B Hra CbuR taR Tg ;E tmYy R B H namR B H eys‘Uv ed Im ,I[) anmk rs;enACam nu sS suT §sat eh Iyb nþab ;mk R B H raCb uR ta R Tg;k ¾) a nr:ab ;rg nUv eTaskMh usrb s;m nu sSCat i ed ayR BH G gÁR Tg ;pÞal ; sR m ab ;G MeB I) a brb s;BYk e K .

3 3

R B HKm <Ir 1 eB R tús 3³ 1 8 E cg f a e R BaH R B HR KIsÞR Tg ;) an rgT uk çmþg ed aye R B aH ) ab Ed r KWCaR B H d ¾sucrit R Tg ;r gT uk çCM nY sm nu sST u c© rit ed Im ,Ini g naM eyIg ral ;KñaeT Ad l ;R B H ed ayR Tg;R t Úv eKeF VI Kutx a gsac; Q am E t) a nR B HviB a ØaN eR) as[ rs;v ij . R B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) anrg T ukçCMnY sey Ig .

R Kb;k arCMn uM CR m HE d ley IgR t Úv EtTT Yl R Tg ;) anseR m cR BH T ½yTT Yl yk CMnY s ey Ig v ij . R Tg;) anR tL b;Cat Y) ab CMnY se y Ig ral ; Kña ed Im, I[ey Ig ral ;Kña) a nTT Yl nUv esckþ Is ucrit rbs ;pgR Tg ;v i j . R Tg ;) a nE rkBunn UvG MeB I) ab rb s; ey Ig ra l;Kña ed Im ,Ik uM[ ey Ig ral ;KñaR t Úv rg nwgG MeB I) ab enaH .

R B HKm <IreGsay 5 3³ 4 E cgf a R Tg;) anR TaMR T r gG s;TaMg esck þ IQ Wca b;r b s ; ey Ig eh Iy) a nTT Yl pÞúkG s; TaMg esck þ ITuk çR B Üyrb s;e y Ig Ca B it b:uE nþ ey Ig ral ;Kña) a n rab ;R Tg;T uk CaG ñk m aneTasv i j KWCa G ñk E d lR B H) a nv ay CaGñk E d lrg ev Tna .

RBHeys‘UvRTg;GñkeR)aselaHrbs;eyIg kñúg k arsre srR B H Km<Ir sBa Øacas; mund Mb Ug bg ¥ s; el ak y :Ub) anTayT Mna yB Ika r

yag mk rb s;G ñke R ) asel aH . R B HKm <Iry :Ub 9³ 2 5 E cgf a b:uE nþÉ ´ ²dwg fa G ñkE d l el aH´R Tg ;manR B H Cnµr s ;

enA ehIyd l ;Can;eR k ay R Tg;nw g mk Q renAel IE pnd I . esþcd av iD ) ansresrf a ³ »R BH e yhUv :a Ca fµd a eh Iy CaG ñk eR )a se laH énT Ul bg ÁM eG Iy sUm [B ak üsm þI

E d le cjB Ima t;T Ul bg ÁM nig k arrMB wg Kitk ñúg cit þrb s;T Ul b gÁM ) anKYrKab ;e nAR B H enR tR Tg ; ¬T Mnuk te m áIg 1 9³1 4 ¦.

ela ke h ara eGsayk¾) a nsre sr G MB IG ñk eR ) asel aH d ¾x <s;bM pu tE d rf a³ R B He yh Uv :a d¾Cam h ak S½R tén sasn _G uIR saE Gl eh IyCaG ñkE d l eR ) asela He K KWR B H eyhUv :a énB Yk B lb riv ar R Tg ;ma nbn ÞÚld Uec ñH f a GjCaed Im eh Iy Ca cug eR k AB IGj Kµa n R B HNae To teL Iy ¬eGsay 44³ 6 ¦.

kareR)aselaHecjBITaskr ta mry³ R BH Km<IrsB aØa cas ; KW Ca ka rlM) a kNas; Ed l mnusSmña k;sux cit þlk ;x øÜ n

Ég b ¤k ¾R kúm R KÜsa rrb s;Kat ;[e T ACa Ta sk rena H eL Iy . mnusS enH b ¤mnu sSTaMg L ay enH G acR t Úv) an{ el aH ykmk v ij} ed ayG ñkm ancit þsb ,úr s b ¤ed a ysa mIx øÜneK pÞal ; R bsineb IeKma nluy ka k;R Kb ;R Kan; sR mab ;nwg ela H yk mk vij CYnka lB Yk eKGacR t Úv ) a n ed aH [rYc ed ay sa rE tputk MNt ;q ñaM E d leKR t Úv k øayCaTask rena H b ¤k¾b MNul R t Úv ) anput kMNt ; Caed Im .

34

R B HKm <Irk ¾) anb g ðajf a mnusSE d l minR B mE kE R b KWCaTas k rE d lKµa nsg Çwm ed ayKitf a GMeB I) a b nigsataMg KWCa ecAh Va yrb s;B Yk eK .

edayRBHelahitrbs;RBHGgÁ mnusSmi nG acTT Yl) a nnUv ka rrM ed aH eday ka rb E nøbnøM b ¤ed a yR ) ak; ed aymas

b¤e d ayl T§PaB E dle KG aceF VI ) ane naH eL Iy . témøénka reR ) a sel aH KWCa R B He lah it rbs;R B H raCb uR tad ¾Gs;k l,én R B H E dl R Tg;) anR tL b;mk Casac;Q am enH . KWCaR B H ela hitd ¾ma ntém ø E d l minGacka t ;éf ø) a n CaR B H el ah itd ¾m aneB jed ayG MNa c ed ay ka rrg Tuk ç ed Im,Il ag sm¥a tnUv G Me BI) ab rb s;mnusS TaMg Gs; .

R B HKm <Ir 1 eB R tús 1³ 1 8/1 9 E cg f a ed aydwg f a R Tg;) ane la HG ñkra l;Kña [rYc B Ikiriy a\ tR bey aCn_ Ed l )antB IB YkB §y ue ka mk enaH minE mned a yrb s;B uk rlYy dUcCa R ) ak ;b ¤masena H eT KW) anel aH ed ay sa rR B He lahitd ¾v iess rb s;R BH R KI sÞv i j T uk d UcCa Q aménk Uneco m \ tex © a H \ tsøa ksñam .

edIm,IedaH[rYc B ak üCa PasaR kik )a nbk E R b f a { ka reR )a se la H} enAkñúg x en H )an bB a¢a k;y :ag

c,as;c Mka red aH [r Yc b ¤ka rrMed aH ed a yb g;sg éf ø . ey Ig E d lR t Úv) anrMed a H eda yRB H GgÁ R Tg;) anb eg áIte y Ig \ L Úv enH ey IgR t Úv ) a nCa rb s; R B H GgÁed ay eR B aHR Tg;) anb g ;éf ød l ; ey Ig d a c;Carb s;R B H Gg Áeh Iy .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 8³ 36 E cg fa d UecñH e bIR B H raCb uR taeR ) as[G ñk ral ;Kña) a nrYc enaH k ¾) anr YcCa Bit .

R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;minE mnR Kan;E tCaG ñke R ) asel aH eyIg E tb:ueN ÑaH ena H eT KWR Tg ; ) anrMe d aH eyIg [) anrYcCaB itR ) akd . R Tg;) ane cjéf øela H e y Ig ed ayR BH el ah it d¾ bris uT § pÞal;r b s;R B H Gg Á KWR Tg ;) a nR tL b;Cat Y) a b e d Im,Iel aH ey Ig[ ) anrYc nig ) a nrab ; Casucr it .

RTg;KWCasemþcsgÇ B ak üe dImf a { Ga ehÁar ah SÚ} (Agorazo) bk E R b f a { eR) asela H} en Ax x ag

eR k ame nH m ann½y fa { eT ApS arT ij\ v :a n;} . R B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) anecjéf øel aH ey Ig ecjB I Pa BCa Ta sk r d Im,I[ R Tg ;) a neF VICa semþc sgÇ d l;ey Igra l;Kña .

R B HKm <Irv ivr N³ 5³ 9 /1 0 E cgfa BYk TaMg enaH k ¾eR có g T Mnuk 1 f µIfa R Tg ;KYrnwg yk R kaMg enH eh Iynig b kR ta pg d ,itR Tg ;) anR t Úv eKeF VI Kut e h IyR Tg;) ane laH e yIg ral ;Kña ed ayR BH el ah itR Tg ; ecjBIR Kb;TaMg B U Cmnu sS R Kb;Pasa R Kb ;nKr eh IyB IR Kb ;TaMg

35

sa sn _ f Vayd l ;R B H k¾ta Mge y Igr al;Kña eL Ig CanKr eh IyCa BY k sg Ç f Vayd l;R B H éney Ig ral ;Kña [ ey Ig ) anesay raCüel I E pnd I .

sMrab;Gs;TaMgkl, enH KW Caceg aám Ba küf a{ G ikSa eh Áa r:ah SÚ} (Exagorazo) bkER b f a { eR ) asel aH }

enAR B H Km<Irk aL a TI 3 ³ 1 3 mann½yf a { Tijyk mk d ac; minGa clk ;eT Av ij) an} . R B HKm <Irk aL aT I 3 ³1 3k Ecg f a RB H R KIsÞR Tg ;) a nela He y Ig ral ;Kña [rYcB I

bN þasarb s;R kit üv in ½y . ed ayk ar ga reR) a se laH rb s;R B HR KIsÞ K Wed Im,I Ca pl R b eyaCn_r b s;e y Ig ral ;Kña

R t Úv) anTT Ylk arT ijd ac;B IPa BCa TaskrG MeB I) ab ed Im ,I[ey IgG acrYcx øÜn nig minR t Úv ) a n Føa k;e TA kñúg k arl k;d Ursar Ca fµ I enAT IpSare To t) aneL Iy .

enH KW CaGt ßn½yd ¾eB j eljmYy y :ag B iess cMeB aH B iF Ibu N üT iv a CnCa t ir :Um E d l R t Úv) anl k;e TACa Taskrm þge h Iymþge To t KWCak ar lk ;ed j éf øenAT IpSar ed aye cAhVay Taskrrb s;BYk e K .

RBHeys‘UvRTg;CaGtþsBaØaNrbs;eyIg eyIgKWCaEtmYynwgRTg;

ey Ig R t Úv E td ak;e sck þI CMe nOrb s;e y Ige lIR B H eys ‘Uv T ukCa R BH G gÁse® gÁa Hr b s ; ey Ig enaH ey Ignwg ) a nTTYl nU v ka rGs© arümYy Caminx a n . R B Hd ¾CaR B H viBa ØaNbris uT § R Tg;nwg eF VI[ey Ig) aneT ACaE tm Yynwg R Tg; . ey Ig ) a nR tL b;m kCa rUbk ayr bs;R B H Gg Á .

R B HKm <Ir 1 kUrinf Us 1 2 ³1 3 /1 7 E cg fa d ,itey Ig TaMg Gs; KñaeTaH b I Casas n _ y Ud a b¤sa sn_e R kk ) a vb eR mI b¤G ñkCak þI ey Ig ) a nTTYl b u Nü R CmuC cUl k ñúg rU bk ay E t1 ed aysar R BH viB aØa NE t1 eh IyR Kb;Kña k¾) a nR t Úv pwk B IR B H viB aØa NE t1 Ed r eb IrUb ka yTaMg R sug su T §E tCa E Pñk ena H et Inwg sþab ;e nAR tg ;Na eb IrUbk ay Ta MgR sug suT §E tR teco k en aH etI nwg d wgk øine nAR tg ;Na .

eh t uplsR ma b;R BH ey s‘Uv E dl R Tg ;) anb MeB jR BH ra Ckic© eR ) asel aH enaH m in E mnR t wmE te dIm,I[m anéf ¶mYy E dl ey Ig R tÚv E tG ac)a nenAnKrs ßans YK’ Cam YyR B H GgÁ enaH eT . ela ke BR tús) an sre srf a R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a nR bTanmeF üa) a ymYy Ed l eyIg Gacrs;enAe d ayPaB sucr it) a n .

R B HKm <Ir 1 eB R tús 2³2 2 /2 4 E cgf a R Tg;m in) ane FVI) abG VIes aH k¾mineX Ijma n kic© k l G VIenAR B H »sæR Tg ;eL Iy R Tg;) a npÞúk G Me BI) ab rbs;ey I g ra l;Kña enA elIrUb Gg ÁR Tg ;

3 6

Cab ;elIe QIq áag edIm,I[ ey I g ) anrs;x ag É esck þIsucri t e d ay) a nsøa b;x a gÉ GMe BI) ab eh Iy KWed aysñam CaMrb s;R Tg ; E d lG ñkra l;Kña) anCa .

RTg;)anRtLb;mkCatY)abCMnYseyIg enAk ñúg R BH ra Ckic© eR ) asela H rbs;R B H eys‘ Uv edIm,I[ ) anCapl R b eyaCn_d l ;

ey Ig ena H R Tg;) an {k øaym k Ca} tY) ab CMnYs ey Ig ral ;Kña R Tg ;sBVR BH h b£T ½ypÞ úk nUvG MeB I ) ab rb s;e y Igr al;Kña eT Ael IrUb Gg ÁR Tg;e nAel IeQ Iqáa g .

R B HKm <Ir 2 k Urinf U s 5³ 2 1 E cg fa d ,itÉ R B HG gÁE d lmin) ansÁal ;) ab esaH e naH R B HR Tg;) a neF VI[R tL b;Ca tY) ab CMnYs ey Ig ral ;Kñav ij ed Im ,I [ey Ig ra l;Kña) anR tL b;e T A Caeskþ Is ucrit rbs ;R B H ed aynUv R B H GgÁenaH É g .

RTg;)anRtLb;CaRtÚvbNþasaCMnYseyIg R B He ys‘UvR Tg ;) a nTT Yl nUv bN þ asa ed a yR B H GgÁR Tg;pÞa l; E d l R Tg;) anR tL b; mk CamnusS Cat i ed Im, ITT Yl ) ab CMn Yse y Ig ral ;Kña .

R B HKm <Irk aL aT I 3 ³1 3 E cgf a RB H R KIsÞR Tg ;) an ela He y Ig ral ;Kña [rYcB I esckþ Ib Nþa sa rbs ;R k itv in½y eda yR Tg ;R tÚv b Nþa sa CMn Yse y Igra l;Kña ¬d ,itmanesck þ I E cg Tuk mk f a { R tÚvb N þasaeh Iy Gñk NaE d lR t ÚvB üÜrenAe lIeQ I} ¦ .

RTg;)anedaHGMeBI)abrbs;eyIg enAel IeQ Iq áag R BH ey s‘Uv R Tg ;) ank øay { mk Cak Uneco m Ed l ed aH) a bm nusS

ela k} . R Tg;) ansgéf øG MeB I) a bTa MgG s;rb s; ey Ig Ed l) anCab ;CMBa k;e nAE pnd Ie nH ed Im, IkuM[e y Ig ) annwk caMCae ro g rh Utte TA .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1³ 29 E cg fa luH E s¥ke L Ig y :Uh aneX IjR B H eys‘Uv E d lR Tg; kMB ug E tyag m kÉ Kat ; e naH k ¾eB alf a nu+Hn+ k Uneco m énR B H E dl ed aH )a bm nusSe la k .

R B HKm <IrT Mn uktem áIg 88³ 3 /6 /7 E cg f a d ,itR B lwg énT Ul b g ÁMmane Bjed a y esckþ Iev Tna CIvit énT Ulb g ÁMk¾ k an;E tCit sßa nX uMR B H lwg mnu sS søab ; R Tg ;) ane pþk T Ulb g ÁM enAk ñúg reN þAe R CAbMp ut KWkñ úg T Ig gwt enAT I CeR m A esckþI e R ka trb s;R Tg;k MB ug E tsg át ; elIT Ul bg ÁM CaF ¶n ; R Tg ;) a neF VITuk ç T Ulb g ÁM ed a yGs;TaMg rlk R Tg ; .

ey Ig ) anR tL b;m kE tmYy CamYyn wgR Tg ; k ñúg esckþI su Ktrb s; R B H GgÁ. R B HKm <IrrU:m 6³ 6 E cgfa e d ayd wg esckþIe nH fa mnusSca s; rb s; ey Ig R tÚv ) a n

qáa gCa mYynwR Tg ;eh Iy edIm ,I [t YG MeB I) a b) anR tÚv sUnüe T A R be yaCn_k uM[ey Ig enAb eR m I G MeB I) a beT o teL Iy .

RTg;RtÚv)aneR)as[manCIvitrs;

3 7

ka rrMed aH nUv G Me BI) ab rbs;ey Ig [rYcB Ika rCMBa k;e nAE pnd Ie nH KWE d l R Tg;) anrs; B Isu KteL Ig v ij nigQ ñH G Me B I) ab sßannrk nig esck I þsøa b; . R Tg ;) a nR tL b;Ca G ñk { ) anrs;B IsuKteL Ig v i j Cam un d MbUg } .

R B HKm <Irk Ul:u s 1 ³1 8 E cg fa R Tg ;Casir sarb s;rU b k ay KWCaB YkCMn uMR Tg ;Caed Im k¾) anrs;B I søa b;eL Ig v i jmune Kb g¥s; ed Im,I[ R Tg ;) anCaR b Fa n k ñúg R Kb ;TaMg Gs; .

R Tg;R t Úv ) a neR) a s[{ manCIv itr s;e L Igv i j} ed a ysarRB H viB aØaN . R B HKm <Ir 1 eB R tús 3³ 1 8 E cg f a e R BaH R B HR KIsÞR Tg ;) an rgT uk çmþg ed aye R B aH

) ab Ed r KWCaR B H d ¾sucrit R Tg ;r gT uk çCM nY sm nu sST u c© rit ed Im ,Inw g naM eyIg ral ;KñaeT Ad l ;R B H ed ayR Tg;R t Úv eKeF VI Kutx a gsac; Q a m E t) anR B H viBa ØaN eR) as[rs;vi j . eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R tÚv ) aneR) as[rs;e L Ig vij ey Ig ral ;Kña k ¾R tÚv ) a neR) a s[ rs;e L Ig vi jCamYy nwgR Tg ;E d r .

R B HKm <IreGeP sUr 2³ 5 /6 E cgf a kñúg k al E d ley Ige nAsøa b;k ñ úg k arrMl ge nA eL Iy enaH R Tg;) a neR )a s[e y Ig ral ;Kña ) anrs;CamYy nwgR BH R KIsÞ KWe d ayR B H KuN E d l G ñk ral ;Kña) anse® gÁa H eh IyRTg;) an[ey Igr s;eL Ig v ij k ¾[ey Ig Gg ÁúyCa mYynwg R B H R KIsÞ enA sßand ¾x <s ;E d r .

eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;R t Úv )aneR ) a s[m anR B H Cnµrs; R Tg ;k¾R t Úv ) a nero b cM[ man ) andUcCaR B H v rb ita rbs;R T g ;eL Ig v ij R Tg ;k ¾R tÚv ) a nR tL b;Ca Pa Bsuc rit CaR B H eL Ig v ijE d r .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 3 ³2 6 E cg fa ed Im,Inwg sE mþg [eX Ij esck þI su critrb s;R B H e nA Can;\ L Úv enH R bey aCn_[R Tg ;) ansucrit R Bm TaMg rab ;B YkG ñk E d l ma nesckþI CMe nOe COd l ; R B He ys‘Uv f aCasucritE d r .

RTg;)anRtLb;CaesckþIsucritrbs;eyIg ed aysar esck þI se®g ÁaH rb s;R B H Gg Á e y Ig ral;KñaR t Úv) anR b TannUv es ckþI sucr it

rbs;R B H eys ‘Uv . ey Ig) anR tL b ;Casucrit d UcCa R B H eys‘UvR Tg ; sucri t . ela ksav k b :ul) a nsresr fa³

d ,itÉR BH G gÁE d l min ) ansÁal ; ) ab esaH enaH R B H) a neFVI[ R Tg;R tL b ;Cat Y) ab CMnY sey Ig ral ;Kñav ij e d Im,I[e y Ig ral ;Kña ) anR tL b ;eT ACae sck þI su cri trb s;R BH ed aynUv R B H GgÁ enaH É g ¬2 kUrin fUs 5³ 2 1 ¦.

\ L Úv enH E d le yIg ) anra b;Cas u crit ey IgR t Úv E t { rs;enAe d ayesck þ I sucr it} . ela ksav k eB R tús) ansre sr f a³

3 8

R Tg;) anpÞúkG MeB I) ab rb s;e y Ig r al;Kña enAel IrUb Gg ÁR Tg ; Cab ;e l IeQ Iq áag ed Im, I[ ey Ig ) anr s;x a gÉ esck þIsucr it ¬ 1 eB R t ús 2 ³2 4k ¦.

eB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµIk ñúg R B H eys‘Uv R KI sÞ ey Ig ral ;K ñam inenAk ñúg G MeB I) ab t eT AeT o teL Iy KWey Ig ) anR tÚv rab ;Cas ucri tvij .

R B HKm <Ir 2 k Urinf U s 5 ³ 1 7 E cgf a )anCa eb IG ñkNae nAkñúg R B H R KI sÞ enaH e Qµa H fa ) ane kItCaf µIeh Iy G s;TaMg es ck þIcas ;) ank nøg ) at ;eT A emIl R Kb;Ta MgG s;) anR tL b;Ca fµIv ij .

ey Ig ral ;KñaminR tÚv r s;enAeR ka mG MeB Ix usq Ág ka rpþnÞa eTa ste TA eT o te T Kwey Ig ral ;KñaR t Úv ) anra b;Casucr iteh I y . e yIg ral ;Kñamin KYr Kb ,Ir s;e nAk ñúgG MeB I) ab teT AeT o t eL Iy KWey Ig R t ÚvE trs;enAk ñúg e sckþI su critvi j .

ey Ig ral ;Kñamin KYrG nuB aØat[ s ataMg e FVI[e y Ig cuH ca j;) a neL I y . ey Ig ral ;Kñad wg f a {e y Ig mane sck þI su cr iténR B H E d lenA kñúg R B H R KIsÞe ys‘Uv } KW

ey Ig ma nesrI PaB rYcB Ik Mh us ni g PaB man eTaseh Iy . R B HKm <Irr:Um 8³ 1 E cg fa eh t uenaH enACa n;enH G ñk Na E d le nAkñúgR B H R KIsÞ

eys‘Uv ena HKµa ne Tase saH . ey Ig ral ;KñaKW CaG ñk ) a nek ItCa fµIen Akñúg R B H R KI sÞ d Ue cñHv iB aØa Nrb s;e y Ig ral ;Kña

) anra b;Ca sucr it d UcCaR B H R Tg;sucr it . PaKsMx a n;²R bca M éf ¶ TaMg R B l wg nigr Ubk ayrb s ; ey Ig KWR t Úv ma nrUbPaB d UcCaR B H raCb uR tarb s;R B H .

sMNYrsMNYrsMNYrsMNYr

1 - ta mR B H Km<Iry :Uh an 5³2 4 -27 et IG MNa cG VI E d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) aneF VI e Bl E d lR Tg;) anKg ;enAE pnd I? 2 - cUrB N’ naB Ik arg arr bs;R B H eys‘Uv E d l R Tg;Ca G ñk rMed aH CMnY sG MeB I) ab rb s;e y Ig ?

3- et Iey Ig R t Úv eFVI Iy :ag d Ucemþc ed Im,I[ manl T §Pa B) anR tL b;Ca { e sck þI suc ritrb s;R BH } E d lenAkñúg R B H R KIsÞ?

3 9

emeronTI4 rUbPaBénkarekItCafµI

enAkñúgRBHRKIsÞ ta mel ak sav k b:ul manR bsasn_f a eB lE d ley Ig) anTT YlR B H eys‘Uv eF VICa

R B HG gÁse® gÁa H rb s; ey Ig KWey I g) anenAk ñúg R B H R KIsÞ . e y Ig r al ;Kña ) ane kItCaf µIeh Iy . R Kb;TaMg Gs; ) anR tL b ;mk Caf µIenAk ñúg CIvitr b s;e y Ig ral ;Kña .

R B HKm <Ir 2 k Urinf U s 5 ³ 1 7 E cgf a )anCa eb IG ñkNae nAkñúg R B H R KI sÞ ena He Q µaH fa ) ane kItCaf µIeh Iy G s;TaMg es ck þIcas ;) ank nøg ) at ;eT A emIl R Kb;Ta MgG s;) anR tL b;Ca fµIv ij .

eB lE d l eyIg ) a nTTYl R B H eys‘Uv e FVI CaR BH Gg Áse®g ÁaH rb s;ey Ig P øa m R B H v iBa ØaNbris uT §) anm ksN æ ite lI ey Ig E d l manR B H eys‘Uv R KIsÞ . ey Ig) anR tL b ;mk CaE t mYynwg R B H Gg Á E d lzite fre nAGs;k l,Ca ni c© .

RKb;TaMgesckþIcas;)anknøg)at;eTA eB lE d l eyIg ra l;Kña) anR tLb ;mk Ca { enAkñúg R B H R KIsÞ} R Kb ; TaMg esckþ Icas;R t Úv

) ank nøg ) at;eT A . karena H mann ½yf a R Kb;E pñk TaMg Gs;rb s; ey Ig Ed l ma nB Imunm k min R t Úvm anteT AeT o eL Iy . R Kb ;E pñk TaMg Gs;e naH d UcCa ma nBaküd MNal mk f a { R Kb ;TaMg esckþ Icas;} R t Úv ) ansøab ; . k ñúg eB lCam YyKñaen aH ma nka rek Itmþg eT o t KWmnusSE d l ) ane kItCaf µIx ag É v iBaØaN .

RKb;TaMgGs;)anRtLb;CafµIvij cMeB aH G ñk eCOf µI KWm inE mnm a nPaB Cam nu sSteT Ae To teT KWPaB Camn usSe n aH

KµanteT AeT o teL Iy PaB Cam n usS e naH ) anR t Úv k nøg ) at;eT Aeh Iy KWR Kb;TaMg Gs;) a n R tL b;Caf µIv ij .

40

et IKYr [PJa k;e p¥ Il y :ag NaeT A R b sine b IeB l E d le y Ig R tÚv) anb gða jf a e y Ig Ca kUnE g:tE d l R tÚv) anek ItCaf µI eh Iyma neKsYrf a { et IR t Úv ) anek ItCak UnE g :ty :ag d Ucemþc? }

ela kG ñkn wgKYrE teq ø Iyf a { kUnenH ) aneT Ib E tnwg ek Itmk KW min Gacnwg k nøg) at ; eT AeT} .

enH KW CaerOg d Uc Kña eB l E d l viB a ØaNG aR kk ;cUlmk rMB £k ey Ig nUv er Og B Ik arF øak ; cuH nig G MeB I) a bB IGt Itka lrb s;ey Ig m uneB lE d l eyIg ) a nek Itm þg eT o t . E pñkénC Iv it cas;rb s;ey Ig enaH ) anR t Úv knøg ) a t;e T Aeh Iy KWv am inenAteT AeT o teL Iy . e BlE d l ey Ig ) an ekItCaf µIeh Iy enaH ey Ige nAminTan;G s;v iB aØa NGa Rk k;e nAeL IyeT KWv aE tg E t naMk areca TR bk an;m kR b q aMg nwg ey Ig Canic© . d UcCa el ak sa vk b :ul) ansre srfa { R Kb ; TaMg esck þ Icas;) a nknøg ) a t ;e TA em IlR Kb ;TaMg Gs;) anR tL b ;Caf µIv ij} .

karekItmþgeTot eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;m anb nÞÚle TA ela knIk Ued m R Tg ;manb nÞÚl f a G ñk R t Úv E t

ek ItCa fµI . R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 3³ 7 E cgfa kuM[ q¶l ; B IB ak üE d l´ R) a b;f a R tÚv E tek It Caf µI

enaH eL Iy . T I1 e lak nIk Ued m ) anKitf a RBH e y ‘Uv R Tg;k MB ug E tm anb nÞÚ lG MBIe sck þ IR t Úv ka r

sR m ab ;rUb ka yrbs; Kat ; e d Im,I [) anek ItCa f µI . bnÞa b;m kR BH ey s‘Uv R Tg ;ma nbnÞ Úl [rwt E tc, as;teT AeT o tfa cME Nk rb s;mn usS KWR tÚv E tm ank arB ies aF n_ nUv k MeNI tf µI K WminE m n Cak MeNItx ag rUb k ay b¤x ag R Bl wge naH eT KWsR ma b;v iB aØa Nrb s;mn usSv i j .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 3³ 5 /6 E cg f a R B H eys‘Uv manb nÞÚl eqø Iy fa R ) ak dE mn ´R ) ab; G ñk CaR ) akd f a eb Imin) a nek ItG MB ITwk e h IyGMB IR B H v iB aØaN en aH KµannrNaGa cn wgc Ul eT Ak ñúgnKrR B H ) a neT rb s;G VIE d l ek ItB Isac; enaH Casac;e T eh IyEd l ekItB IR B H viBa ØaN enaH Cav iB aØa Nv ij .

CaviBaØaNmYyfµI enAeB l E d le yIg ) anTT Yle sck þIse ®g ÁaH Pøa m ey Ig k¾R tÚv ) anek ItCa fµ I x ag É

v iBa ØaNPøam ²E d r . KWm inE mnCa ka r) anR tL b;mk CaR Kb ; lk çN _ b ¤k¾) anTT Ylesck þ I sucr itenA eB leR k ay mk eT o tenaH eT .

v iBa ØaNKWCa E pñk m Yyrb s; ey Ig E d l nwg rs;e nACaero g rh Ut KW CaE pñk mYyE d l eF VI [ey Ig d wg x øÜnf a ma nRB Hv t þmanrb s;R B H Kg ;enACam Yy . v iB aÑaNrb s;G ñke CO K WCaE pñk mYyE d lGa cR bk b Ta k;Tg Cam Yynwg R B H) an B IeR Ba H va CaesckþIs ucri t d UcCaR B H R Tg ; sucr itE d r .

41

rIÉ { cit þE d lr wgd Ucf µ} k¾R t Úv s ab sUnüe T A . R B H R Tg;) anR bTan[e y Ig ral ;Kña man { citþx a gE pñk sac;Q am} dUecñH R Tg ;R b Tan[e y Ig mancit þE d l Tn ;x© I nige sck þI R sL aj;) anE d r . R B HGg Ák ¾Rb Ta n[ey Ig m ancit þ E d l GacseR m cf a nwg rs;e nAR bk b ed aye sck þIs ucritE d r .

R B HKm <IreGes Kal 1 1³1 9 Ecgf a rYcGjn wg[e Kmanc it þE t1 eh Iynig d ak; v iBa ØaNfµI enAk ñúg Ég ral ;Kña Gjnwg d k cit þE d lrwg d Ucf µB Ir Ubs ac;eKec j eh Iynig [ma n citþ Ca sa c;v i j .

v iBa ØaNrbs;ey Ig ra l; Kña KW) an Ca R Kb;l k çN_ enAk ñúg R B H eys‘Uv . RB H R Tg;sB V R B Hh b£T ½y e ro bcMR B lwg rbs; ey Ig ral ;Kña [m ancit þCaf µIeL I g vij . R B H R Tg;k ¾sB VR B H h b £T½y ero b cMrUbk ay rbs ;ey I g ral ;Kña [m ansux Pa B R Kb ;R Kan;e L Ig vij pgE d r . en A eB lE d l eyIg ) a nTTYl esckþI se® gÁa HP øam ey Igk ¾) a nek ItCa fµIP øam ²E d r . rUb k ayE d l man ¬q ¥wg s ac; n ig Qam ¦ R BmTaMg R B lwgE d l ma n ¬ kar R tiH riHB ic ar N a q n Þ³ n ig G ar m µN_¦ minTan;) anpø s; b þÚr TaMg R suge T b:uE nþ viB a ØaN) anR tL b ;mk Caf µI nig R Kb;l k çN_k ñúge Bl E d l ey Ig ) anTT Yl esckþI se®g ÁaH m kP øam ²e naH v ij .

ela ksav k b :ul) a nsresr nUvB a küE dl KYrcab ;Garm µN_x øH ² d l;B Yk G ñk enAR kúg PIl IB fa { cUrb eg ðIyes ckþI se® g Áa Hrb s;G ñk ral ; Kña} .

R B HKm <IrPIl IB 2 ³ 1 2 E cgf a ) a nCa »B Yk s¶Ün P Jae G Iy cUr be g ðIye sck þ Ise ®g ÁaH rbs;G ñk ral ; Kña ed aye ka tx øa c eh Iyja b;j½rc uH d UcCa) a nsþab;b g Áab ; Cad ra be ro gmk E d r minE mnE tk al´ enACam Yyb :ueN Ña He T sUm, IE t\ L Úv enH E dl ´ minenACa mYy enaH k ¾cUrx M R bwg [e lIseT AeT o tpg .

ey Ig ral ;Kñad wg f a e sck þIs e®g Á aH KWCae srIPa B enA xe nH h ak;cU cCa) a nR by uT§t s ‘U CamYy nwgk ard éTeT o t rhUtd l ;ey Ig yl;f a e yIg ) anTT Yle sck þI se®g ÁaH Pøa m eT Ib v iBa ØaNrbs;ey Ig ) a nTTYl R Kb ; l k çN_P øam ² enAk ñúg R BH R KIs Þ . cab ;B IeB len aH mk v iB aØaN rbs; ey Ig ) a neF VIka rCamYy nwgR B H v iB aØaNb risu T § ed Im,Ib B a¢a k; f a TaMg R B lwg nig rUb ka y rbs; ey Ig m anrUb Pa Br bs;R B H R KIsÞB it . TaMg rUb k ay nig R B lwg nwg ma nk arpøas ;E R bCa lMd a b;R b caMéf ¶ . esck þIse ®g Áa H rbs;ey Ig KWb Ba ¢ak ;B Ika rbeg ðI yk arg a r ta mry³ R Bl wg nig rUbk ayr bs ;ey Ig ral ;K ña .

ela ksav k b :ul) a nma nR bsasn_ b nþe T AeT o tf a³ d ,itKWed ayR B H eh Iy E dl bN þal citþG ñkra l; Kña [ manTaMgcMNg ;cg ;e F VI eh Iy

[) an R bR B wt þtamb MNgR B H h b£T ½yR Tg ;E d r ¬ PIl IB 2 ³ 1 3¦ . GMBIRBlwg fvika nigsuxPaB

42

v aCak arsMx an;cMeB aH k are bIk sE mþg d l;Gs;G ñk Na E d ldwg f a tYviB a ØaNrb s ; ey Ig B itCa ) anen Akñúg R B H R KIsÞe ys‘UvE m n . ey IgR t ÚE tyl ;f a viBa ØaNE d lR t Üv ) a n be gáIt sarCaf µI rb s;e y Ig KW) anR Kb ;l kçN _ nig ) a nsucr it e nAk ñú gR B H enR trb s;R BH E m n .

cMeB aH esckþ Is e®g ÁaH nig ka ryl ;d wg BIka reR ) a se laH d¾b rib Ur r bs;R B H eys‘ Uv enH ey Ig nwg cab ;e pþIm ed Ir ed a yma nsux PaB Ta Mgx a gR Bl wg nigr Ubk ayr bs;ey Ig .

R B lwg rb s;e y Ign wg) anceR m Ine L Ig d UcCaKMn itrb s;ey IgR t Úv ) a nE kE R beL Igv ij eF VI[man cit þcg ;Gan cg ;B ¤ cg ; B ica rNa [) a nyl; e FVI[m ane sck þI CMe nO niyaysþ I nig eF VI ta mR B H b nÞÚlR B H .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 1 2 ³ 2 E cg fa kuM[R tab ;ta msm½ye nH eL Iy cUr[G ñk ral ;Kña) a n pøa s;E R bv ij e d ayKMnit) anE kCaf µIeL Ig ed Im ,Inwg Gacl e mIl [) ansÁal ;b MNg R B H h b £T½y én R BH Ed ll¥ R sYl TTYl e hIyR Kb ;lk çN _ pg .

eB lE d lR B lwgey IgR tÚv ) a nEkE R b KWR t Úv )anb B a¢ak;f a ma nrUbk ay rbs;R B H Gg Á enaH ey Ignwg ) a nceR mIne L Ig eh IyrUb k ayrb s;ey Ig k¾nwg m a nsux PaB d UcCae lak sav k y :Uh a n) ansresrmk f a³

G ñk s¶Ü nP ¶aeG Iy ´ R) afñacg ;[G ñk) anceR mIneL Ig R Kb;C MB Uk eh Iy[) ansux sb ,a yx ag rUb sa c; d UcCaR B l wgG ñk) anceR mIneL Ig E d r ¬ 3y :Uh an 1 ³2 ¦.

esckþIsucriténRBH et IR B HR Tg ;sucr ity :ag d Ucemþc? �R Tg;b ri suT §\ tesAh µg TaMg Te gVIn igR Kb ;meF üa) a yTaMg Gs;r b s;R Tg ;

�esck þI sucr itrb s;R B H Gg Á KWh Yse lIsG s;TaMg G MeB I) a brb s;mn usS E d l R Tg; minGa cnwg eFV I) aneT AeT o t . �v aCa esck þIsb , úr sd ¾R Kb ;l k çN _ nig K µanR B ME d n E d lminGacnwg em IleX IjnUv G MeB I) a b b¤k ¾min GacrYm r s;e nA Ca mYyG MeB I) ab enaH ) an . �R B HR Tg ;minGa ceFVI) ab ) aneT . R B HR Tg;Kg ;enAk ñ úg esck þI sucr it R Tg;m inGacR k eL k em IlG MeB I) ab rb s;el ak

G ½d am nig na ge Gv :a R B mTaMg k arF øak ;cuHr b s;B Yke Ke naH eT s U m, IE tR Tg ;R sL aj;d l;B Yk eK nig cg ;C YyB Yk eKy :ag Nak ¾ed ay .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 3³ 2 5/2 6 E cg f a E d lR B H) an taMgR Tg ;T uk Ca T Isen þa se R ) as ed aysar esck þI CMen Od l ;R BH e lah itR Tg ; sR ma b;nwg sE mþg [eX Ij esckþ Is ucri trb s; R B H cMeB aH k arEd l R Tg;minR b ka n;G MeB I) a b Ed l eKR bR Bwt þB Ied Im ed ayR Tg;m anR B H h b £T½y Gt ;Fµt ; ed Im ,Inwg sE mþg [eX Ijes ckþI sucr itrb s;R B H enACan ;\L Úve nH R be yaCn_

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[R Tg ;) ansucrit R Bm TaMg rab ; B YkG ñkE d l ma nesckþI CMen O eC Od l ;R B He ys‘Uv f aCa sucrit E d r .

esckþ Is ucrit énR B H KWR t Úv ) a neb IksE mþg ed a ysaresckþ ICM en O . R B HKm <Irr:Um 1 ³1 7 E cg fa d,ite sck þI suc riténR B H )a nsE m þg mk kñúg d MN wgl ¥

enaH e d aysaresck þICM enO e h Iy[) a nesck þIC Men OceR m IneR cIneL Ig pg d Ucmane sck þI E cgT uk mk f a { mnusSsu critnw g rs;e nA ed ayG ag esckþICMe nO } .

esckþIsucritrbs;eyIg ey Ig minG ac) an rab ;Ca sucr it ed aysark ar R bR Bwt þrb s;e y Ig ) aneT . ela ke h ara eGsay ) a nBN’na nUv KMrU éne sck þI sucr itr b s ;ey I g y :ag c,as;f a³ d ,itey Ig ´ TaMg Gs;Kña) anR tL b ;eT Ad UcCam nu sS E d lm ins¥a t eh IyGs;TaMg

G MeB Isu critr b s ;ey Ig ´ k ¾dUcCa Ga vR kxVk ;eh Iy ¬e Gsay 64 ³6 k¦ . ey Ig Gace FVIk arg ar xøH ²) a n eBlE d l eyIg x wtx MB üa yam eFVI enaH ey Ig enA E tG ac

eF VI) an b :uE nþey Igx wtx MeF V Ied ay PaB R k xVk ; enAcMe Ba H R B He nR tr bs;R B H E tb :ue N ÑaH . R Kb ;k ar TaMg Gs;E d ley Ig) aneF VI muneB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµI e naH KWey Ige F VI) a neR cIneL Ig R t wmE tCaPaB R k xVk;E tb :ueNÑa H .

karecaTRbkan;nUvesckþIsucrit eB lE d lR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) ansuKten AelIe Q Iq áag R Tg ;) a npÞúk G Me BI) ab nig esck þI

T uc© ritrb s; ey Ig d a k;e nAel IrUb G gÁR Tg ;pÞal ; R Tg ;) a nR bTan[ey Ig nUv esck þI sucr it ed a y ka rbg ;éf ø . et IK Yr[G s© a rüG VIe mø:H h ñ+ Ed l R Tg;) anb g;éf ø CYs e y Ig d UecñH ¡

G MeB I) a brb s;ey Ig R t Úv) anTmøa k;e TAe lIR B H Gg Áv ij . esckþ Is ucritd ¾eB jel jr b s ;R B HG gÁ R tÚv ) anTmøak ;mk [ey Ig v ij . eB lE d l eyIg ) a ndak;esck þIC Me nOrb s;ey Ig eT Ael IR B H eys‘Uv R KIsÞ eF VI CaR B H GgÁ

se ®g ÁaH rb s;ey Ig P øam v iB aØaNrb s;ey Ig) anR tL b ;eT ACa { e sck þIsucri trb s;R BH } P øam . R B HKm <Irr:Um 3³ 2 2 E cg fa KWCaesck þI suc ritrb s;R BH E d l) aned ay esck þIC Men O

eCOd l;R B H eys‘Uv R KI sÞ k ¾ sR m ab ;R Kb;G s;G ñkNaE d l eCOpg d ,itK µanx usG MB I KñaeT . B ak üf a { e CO} mann½yf aT uk cit þ b UCax Üø ncMeB aH nig B wgB a k;e lIR B H raCk ic© rbs ;

R B He ys‘Uv ed Im, Ipl R b eyaCn_r b s;ey Ig . ela ksav k b :ul) a nE føg fa eBl E d le yIg R tÚv ) anek Itmþg eT o t nig R t Úv ) ane kIt

Caf µI ey Ig) anR tL b;eT ACaes c kþIs ucrit rbs ;R B H enAk ñúg R BH ey s‘Uv .

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R B HKm <Ir 2 k Urinf U s 5³ 2 1 E cg f a d ,itÉ R B H GgÁE d lmin) a nsÁa l;) a be sa H enaH R B H) aneF VI[R Tg ;R tL b;Ca tY) ab CMnYsey Ig ra l; Kñav ij e d Im,I[e y Ig ral ;Kña )anR tL b;eT A Caesckþ Is ucri trb s;R B H ed a ynUv R B H Gg ÁenaH É g .

eB lE d l eyIg ) a nR tL b;e TA Ca esckþ Is ucrit rbs ;R B H m inE mnm ann½yf a ey Ig minE m neF VI) ab teT AeT o tenaH e L Iy . v amin R twm E tmann½y fa R Kb;G MeB I) ab TaMg Gs;rbs ; ey Ig R t Úv )anG t;e Ta s[ enaH eT KWCak arGs© arüNas ; E dl ka renaH ) a nekIeL Ig y :ag d UecñaH ena Hv ij . eB lE d ley Ig ) a nR tL b;m kCa esck þ Is u critrb s;R B H KWma nn½yf a v iBa ØaNrbs;ey Ig R t Úv ) anra b;Ca sucr it d UcCa R BH R Tg ;sucritE d r .

ey Ig R t Úv ) anR b kasfa ey Ig) anrab ;Ca sucr iteh Iy . ey Ig ) an TT Yl esckþI su critr b s;R B H .

rUbPaBénesckþITuc©ritedIm E d le yIg ) anra b;Casucri t dUcCa R B HR Tg;su critE d r e naH KWCak arl M) ak sR mab ;

G ñk x øHE d lminGacTT Yl) an . e y Ig mank arl M) a knwg TT Ylk arb eR g ó n BIG ñkb eR g ó nEd l R t wmR t Úv Nas; .

manR KIsÞan xøH r s; enAe BjmYy CIv itrb s;e K ed a ylVIg CUrct ; edayPaB man kMh us R B mTaMg m ank arpþnÞaeTa s KWm ind wg fa x øÜneK) anenAk ñúg R B HR KIsÞeh IyenaH eT .

ed aye sck þICM enO ey Ig R t ÚvE tTT Yle COf a ey IgKWCae sck þI su critrb s;R BH ey Ig R tL b;Cad wg x øÜnf a m anR B H ey Ig R tL b ;mk Cadwg x øÜnf aey Ig ma nesckþI su crit CMn YsnUv ka rd wg xøÜnfa x øÜnenA man) ab enAeL Iye naH v ij .

eyIgminEmnCaGñkeFVI)abteTAeToteLIy ey Ig minR t Úv em IleX IjE tx øÜnÉ ge naH eT { Gñk man ) ab )anse® g Áa H e d aysarR B H

KuN} ey Ig minE m nCaG ñk eF VI) ab teT AeT o teL Iy¡ eyIg R t Úv) anek ItCaf µ Ieh Iy . manR KIsÞan Ca eR cIn) an yl;e X Ijf a xøÜne KenAma n) ab enAe L Iy BIeR B aH eKE tg

) anniy ayCab nþb nÞab ;fa eKCa G ñkm an) a b . eK) anB ¤B Iesck þIbeR g ó n b nÞab ;B Ik arb eR g ó nB IG Me BI) ab . esck þIbe R g ó nrbs ;eK

) anb nþf aeK) a nrs;e nAk ñúgG MeB I ) ab . eKminE d l) a nTTYl esck þIseR g ÁaH b¤es ck þI sucr it enaH eT d Ue cñHG MeB I) ab enAE tR Kb ;R Kg kñúg CIv itrb s;e Kd E d l . ta mry³ e sck þIse®g ÁaH [) an rab ;Ca sucri trb s;R BH ey IgR tL b ;mk Cadwg x øÜnf a ) a nrab ;Cas ucrite h Iy . eyIg emIl eX Ijed ayx øÜnÉ g dUcCaR B H R Tg ;emIl eX Ijey Ig d UecñaH E d r . ey Ig) anem IleX Ij ed ayxøÜn Ég f a ) a nrab ;Casucr it dUcCaR B H R Tg ;sucri tE d r . d UecñH G MeB I) ab KµanenA kñúg x øÜn ey Ig teT AeT o teT ey Igm inTmø ab ;x øÜneT ACaG ñkeF VI) a bteT AeT o teL Iy .

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ey Ig emIl eX IjG MeB I) a b dUcCa R B He mIl eX IjG MeB I) ab E d r . va R tÚv E t) a t;b g ;eT A nUv ka rbe Ba äatcitþ B IeR B aH ey Ig ) a nTTYl k areb Ik sE m þg fa ey Ig) anrab ;Caesck þI su crit rbs;R B H eh Iy .

eyIgRtÚv)anbBa¢ak;fa)anCarUbkayrbs;RBHehIy eB lE d l eyIg ed Ire d aymank areb Ik sE m þg nUve sck þ Isucrit é nR B H ehIy KWE d l

ey Ig ) ane kItCaf µIk ñúg R BH R KIs Þe ys‘Uv enaH ey Igk MB ug E t) anpøas;E R b eT A eda yk areFVI[ KMn ite y Ig Gacrs; teT AeT o t) an . va Careb o b Ed ley IgG acb B a¢ak ;) anCa R bcaMéf¶ ed Im ,I [d wg ) anf a eyIg m anrUb ka yrb s;R B H raCb uR tarb s;R B H Gg Á .

R B HKm <Irr:Um 8³ 2 9 E cgfa d , itG ñkNaE d lR Tg ;) ansÁal ;Camun ena H R Tg ;k ¾tR mÚv T ukCam un [) anR tL b;d UcCarU b Gg ÁénR B H raCbuR ta R Tg ; edIm ,I [R B H raCb uR ta)a neFVICa bg c,g eKkñúg B Yk bg b ¥Ún CaeR cIn .

karsarPaB)ab R bsineb Iey Ig CaG ñkeC O eh IyenAE tR b R BwtþG MeB I) ab ey Ig minR t Úv rs;enAk ñ úg CIv it

E d lcuH caj; e nAE tmank Mh us nigCa b;B i ruT § cMe Ba H CIv itE d l enAsl;rb s;ey Ig e naH eL Iy . Pøa m²enaH ey IgR ) ak d c,as;f a ey Ig ) an eFVI) ab eh Iy ey IgR t Úv E tsarPaB ) ab

enaH cMeB aH R B H ed a yesckþICMe n O en aH ey Ig nwg TT Yl ) ann Uvk ar Gt ;eTasG MB IR B HCa minx an. bnÞa b;m ke y Ig Gaced Irk ñúg e sc kþIs ucrit rbs ;R B H rYcB Ik Mh us ni g PaB Cab;B iruT § Ca B it .

R B HKm <Ir 1 y :Uh an 1³ 9 E cg fa eb Iey Igl n;t Y) ab v ij e naH R Tg ;manR B H h b£T ½y esµaH R tg; eh Iysucr it R be yaCn_n wg Gt ;eTas) a b[e y Ig eh Iynig sm ¥atey Ig BIR Kb ; G MeB IT uc© ritTa MgG s; pg .

ka rsa rPa B ) ab ma nn½yf a Ék Pa B CamYynwg R B H B IG MeB I) a brb s;ey Ig ey Igm an Pa Bd UcCa R BH dUecñH ey IgR t Úv E ts¥b ;nUv G Me BI) ab E d r . eyIg k an;E tcUl [Ci tR B H eh Iy edIr kñúg esck þI sucr itrb s;R B H eR cIn b :uN Ña enaH eyIg nwg Ga cX øatecjq ¶ay BIe sck þIl, Üg [F øak ; eT Ak ñúgG MeB I) ab eR cInb :ue NÑa H E d r .

kareronsURtBIkarEbkkarN_ eB lE d l eyIg F øak ;cuH nUvE pñk Na mYyénCIv it rbs ;ey Ig enaH e y IgR tÚv E tero nsUR t

CaR b ja b;nUv k arE b k ka rN_ena H . dUcCaG ñk R b d al;E d lR tÚv eKv aydYl eT Ael ItaB I e Kmin R t Úve d kdYl enAT Iena H ed a ymanGarm µN_e sak sþayx øÜnÉ g ena H eT . CMnY sn Uv k arN _enH

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eKR t ÚvE th Vwkh at;x øÜneK K WR tUv E tel atecjBItaB Ien aH mk v ij ma nn½yf a eKR t Úv E tbME b r ka rN_e naH mk v ij .

eB lE d l eyIg ) a neF VI) ab eyIg m inR t ÚvKitf ama nk Mh us mank ar Ca b;B iruT § eh Iy k¾cuH caj; ena He T . CMn YsnUv k arN _enaH ey IgR t Úv E tR b jab ;sar PaB nUv G MeB I) abr bs;ey Ig ed Im, I[) anTT Yl nUvk a rGt ;eTasrb s;R B H Cab rib Ur . d UcCaG ñk R b d al;caj;mñak ; e KR tÚv E t bME b rk arN _enaH ed Im, Ivil E b rmk rk C½y CmñH v i j .

karbMpøas;bMERb v iBa ØaNrbs;ey Ig m ane sckþ Is u critrb s;R B H b :uE nþey Ig R t Úv E tf Vay rUbk ay rbs;

ey Ig Ca yB aØb UCa r s;e TA cMe B aH R B HCa ero g ral ;éf ¶ . R B HKm <Irr:Um 1 2³1 E cg f a d Ue cñH b g b¥Ún eG Iy ´ TUnµan G ñkr a l;Kña ed aye sckþI

emt þak ruNaénR B H [) a nfVa yrUb ka yT ukCa yB aØb UCa rs; eh Iyb risuT § E d lKa b;R B H h b £T½y d l;R B H Ca ka reKarB énG ñk ral ;Kña E d lm anT Mng .

v iBa ØaNey Ig man esck þI suc ritr b s;R B H b :uE nþR B lwg ey IgR t Úv E tma nka rbMpøa s ; bME R b edayKMnitE d l ) anE k Caf µI ta mk areb Ik sE mþg mk B IR B Hb nÞÚl R B HE d r .

d UcCaR B H Km <Irr: Um 12 ³2 ) anE cg f a kuM[R ta b;tam sm ½yenH e L Iy cUr[G ñk ral; Kña) an pøa s;E R b v ij e d ayKMnit) anE k Caf µIeL Ig ed Im ,Inwg Gacl emIl [ )a nsÁa l;b MNgR B H h b £T½y én R BH Ed ll¥ R sYl TTYl e hIyR Kb ;lk çN _ pg .

RtÚvmankmøaMg ed ayk ar ebIk sE mþg B Ies ckþI su critrb s;R B H kñúg k arek ItCaf µI ey Ig GaccUl eT A

d l;b lø½g áénR B H ed ay køa han enaH ey IgG acdwg f a R B H nwg sþab ;e y Ig . R B HKm <Ireh e R BIr 4³1 6 E cg f a d Ue cñH R t Úv[ ey Ig ral ;Kña m kd l;b lø½g á énR B H KuN

ed aykøa h an edIm ,Inwg TT Yl e sckþI em t þa eh Iyrk )a nR B HKuN sR mab ;nwg C Yyd l;e Bl R t Úvk arcuH .

ey Ig ma nesck þi Ik øah a nnwg cUl m kÉ R B H BIe R Ba H eyIg ) anyl;f aCa R BH KuNrb s; R B H . ey Ig dwg nUvG VIE d lR B H ey s‘Uv R Tg ;) ane FVI ed Im,I Ca pl R b eyaCn_d l ;ey Ig . ey Ig d wg fa ey Ig) anTT Ylk arG t;e Ta se h Iy . e yIg d wgf a eyIg ) a nek ItCa fµIk ñúg R B H eys‘UvR KI s Þ eh Iy . ey Ig dwg f a eyIg Caes ckþIs ucri trb s;R B H eh Iy .

eyIgmanCIvit eB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµI e h Iy eyIg m anCIv itf µIeh Iy . CIv itf µIenH KW Ca CIv it

rbs;Gg ÁR B H R KI sÞ pÞal ; .

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R B HKm <IreGeP sUr 2 ³ 4 /5k E cg f a b:uE nþ R B HE dl ma nesckþIe m t þak ruNa d ¾elIs lb ; e d ayeR B a He sck þIR sL aj;Cax øaMg E d lR Tg;ma nd l;ey I gra l;Kña k ñúgk al Ed l eyIg enAsøab ;k ñúg k arrMl g enAeL Iy e naH R Tg;) aneR ) as[ey Ig ra l;Kña) anrs; Ca mYynwg R B H R KIsÞ .

Gat µaniy mcas; E d l) aned Irta mel ak iyenH KWKµant eT AeT o teL Iy . mnusSf µ I k¾) ancUl mk nig )a neFVI[ manCIv itr s; .

R B HKm <IreGeP sUr 2³ 1 -3 E cgf a B Ied Im Gñk ral ;Kñak ¾s øab;k ñúg k arrMl g ehIy kñúg G MeB I) a bE d r Cak arEd l Gñk ral ;Kña) an R bR Bwt þ tam reb o be lak iye nH KWta mem R Kb;R Kg raCüel IGak as Cav iB aØaN E dl sB Véf ¶enH bN þal mk k ñúgB Yk mnusSr wg cec s ey Ig ral ;Kña TaMg Gs;k¾) anR b R B wtþk ñúg B Yken a H BIe d ImE d r ed ayesck þIb:g R ) afña rb s; sac;Q am ey Ig TaMg R bR Bwt þe sck þIE d lsac;Q am ni g KMni te y Ig cg ;) a npg eh Iytam kMe NItey Ig ena H ey Ig Ca mnusS Cab ;k ñúge sck þ Ix Jal ; d UcCamn usSÉ eT o tE d r .

RtÚv)anseRmc eB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµI v i B aØa Nrb s;ey Ig R tÚv ) aneB jed ayPaB eB are Bj

rbs;R B H . R Kb ;TaMg Gs;E d lRTg ;ma n eyIg k¾m anE d r . kR mitén ka rmand ¾e lI slb ;enH G VIE d l R Tg;m anTaMg b :unµan KWR tL b ;mk Carb s; ey Ig TaMg Gs;; .

R B HKm <IreGeP sUr 3³ 1 9 E cgf a eh Iy[) a nsÁa l;esck þ IR sL a j;rb s ;R B HR KIsÞ d ¾rkKitm inyl; ; R bey aCn_[G ñk ral ;Kña) a neB j d l;R Kb ; TaMg esckþ IeB a reB jrb s;pg R B H .

ta mesck þIGF i b,a yB IR B H Km <IrE cg fa E d lG ñkra l;KñaG acseR mc) a n ¬tamR Kb ; TaMg Gs;E d lG ñk ra l;Kñam an¦ RKb;Ta Mge sck þ IeB areB jrb s;R B H . ¬ena H KWCa ¦ k Rmitén ka rma nd¾elIsl b ;en H K WCa R B H vt þm anrb s;R B H n igR tL b ;Camk b MeB jd l ;rUb rag ka y rbs; ey Ig E d l) anhUrm k eR sacR sb; ed ayR B HGgÁR Tg ;pÞal ; .

eB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµI e y Igm inE mne nATeTte TAe To te T . CMnYsn Uv k ar enH ey Ig mane sck þIeB are Bj rb s;R B H KWey Ig R t Úv ) anTT Ylk arh UreR sacR sb ; ed a y esckþ IeB a reB jrb s;R BH G gÁR Tg ; .

eB lE d l eyIg m ank areR sk XøanteT AeT o t nUv esck þIsucr itr b s;R B H ey Ig nwg rke X IjnUv k arca k;b MeB je sc k þIsucrit rb s ;R BH sUm ,IE tR B lwg nig rUb k ayrb s;e y Ig k¾) an E q¥tE d r .

R B HKm <Irm:a fa y 5 ³ 6 E cg fa manB reh Iy Gs;G ñk Ed l eRskX øa nnUv e sck þI sucr it d ,itG ñk Ta Mge naH nwg ) anE q ¥t .

48

TTYlesckþIRsLaj;rbs;RTg ; et IG VIeT A Cak are bIk sE mþg d ¾FM] t þm e d Im,I[) and wg f a R B H R Tg;m insB VR B H h b £T ½y

se R mcd l ;ey Ig ? R Tg;R sL aj;ey Ig sUm , IE tey Ig ) a nR tLb;eT ACa x µaMg sR t Úv rb s;R Tg ; k¾R B H GgÁen AE tR sL a j;ey IgE d r .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1 5³ 12 /1 3 /1 4 E cg fa enH Cae sck þIb Ba Øtþ ir b s; KW[G ñk ral ; Kña R sL aj;d l ;Kña eT Av ije TA m k d UcCa´ )a nR sL a j;G ñkra l;Kña E d r KµanG ñkNam an esckþ IR sL aj;F MCa ge nH KWG ñk NaE d l nwg bþÚrCIv it CMn YsB Yk sm øaj;rb s;x øÜ nenaH eT eb IG ñk ral ;KñaeF V Ita mesck þ IE d l´ b gÁab ; ena HG ñkra l;Kña CaB Yk sm øaj; ´e hIy .

ka rek ItCa fµIE d lma ncit þCa sa c; Q am KWey Ig R t ÚvE teF VIeT Atam ka rE dlR BHR Tg; ) anb B a¢a[ eF VIE tb :u eN ÑaH .

eyIg)anCamitþrbs;RBH et Ika rd ¾FM]t þm y :ag Na h ñ+ Ed l eFVI[ ey Ig d wg fa R BHR Tg;min ) anseR m cd l ;

ey Ig ? \ LÚv enH R Tg ;ma nR B HbnÞÚl mk k an;ey Ig f a { G ñk Ca mit þrb s; } . e y Ig KWCa mñak ; E d lCa xµaMg sR t Úv rb s;R Tg ; eh Iyk ¾) anpSH pSan wgR Tg ;v ij ta mry³ R BHR KIsÞ . \ L Úv enH ey Ig ) an R tL b;Cam it þrb s;R B H Gg Á ehIyR B H GgÁk ¾Camit þrb s;e y Ig E d r . e BlE d l ey Ig Camit þrb s;R B H e y Ig k¾m ank arg arpSH pSaE d r . ey Ig k ¾cg ;) a nG ñk d éTe T o t eFVICa mit þrb s ; ey Ig E d r [eK) anR tL b;Cam itþ nwg R B H dUcCa ey Ig E d r .

RtÚvEtnaMeK[)anpSHpSaCamYynwgRTg; eB lE d l eyIg ) a nekItCa fµI ey I g ma nka rpSH pS anwg R B H .

R B HKm <Ir 2 kUrinfU s 5 ³ 1 7/18 E cg f a )anCa eb IG ñkNae nA kñúg R B H R KIsÞ en aH eQ µaH f a) a nekItCa fµIe h Iy Gs;TaMg e sck þ Icas;) ank nøg ) at ;e T A emIl R Kb;TaMg Gs;) a n R tL b;Caf µIv ij R Kb; TaMg Gs;k ¾ mk B IR B H E d lR Tg ;) anpSH pSae y Ig nigR BH GgÁR Tg ; ed ay sa rR B H eys‘UvR KI sÞ e h Iy) a nRb Ta nka rg arpSH pSaena H mk ey Ig ´ Ed r .

sMNYr 1 - et Ika rek ItCa fµ Im ann½yy :ag d Ucemþc?

2 - cUrB iBN ’ naG MBIe sck þI sucr itrb s;R BH .

49

3- cUrB iBN ’ naG MBIe sck þI sucr it én k are kItCaf µI .

emeronTI5 karpøas;bþÚrnUvrUbPaBcas;rbs;eyIg

kareRCIserIsrbs;eyIg eB lE d l eyIg sik SanUv cln aé nemer o nenH ey Igm anb MNg cUlm k ka n;TIk E nøg

E d le yIg R tÚv E teR CIserI syk . et Iey Ig eC Oel Ika reb Ik sE mþ g nUv R BH b nÞÚl R BH b ¤eT b¤k¾ ey Ig R b ka n;x ¢ab ;nUve sck þIb eR g ó ned Im E dle y Ig Føa b;) a nTT YlB Iq ñaMmun²?

et Iey Ig É kPaB Cam Yynwg ela ksav k b :ul e Bl Ed l Kat ;) ansresrf a³ ) anCaeb I G ñk Na enAk ñúgR B H R KIsÞ ena H eQ µaH f a)a nek ItCaf µIeh Iy Gs;TaMg e sck þ Icas;) ank nøg ) at ; eT A e mIl R Kb ;Ta MgG s;) anR tL b ;Caf µIvi j ¬ 2 kUrinf Us 5³ 1 7¦ e nH b¤eT?

eB lE d l eyIg ) a nsik Sa G MB IGs;G ñk E d l ey Ig )a nbe gáItm k G MB Iesckþ IR sL a j; rbs; ey Ig G MB IR BH v rb itaE d lKg;e nA sßa n sYK ’ nig G MB Ik arCMn Y sd ¾F M]t þm R B mTaMg G MB IR BH raCk ic© rMed aH rb s;R B H ey s‘Uv R KI sÞ ed Im, ICa pl R b eyaCn _rb s; ey Ig enaH ey IgR tÚv eCO Cak ; fa ) anseR m c . \L Úv enH v aCaeB l sR mab ;ey Ig eF VIk arse R mccit þp øas;b þÚre T Atam k ar E d lR B H R Tg;eF VI sR m ab ;ey Ig .

kardkecjnUvrUbPaBénGatµaniymcas; v aCak arsMx an;ed Im ,I[m anrUb Pa BE d l b Ba¢ak ;B Ika rl¥ . eyIg min R tÚv Gn uBa Øat[

v iBa ØaNGaR kk ;eF VI[ey Ig T ukci t þ f a eyIg m in) anTT YlR BH B rrb s;R BH sUm,IE tb n þic Na enaH eL Iy. R b sine bIe y Ige COy :a g d UecñaH ey Ignwg eF VI[ CIv itey I g TTYlk arb raC½ye h Iy . R bsineb Iey Ig r s;enAed a yma nCIvitc uH caj; e naH ey Ig nwg K µan l T§PaB TT YlC ½yCm ñH elI sm rPUm iex µacR B ay bisac×ena H e L Iy . eyIg nwg Kµanl T §PaB r s;e nAk ñúg CIvi tR KI sÞan E d l manC½y Cm ñH R B mTaMg x wtx MeF VI ka rsR m ab ;G ñk d éTe To tena H ) anE d r . kñúg cMeNamB Yk ey Ig CaeR cIn E d lR tÚv k areB l ev la E d l) an KitT uk Camun ey Ig R t Ú v E td kyk m nusSca s;e cj Tmøab ;cas; KMr il nig B wg E p¥k eT A el IrUb Pa Bé nk arek ItCaf µ I ed ay ero b cMKMn itey Ig [) anCaf µI

5 0

eL Ig v ij . el ak sav kb:ul ) ansre srG MB Ik ard k mnu sScas; e cj e naH KWCak arB it eh Iy Cab MNg ci tþr b s;ey Ig .

R B HKm <IreGeP sUr 4³ 22 /2 3 E cg fa f axa g Ékiriya R bR Bwt þk al BIe d Im enaHR tÚv [G ñk ral ;Kña) a ned aH mnusSca s; E d lE tgE txUceT A tam esck þI b :gR ) af ñarb s;esck þI qe ) ak ecal ecj eh Iy[KMnit kñúg cit þ ) a nE k ER bCa fµIe L Ig .

dak;CafµIvij eB lE d l eyIg ) a ndk mnusScas;ecal ec j ey Ig R t Üv E tEkE R bKMnitey Ig Caf µ I

eL Ig v ij . ka rE kE R be nH GaceF VI[ KMn itey Ig GacE kE R b nUv esckþI CMe n O) an ed a yTTYl ka reb IksE m þgm kB IR B H b nÞÚlr b s;R BH . el ak sa vk b :ul) anma nR bsasn_e nA x bnÞa b;f a³

R B mTaMg R b d ab ;x øÜn edaym nusSf µIvi j E d l ekItm kk ñúg esc kþIs ucrit eh Iyk ñúg esckþ Ib ri suT §rb s; pg es ck þIBit ta mPaBR B H ¬eGePsUr 4³ 2 4¦ .

eB lE d l eyIg d k mnusScas; PaB Cam nusS ca s; rU bPaB Ga tµa cas;ec j e h IyeF VI ka rE k ER bn UvKMnitr b s;e y Ig [m ank areb Ik sE m þg mk BIR BHb nÞÚl rb s;R B H vij e naH ey Ig nwg d ak ;PaB Cam nusSf µ IeT AelIk a r ekItCaf µ I) a n .

ka rek ItCa fµI KWm inR t Úv) ank MNt ;ry³ eB l eL Iy KWGa c[Kat ; b¤n ag seg átem Il ed ay\ ® nÞIy _TaMg 5 rbs;B Yk e K) an . ka rek ItCa f µI KWr s; enAk ñúg Pa B Bit énes ckþI CMen O . ka rek ItCa fµI e FVI[ d wgf aKa t; b ¤nag ) a nek ItCa fµIe d aysarR B H eKk ¾) ane nAk ñúge sck þI suc rit nig PaB b ri suT § .

ka rek ItCa fµIm i nE mnCa ry³ eB ly UreT e Bl Ed l eK) andwg f aeKCa G ñk man) ab . eKd wg fa v iB aØaNrb s;e K KW) ansucr it nig b r isuT §d Uc CaR B H . eKd wgf a R B lwgnig rUb k ay rbs; eK R t Úv ) anb B a¢ak;f ama nrUb PaB rb s;R B Hr aCb uR ta tam ka rB iesaFn _ n ig k arGnuv t þn _ nUv esc sk þ Isucrit nig PaB b risu T § enAk ñúgd Me NIrR b caM éf ¶rb s;B Y k eK .

PaBcas;KMril eB l Ed le yIg ) anF MeL Ig sa ta Mg k¾) a nesayra Cüy :ag rwg maM enAe lIKMn itrb s;

ey Ig E d r . \ LÚv e nH sUm, IE tm nusSca s; e y Ig Ki tf aey Igm inGace FVIk arB ie ss Nam Yy ) ane T BIeR B aH ey Ig E tgE tniyay fa ey Igm inGace FVIk ar) an dUcCa ey Ig enAB Iek µg eT . B ak üsmþIx usq Ág E d l) anniyayk nøg mk ey IgR t Úv E tma nkmøaMg Tb;Tl ; eh IyE kE R b .

PaBmineBjelj

5 1

R bE h lCa ela kG ñk) anniya yf a { » kuMB üaya meFVIGB a ©wg G I bg R búsrb s;G ñk GacE f rk Sav a) an} . el akG ñk ) anca b;epþIm Kitf a { ´ minE m nCaG ñk CMnaj d UcCab g R bú s ´ eT} .

PaBefakTab R KÚbe R gó nm ñak ;) an niyayf a { ´ miny l;f a eh t uG VI) a nCamanbB a ðad UecñH cMeB aH

ela k G ñk enaH eT fñak ;ero nenA T Menr Kµa nbB aða G VIeT} ta mKMni t x øIrbs ;el ak G ñk )anKitf a {´m in E m n ef a k Ta bd Uc Ca f ñak ;EdlT Men ren a HeT } .

rak;kMEpl

R bE h lCa ey Ig )ane COn UvG VI Ed l Gñk d éTe To t) a nniyay G MB Isa v ta Cat irbs ; ey Ig b¤G MB IR kúm mnusSs Mx an;² E d le yIg yl;cit þ . KMnit CaT U eT ATaMg enH Ga c)anR tL b; mk Cama nka rk MNt ;d ¾rak ;k ME pl el ICIv itr b s ;ey Ig eT Av ij .

R bsineb Iel ak G ñk mansk ;B N’ R k hm R bE h lCa ela kG ñk) anB ¤f a { mnusSm an sk ;R k h m E tg E tmanG armµN_ f aek þA} .

ka rrak ;k ME pl d éTeT o t k ¾GacekItma neL Ig E d r {mþayr bs; E tg E tR BÜy) ar mÖ d UecñH eh Iy enH KWCame Füa) ayEd l ´ >>>} .

ey Ig Gac) anB¤ nig eCO nUv erOg r : av CaeR cInG MBIk ar R bNaMg rb s;e y Ig b ¤sav tarCat i E d le FVI[e y Ig eCOfa ey Ig minG acv as; b¤) :an;s µannUv er Og r:av Ed l ma nenACMuv ijey Ig) an enaH eT . { R bR sIE P ñk E tg E t>>>} b¤ { CnCat iGaL Wm:g ; E tg E t>>> } .

ka reb IksE m þgB Ik arek ItCaf µ I nwge FVI[e y Ig ) anrYcx øÜnB IKM nith I nPaB b ¤B IPa B min eB jel j E d l Gac) ansaymøb;m ke lICIv i tr b s;ey Ig B IGt Itk a l .

karRbkan;BUCsasn_ ka reb IksE m þgnUv k arek ItCaf µ I nwg eF VI[ey Ig) anrYcx øÜnB I ka rR b ka n;BUCsas n_

B N’sm, úr . ey Ig nwg cab ;e pþI mem IlG ñkeCO Cab eN þ Ir² R Kb ; TaMg ka r R b NaMg eB lE d l eK ) ane kItCaf µIenAk ñúg R B H eys‘ UvR KI sÞ .

enAx mun ² el ak sav k b:ul ) ane bIk sE mþg B Ika rek ItCa fµ I Kat ;) a nsre srf a³ ) an CaB IenH eT Amux ey Ig ´ minsÁal ; G ñk Na x ag Ésac;Q a meT o teT ¬ 2 kUrinf U s 5³ 1 6k ¦.

ela ksav k b :ulk ¾) an sre sr eT Ak an;B Yk G ñk enAk aL a TIfa³ d ,itG ñk ral ;KñasuT §E tCak UnR B H ed ay sa resckþIC Men OeC O d l ;R B HR KIsÞ ey s‘ Uv

eR B aH Gs;G ñk E d l) anTT Ylb uN üR Cm uCkñ úg R B H R KIsÞ enaH e Q µa Hf a) anR b d ab;k ayed ay R B HR KIsÞeh Iy Kµansasn_y Ud a eh Iysasn_eR k k Kµan) av beR mI b¤G ñk Ca Kµa nR bús nig

5 2

R sIe To te T eR B aH Gñk ra l;KñaTaMg G s;rYm mk E tmYy enAkñú g R BH R KIsÞeys‘ Uv ¬ kaL aTI 3³ 2 6-2 8¦ .

eB lE d l eyIg TT YlR B H eys‘Uv eF VICaR B H GgÁse®g ÁaH pÞal ;rb s;ey Ig e naH ey Ig R t Úv) anekItCaf µI enAk ñúg R KÜ sa r mYyf µI KWCa R KÜsa rr bs ;R B H . ey Igm inR t ÚvG nuB aØat[PaB cas;KMr il énk arR b ka n;B UCsas n_ m kta Mgen Akñúg CIv itey Ig eL I y . ey Ig R tÚv E tem IleX Ij G ñk eCOR Kb ;rUb f a Ca G ñk ) ane kItCaf µI n igG ñkm inTan;e COR K b;r Ub fa CaG ñk ) ane kItCaf µI E tminTan;eX Ijk ar Cak ;E sþg Nam Yy E d lGa c[eCOB itR ) akd) an .

ey Ig R t Úv E te mIl eX Ije d ayxøÜn É g nig G ñk eCOd éTe To tTaMg G s; d UcCa R BH R Tg; emIl eX Ijey Ig d UecñaH E d r . eB lv iB aØa N) a nekItCa f µI KWey I g ) a nekItCaf µIenA kñúg R KÜ sar rbs;R B H ey Ig minca M) ac;yl ;eX Ijfa mnusSd éTeT o tm anB N ’sm , úry :ag Naena He T . ey Ig nwg TTYl G ñk d éTe To t E dl) anek ItCaf µIenAk ñúg R BH R KIs Þ .

karedaHecjnUvPaBcas;KMril sa ta Mg cg ;eR bIR ) as;Garm µN_ é nPa Bm ineB jel jcas ;² Pa B min R Kb ;R Kan; nig

ka rR b ka n;BUCsas n_ed Im ,I KaMR Tey Ig CaTasPaB rb s;v a . \L Úv enH KWCaeB l ev la bMpøa j Pa Bca s;K Mril TaMg enaH eh Iy .

cUrkMcat;BYkva R bsineb IR B H R Tg;) aneb Ik sE m þgB IPaB cas;K Mril eT Ael Icitþ KMn itrb s;el ak G ñk

kML úg eB l sikSa enH el ak G ñk Gacb M) a k;b ME b kB Yk v a \ LÚv enH ) an eda yR Kan;E tniya yf a cUrfy ecje TA enAk ñúg R B H namRB H Gm © as;³

sa ta Mg Gjcg É g enAkñúg R BH na mR B H eys‘Uv . Gjb diesF nUv km øaMg cas; KMr il enH > > > > > > >¬ d ak ;eQ µaH v a¦> > > > > > > > > >enAeB l enH kñúg R B Hn amR B H eys‘Uv . Gjnwgm inGn uB aØa t[ Ég rMB £k nU v erOg G VINa mYy) aneL Iy . Gjb eN þjn Uv KM nit E d l pÞúy nwg ka rebIk sE mþg m kB IR B H bnÞÚ l rb s;R B H E dle FVI[e y Ig Kitf a ´ CaGñk Na CaG VI . ´ GaceF VI b¤G VIE d l´ Ga cman KWCak arek ItCaf µIe nAk ñúgR B H ey s‘Uv R KI sÞ .

v aGa ccMNay eB lnUv Tmøa b; TaMg k arKit b ¤ka rniyay edIm, Ib d iesF K Mni tca s;² ecal ecj . eTaH Cay :ag Na k¾ed a y k¾KMn itTaMg enH ) ancUl mk k ñúgcit þ KMn itey Ig E d l ey Ig R t Úv E tR b j:ab ;bd iesF B Yk v ae cal beN þB Ykv a ecj nig b nþR b ka sB IG VIE d l R B H bnÞÚl R B H )a neb IksE mþg B Ik arek ItC af µIE tb:ueN ÑaH . ed ayka reF VIy :ag dUecñaH Tmøab ;ena H nwgR t Úv ) anb M) a t;e TA y :ag qa b;rh ½s e h Iyel ak Gñk nwg man esr IPaB eL Ig v ijCak ;Ca mi nx an . cUrcab ;e pþIm Kitn iyayd UecñH f a³

53

R B Hb nÞÚl R B H) anE cg fa ´R t Úv )a nek ItCa fµI eh Iy . ´ Ca G ñk enAk ñúgR KÜsaré nR B H Kµan> > > > > > > > > > > > >e nAk ñúg R KÜ sa rénR B He L Iy . e rOgca s; ) a nkn øg) at;eT Aeh Iy KW Ca G ñk ) ane kItCaf µIenAk ñúg R B H R KIsÞ eh Iy¡ .

karbM)ak;bMEbkbNþasa sa ta Mg Gac) a nTTYl eCaKC½y kñúg k ard ak;b Nþa sa eT AelIR KÜ sarm Yy tam ry³

G MeB I) a bE dl ma ntB ICMna n;mu nmk . ]Tah rN_³ eB l Ed lm nusSmña k;) a ncuH cUleF VICaG ñk Gt þX at viBa ØaNGt þX atk¾taMg en ACamYyn wgR KÜ saren aH rh Utd l;eB l E d lva R tÚv ) an bM) ak ;bME b k eda yGMNacR B H nam R BH ey s‘Uv .

eB lE d l mnusSm ñak ;) ansux ci t þ eFVI Ca X atkr KWm anv iB aØaNXatk renaH eF VI[ man]b R TB §céR gd l ;R KÜsarena H tR tk UlCab nþb n Þab ; .

manb N þasatR tkUl b ¤ey Ig eh A fa CId UnPUt E d l E tgE te bIk T VarcMh nUv CMg Wera Ka cUlm kd l ;rUb rag ka yrb s;e y I g . { » Em nehIy b B aða pøÚv cit þrt ;cUlm kk ñúg R KÜ sa rrb s; ey Ig } b¤ { R sI²Ta MgG s;e nAkñ ú g R KÜsarrb s;e y Ig h ak;d UcCa) anTT YlCMg Wx ans øak ;d UecñaH E d r} . b N þasatR tkUl enH KWCak arg ayR sYl kMca t;k Mcay d UcCa km øaMg cas;KM rilE d l mane nAel Icitþ ey IgcUe cña H E d r . e y Ig R tÚv niy ayf a³

sa ta Mg Gjbe Nþ jÉg ed aynUv R B H namR B H eys‘Uv¡ GjbM) ak;bME b k nUv bN þa sa én > > > > > > > > > > nig > > > > > > > > > > ¡ GjbB a¢a R Kb;Ta Mgb Nþa sa tR tk Ul b¤v iB aØa N GaR k k; dUcCaCId Un PUt ena H R tÚv E t) a k;E b k eT A kuM[ma nG MNa cmk el IR kúm R KÜsa rrb s;Gj eL Iy cUrecj\ L Úv enH eT A . G jm anCIv itf µ Ieh Iy¡ GjKWCa kUnrb s;R B H¡ \ LÚv enH Gj CaE pñkm YyénR K Üsa rf µ Ieh Iy¡ G jk ¾CaE pñk mYyé nR KÜ sa rrb s; R B H Ed r eh Iyk¾Kµa nc MNg Kµanb N þasa b¤CMg Wera KaenAk ñúg R KÜ sa rénR BH eL Iy¡

eB lE d l KMnit b ¤Gak ar ³ TaMgL ayénb nÞúk b Nþasa b ¤CMg We ra Kaena H B üaya m cUlm kd l ;el ak Gñk R tÚv E tk Mcat ;kMca yB Ykv a eT A¡ R bsineb Ie la kG ñk ) anTT YlnUv G ak ar³ TaMg enaH eh Iy R tÚv E tkMca t;k Mc ay BYk v aCaR bj:ab ;bM put R B m Ta MgE R sk R b ka sy :ag rwg buwg B IG VIE d lR BH b nÞÚlR BH) a nE cg mk f a e lak G ñkm anesrI Pa B eh Iy .

karpøas;bþÚrrUbPaBGatµaniymcas ; ka rbn þnUvk ar Ka MR TnUv r UbPaB E d l Føak ;cuH ed ay x øÜnÉ ena HKWCa G MeB I) ab eh Iy .

ey Ig mincg ;eF VI[d UcCak arTaMg e na H eT d UcCael ak sav kb :ul ) anB iB N ’namk eh Iyfa³ eR B aH k al eK)ansÁal ;R B H e naH eKmin) antemáIg R Tg ; T uk CaR B H eT k¾m ind wg Ku N

R Tg;E d r eKek Itm anKMn it\ tR b ey aCn_v ij eh Iycit þeK E d l\ teya bl ; k¾) anR tL b;Ca gg wteT A eKG Ytfa m anR) a CJa ) anCaR tL b ;eT ACal ¶g ;el¶Iv i j ¬r:U m 1³ 2 1 /2 2 ¦ .

5 4

ey Ig KWCaG VI E d l R B HR Tg;m anb nÞÚl fa ey Ig KWCa > > > . taMg B IR B H eys‘Uv R Tg;) an su Kt e d Im,Iel aH ey Ig[r YcxøÜn B Ik arTa Mgen Hm k eyIg R t Úv E tTb ;Tl;n wg B Yk v a kuM[B Yk v a R be Tcpþa sad l ;R B H )an .

karCab;CMBak;nwgeRKaHfñak ; B YkG ñkeCO Cae R cIn m ank arP ½yx øacG MB Ismt ßPaB rb s;e K . B Y ke KkMB ug E trg Tuk ç

B IGsm t ßPa B ed ay ka rP½yx øa cnUv ka rFøa k;cuH . R B Hb nÞÚl R B HE cg f a³ ´ Gacnwg eF VIR Kb;Ta MgG s;) a n ed ay sa rR B HR KIsÞ E d l R Tg ;ceR mInk møa Mgd l;

¬P IlIB 4³ 1 3 ¦ d ,itR B HR Tg;m i n) anR b Tan[e y Igm anviB aØa N Ed lE tgE txøaceL Iy KW[ man viB a ØaNd ¾m anGMNac esck þIR sL aj; nig R ) a CJanwg Fwg v ij ¬2 FIm :Uef 1 ³ 7¦ .

ey Ig R t Úv ka rR bk asCab nþb nÞab ; fa³ ´ GaceF VIR Kb ;Ta MgG s;) an e d aysarR B H R KIsÞE d lR Tg ;) an ce RmInk møa Mgd l ; .

´ dwgf aR BH R Tg;) a nR bTan[ ´ nUv v iB aØaNd ¾ma nG MNa c esck þIR sL aj; nig R ) aCJa nwgF wg . karR)akdeLIgEpñkxageRkA

manm nusS CaeR cInm anGa rmµN _ mins ux R sYl G MBIG ak ar³x ag eRk Arb s;e K TaMg k ar Kitn ig k arniya yf a { ´F at ;eB k } {´ sÁmeB k } { ´ cg;[sk; m anB N’e pS gB Ie nH } { ´min cg;[ va R tg;e Bk eT} Cae d Im . B Yk eKR t Úv) aneF VI[x µase K b ¤k ¾d wgx øÜnB IGa ka r³ x ag eR kA rbs; eK .

ka rB initüem Ile TA eX Ijf ama nka reb IksE m þg B IKMr Ud ¾R ss ;s¥ a te sÞI rE tTaMg Gs; R B mTaMg taraPaB ynþ e FVI[B Yk eKma nGar mµN_f a mane rOgr:a v x øHE d l BYk eKeB jc it þ d UcCa ka rpøas; bþÚr nUv E pñk x ag eR k Arbs;e KCae d Im .

enAk ñúg sg Ámr b s ;ey Ig m ankarKUs bB a¢a k;d ¾sem ,ImG s© a rümY y nUvk arR ) akd eL Ig E pñkx a ge R kA . b :uE nþ R B H bnÞÚl R B H sE m þg fa ey Ig KW Ca v iBa ØaNE d lR t Úv ) a nbegáIt eL Ig enAk ñúg rUbPaB rb s;R B H v ij . ey IgR tÚv ) a nbeg áIteL I g [m anrUb Pa Bd UcCa R BH . sR m s;R ss; s¥atrb s; ey Ig KW rU bPaB mn usSE p ñk x ag k ñúgcit þ CamnusSB i t KWCa viB a ØaNE pñk x ag kñúg . ey IgG acma nmux ma t ;sR m s;R ss ;s¥a t e d aysarB nøWrb s;R BH ey s‘ Uv Ed l caMg Casmk elIm ux rb s;ey Ig .

eB lE d l elak eha rasaMy UE Gl mk k an;T IR k úge bef øh im e d Im,Ica k;eR bg taMg [ kUnR bús ²rb s;el ak G uI say ) aneF VICa es þcb n Þab ; Kat;minGa cCYyeF V Ika r) anc,a s;l as;eT b:uE nþ Ka t;R Ka n;E td wgf a R b Eh lCak UnR b úsc, gb M putE d lm anrag sg ðaCag eK E d lR tÚv ) an cak ;eR b gtaMg [e FVICae sþc . Kat;d wgB Im ux ga rrbs; Kat ; KW sMe d AeT AkUnc,g e K ehIyKMn it

5 5

E d lKa t;Kitena H KWf aR b E hlCamña k;e naH eh Iy E d lR B HR Tg;) aneR CIs[eF V ICae sþc . b:uE nþ R B H Gm© a s;R Tg;) an b Ba Ä b;K at; vij .

1 s aMy UEG l 1 6³7 Ecgfa b :uEn þR BH G m © as ;RTg;) a nm an bn ÞÚl e TAkan ; s aMy UEG l fa {kuM[ e m Il Etb £ kBaxa ge RkA b£k MBs ;x ø Ün e n aH e L Iy d, itG j m in TT Yl G ñk e n He T BIe RBaH RBH R Tg;m inT t cMe BaH e s ckþIEd l mn us S e l a kBic ar Nae m Il e T Ém n us S e l ak e m Il Etb£ kBa xa ge Rk A b:ue N ÑaH EtR BH e y hUv:aR Tg ; Tt c Me Ba Hkñú gc i tþ vij } .

xVHxatkarGb;rM

G ñkx øH man G a r m µN _m in ma n s uv tßP aBG M BIk ar x VH xa tkar G b ;r Mr b s ;BYke K e TaH bI Ca y :agNak ¾e d ay RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH ) an e bIks Em þgm kfa e n Akñúg RBH RK Is Þ e y Igman RKb ;G s ;TaM gkMN b;én R) aC Ja n i gc Me NH . ka r ec Hdwgd ¾ Bi tR) a kd KWC a kar s Áal ;RBH .

RBH K m <Ir k Ul :us 2 ³2/ 3 >>> Ec gfa e d Im , I[ e Km an citþkS an þ e d ay ) a nrYb r YmK ña mk kñú ge s c kþIRs La j; e hIy [ ) an Gs ;Ta MMgpl Rb e y aC n _én R) aC Ja Ed l e C OC ak;p þac ; e d Im , I[ ) ans Áal ;e s c kþIG af ’kM ) aMgén RBH KW C aRBH RK Is Þ Ed l ma n RKb ;Ta M gpl é fø vie s s én R) a CJa n ige s c kþIe c H d wgl ak;Tu kkúñg RTg; .

manGarmµN_RtÚv)aneKbdiesF e htuG VI) an C ae y Ige m Il e X Ij G ñke C OCa e Rc In s BVéf ¶e n H ) anQWca b;e d ay s ar

ka r bd ie s F n _ nigman G ar m µN _fa R tÚ v) an e K b die s F e d ay ma ns øaks ñam y :agm u te RC A e n AkñúgG ar m µN _én RBl w gr bs ;BYke K ?

RBH RT g;) an man b nÞÚl fa³ >> > BIe RBaH R Tg;) a n tRm Ú ve y Igr al ;K ña Tu kC am uun s Rm ab;[ RTg;) an TTYl e y Ig

Ca kUn c iB a© wm e d ay s ar RBHey s U‘vRK Is Þ ta mbMN gRBH h b£T ½y RTg; e d Im , Inwgs re sIr d l ;RBHK uNd ¾] tþmr bs ;RTg; Ed l ) an p þl ;mke y Igr al ;K ñaT e T kñú gRBH r aC bu Rtas ¶ÜnP ¶a r bs ;RTg; e hIy e y Ig) an e s c kþIe R) as e l aH e n AkñúgR BH r aC buRtae n aH e d ay s a r RBH e l ah itRT g; K WC a e s c kþIe R) as [ rYc BIe Ta s tam RBH K uNd ¾F¶n ;éR kEl gén RTg ; ¬e G e P sUr 1³5 -7¦.

e bIe y Ig {RtÚv) an TT Yl kñ úgR B Hr a Cb uRta s ¶Ün P ¶a} e n aH e y Igm in K Yr G nuBaØa t [ G ar m µN _én kar bd ie s Fn _mkTa s ;n wge y Ige L Iy . e yIgKYr E tman G a r m µN _kS an þe n Akñúg citþ e da y d wgfa e yIgR tÚv) an TTYl y k[ e n Akñ úgR BHe ys Uv RKIs Þe hIy .

5 6

RBH d ¾C aRBH vr b i ta R Tg;) an TTYl e yIge d ay m an TMh Mén s c kþIRs L aj ; d Uc C a RTg ;) an T TYl RBHe y s U‘vCa RB H r aC buRtar b s ;RT g;Ed r . e y IgRtÚvE te ) aH e c al K Mn itén ka r bd ie s F n _ e hIy s Ba¢wgK ite l IRBH bn ÞÚl r hU tTal ;Ete y Igman G a r m µN _d wgc ,a s ; y :age Bj e lj nigkar Fan a TTYl y kr bs ;e y Ig . BIe R BaH R BH RTg;) an T TYl y ke y Ig e n aH e hIy Ed l e yIgG ac T TYl y kx øøÜn e y Ig) an .

karbnÞabxøÜnEdlminBit Ca j wkj ab; man GMn Ytxa gÉvi BaØaNm Yy Ed l e kItm kr ab ; qñaMm ke hIy Ed l

RtÚ v) an y l ;RcL Mfa Cakar b n Þ abx øÜn . e y Ige Rc ógc Me Rm ógEd l man Bakü fa {T Ul b gÁMCaG ñkma n) abEd l RkIRk e hIy

) at;bg ; Ed l Rt Úv) an C Yy s e ®gÁaH e d ay s a r RBH K uN} e n aH m in Emn C akar Bi te T . e n A e Bl Ed l e yIgRtÚv) a ns e ® gÁaH e yIgEl gCa {G ñ kman ) ab RkIR k ) at;b g;} e To te hIy ¡

karbegáItCamnusSfµI G s;r y ³e Bl C ae Rc In qña Mmke h Iy e y Ig) an e Rc ogn UvBa kü Ed l m an e n Akñúg

bT TMnu k te m áIgd ¾l , Im Yy bT E d l m an Xøafa {d , i tTUl b gÁ MKW e Rb óbd Uc C ad gáÚ vm Yy } e n H m in Emn C aG VIEd l RBH RTg; T te X Ij e yIgy :agd Ue c ñaH e n aH e T¡ e nHK WC akar pÞ úy Rs LH e TA n wgRBH bn Þ Úl r b s;RBH . ey Igm in Emn C ad gáÚÚvF Ul Id ¾ kMs t; e T . e yIgK WC amn us S fµI ¡ e y Ige n Akñú gRBH RK Is Þ¡ e y IgkM BugE tRt Úv) an s Rm b[ d Uc e TAn wgr Ub G gÁ én R Tg; .

r Ubkay Ed l m in s kþis m G ac RtÚv) an y k QñH e n Ak ñú gC Iv i tr b s ;e yIg d Uc C a G Mn Ytm Yy Edr . kar Ki tG MBI fa e tIe y Igm in s kþis m y :agN a TMn ge m Il e TAd UcC akar bgðaj n Uvkar bn Þab x øÜn Emn b:uEn þvas g;b n Þay r wgm aMe L I g e dIm , Iy kQñH e l IC Iv i tr b s; e y Ig Ed l bg¥ak;e y Ig BI kar s Áa l ;c ,as ;nUvP aBman tém øb Mpu t é ne y Ige n Ak ñúgRBH RKIs Þ .

karbnÞabxøÜnd¾Bit ka r bn Þab xøÜn d ¾Bi te kI tmkBI ka r TT Yl s Áal ;RBH KuN r bs ;RBH . kar b n Þabx øÜn

KWC akar T TYl s Áal ;fa e nAkñ ñú gRKa G tI tkn ø ge T A e nA e Bl Ed l e yIge n ACa xµa Mgs RtÚv r bs ;RBH e y Igm in s kþis mn wge s c kþIRs L aj ;d ¾FMr bs ;RBH e n aH e T RTg;) an e R) as e l aH e y Ig d Ue cñH e hIy e TIbe y IgG ac ) an RtL b;mkd Uc CaR Tg ; Ed l ) a n be gáIte y Igmk .

ka r bn Þab xøÜn d ¾Bi tK WC a ka r Ki tk ar l ¥G MBIRBH . e n aH K WC aka r d wgfa l kçN³ r b s ; e y Ig e hIy G VITaM MgG s ;Ed l e y IgG ac e F VI) an K We d ay s arEtR BH K uNd ¾G s © a rü én RTg ; n ige s ckþIe mtþa kr uNac Me BaH e y Ig .

5 7

Ca ka rBi tNas ;Ed l fa e y I gm in RtÚ v {K i tx <s ;hYs e Bke l I s BIkar Ed l e y Ig KYr K i t} b:uEn þe y I gk¾m in RtÚvK it Tabe BkhYs BI kar Ed l e y IgKY r e n aH Ed r .

e bIe y Igc g;e X Ij e da y x øÜne y Ig[ ) an d Uc C aRBHe y s U‘v n igkar e F VIkar gar r b s; RBH e y s UU‘v e y IgRt ÚvEte ) a Hb g;e c a l n UvrUb {m in G ac }c as ;r b s ;e yIg e hIy b MBa k;C MMn Ys mkvij n Uvr UbG gÁ én kMe N I t fµ µI .

karpøas;bþÚrPaBCaTaskr mn us S C ae Rc In ma nK Mn itCa Ta s kr r b s;x øÜn Ég . BYke K e m Il e XIj x øÜne KkMBug

r s;e n Akñú gP aBRkIRk Tab e fa kb Mp u t dUc C aTas kr m ña k; . BYke K m in Ed l G a ce m Il e X Ij x øÜn Égfa k MBuug TTYl R B H Br n igP a Bs m ,Úr ma n ) an r bs ;RBH e n aH e T . BYke K m in ) an e XIj x øÜn Égfa C ak Un r bs ;e sþc e T .

KMrUénBYkkUnecAG‘ÍRsaEGl e n Akñúg Rs uke G s ‘ÍBÞ BY k kUn e c AG ‘ÍRs a EG l min ) a n dwgG VI TaM MgG s ; e RkAEtka r e F VI

Ca Ta s kr G s ;r ab ;r y qñaMm ke hIy . kñúgn am Ca kUn Rbú s RsIr b s;RBH Ed l RtÚv) an e R) as e l aH fµI² BYke K R tÚ vkar ka r e bIks Em þg[ e X Ifa e tI BY k e KC aG ñkNa Bi tR) a kd kñú g n amC ar a® s þéne s c kþIs Ba Øar bs ;RBH .

- m as/ R) ak ;; ;; RBH RT g;s BVRBH T ½y pøas ;bþ Úr ka r [ tém øx øÜn É gr b s ;BYke K BI G ñkEd l C aTas kr

én P aBRkIR ke TA Ca mn us S fµ I Ca kUn r bs ;RBH Ed l RtÚ v) an e R) a s e l aH . RTg;) an b gÁa b ; [ BYke K s uM BIs as n _e Gs ‘ÍBÞ nU vma s n igR) a k;e RK ÓgG l ½ gákar n igs Me l okbMBak ;E tg l MG éfø² .

BYke K m in R tÚv Tu ke RK ÓgG l ø½ gáa m as nigR) a k;e n aH e n Akñú gR bG b ;e c al e n aH e T BYke K m in R tÚv Tu ke RK Óg tub E tgRs s ;s¥a t n igs Me l okbMBa k;e c al e n AkñúgT Ur e n Ae Bl Ed l BYke K e F VIdMe N Ir e n aH qøg ka t; TIr e has ßan e n aH e L Iy . RBHRT g;) an R) ab ;d l ;BY ke K [ Ba k;R) a k; mas nigs Me l ok bMBak ;[ kUn Rbús Rs Ir b s;BY ke K .

R BH Km <Irnikçm nM 3³ 2 1 /2 2 Ec gfa G j nwge F VI[ Cn C a tie n H ) an Rb kb e d ay RBH K uNén BYks as n _e G s‘ÍBÞ e hIy kal N ae c je TA e n aH Égr a l ;K ñan wgm ine TAe d a yéd Te Te L Iy K WRKb ; Ta M gRs I²n w g s Um e RK Ógmas e RKÓgR) ak; n igs Me l okbMBa k;B IG ñk Ci t xag e hIy BIG ñ kEd l G aRs ½y e n Ap ÞH Ca m Yy Kña e hIy Égra l ; K ñan wgb MBa k;[ k Un Rbús kUn Rs IÉgvij .

5 8

kUn Rb ús kUn Rs Ién BYkG ‘ÍRs aEG l Ca r a®s þe r Is taMgrb s ;RB H m in ) an ec j BI e G s‘ÍBÞ kñúgP a BC a kn Þb Tas kr e T E tK WC as Me l okb M Bak; n i gEs ,ke C Ig Ed l m ine c H d ac ;e L Iy e na Hvij . e n Atamp øÚ ve Ke FVId Me N Ir e TA kan ; Tw kd Is n ü a e n aH K WCa sMe l o kb MBa k; n ige RK ÓgG l ø½ gá kar Ed l ma ntém øb Mp ut .

RBH RT g;) an pøa s ;bþ Úr r Ub P aBc as ;r b s;BYke K . RTg;) an b M M pøa j e c al rUb P aB ca s; Edl Ca Ta s kr r bs ;BYke K .

- c Mn Yn e lIs BIRK b ;RKa n ; e Rka y mk d l ;e Bl e dIm , Is ¥a ge r a g] e ) as f m anmas nigR) a k;e Rc In Ed l C a

km µs iT §irb s ;BY ke KkUn e c As as n_G ‘ÍRs aE G l Ed l BYke K) an fVa y y :age R cIn e B k . C ag s ib ,kr ) a ns Um[ e l akm :Ue s Xa t; BYke K Qb;[ fVay E fme To t.

RBH K m <Ir n i kçm n M 3 6³5 -7 Ec gfa e TAC Rmab m :Ue s fa {bN þ aC ne K e c H Ety k d gVay m ks Rmab ;kar e F VIe n H ) an e Rc In hYs R bmaN BIG s;TaM gka r Ed l RBH e y hUv:a) an bgÁab ;[e FVIe hIy e n aH m :Ue s b gÁab;[ e K e T ARbkas RKb ; kñú g TI d Me L IgR ts al fa kuM[ G ñk Na e TaH Rb ús b¤R s I e F VIka rG VIe To ts Rm ab;C ad gVay d l ; TIbr i s uT§e L Iy d Ue c ñH e K k¾b Ba Ä b ; BYk C n m in [ y kmke To t d , i tman r b s ;RK b;RK an ;n w ge FVI kar TaM ge na H e hIy Efm Ta Mg s l;pg .

d UcK ñae n H Ed r RBH RTg;) a n pøa s ;bþÚÚr r Ub P aBén BY kkUn e c As a sn _G ‘ÍRs a EG l RTg; s BVRBHT ½y n wgp øas ;bþÚr e y Ig BI P aBRkIRk n i gP aBC aTas kr én G Me BI) a bpgEd r . RTg; s BVRBHT ½y [ e y IgBie s aF n Uve s c kIþG MN r én kar s e ® gÁaH r bs ;e yIg.

e)aHbg;ecalkarRsemIRsém e tIe yIgG ac ka t ;e ca l r UbP aBc as; Ed l m inK ab ;RBHT ½ y d l ;RBH) an e d ay

r e bob Na? e tIe y IgG ac ka t; e c alP aBCa Ta s kr P aBG n ;C age K P aBG s nþis ux kar TTYl G ar m µN _K µan s m tßP aBR Kb ;RKa n ; ma ne Tas kMh us ka r C ab ;CMn uMC RmH n igP a BK µan tém ø s kþ is m) a nd Uc e mþc ?

e tIe yIgG ac e d aH Rs ay Ca m YyK Mn i tc uH ca j ; nigkar Rs e m IR s ém :TaM ge n H ) an e d ay r e bob Na?

RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH Rb Tan c e m øI y d l ;e yIg . 2 kUr in fUs 1 0³ 5 (KJV) E d l G ac nwgr Ml a y G s;Ta MgK Mn i t Ed l l e K r iH Kit

n igRK b; TaM ge s c kþIy :a gx < g;x < s ; Ed l e lIkx øÜn e L IgTas ;n w gc Me NH én RBH RBm TaM gn aM G s;Ta MgK Mn i t [ c uH cUl sþab ;b gÁab ;R BH RK Is Þv ij .

5 9

ka r Rs e m IRs ém :K Wma n Ete n Akñ ú gK Mn i t . ey IgRtÚvE tRKb ;R K g[ ) a ne l IKMMn it r bs ;e y Ig e hIy r Ml ay e c al RK b;Ta MgK Mn i tEd l pÞúy e TAn wgR BH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH .

cm ,aMgKWm an e n Akñú gK Mn i t RB l wg b MNgci tþ n igG a rm µN _r b s ;e yIg . vaK We n A Rtg ;kEn øge n H e hIy c m , aMgnw gRt Úv) an QñH b¤c aj ; . KMn itr b s;e y Ig RtÚ vE tp øas ;ERb Ca fµ IC am Yy n wgR BHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH .

e y IgRt ÚvE tn a MykR K b;G s ;Ta M gK MMn its ßi te n Ae Rkam kar R tY tR ta e h Iye FVI[ KMn i tr bs ;e y Igs þab;b gÁab;d l ; RBH n igs Áal ;fa e tIe y IgC aG ñ k Nae n AkñúgRBH RKIs Þ .

dUcCaBs; e bIBs ;Bws m Yy ) an Føa k;B Ie d Ime QI e hIy r uM B½ T§ éd r bs ;e y Ig e y Igm in Emn RK an ;

EtQr RT wg e hIy e m Il e n AeBl Ed l vae r ob c ikb Ba ©Úl c gáÚ mBws r b s;va e TAkñú gEs ,k r bs ;e y Ige n aH e T . e T¡ e yIgn wgq ab ;RK Ev géd e y IgP øam [) an y:agr h½s n igxøa M gk øa bMp u t ta mEd l e y IgG ac e FVIe TA) a n . ka r e na HRtÚv ka r e RbI s km µP aBe d ay kML aMg ni g e d ay ka r s e Rmc cit þm Yy r Me Bc . e y IgK Yr EtR K Ev ge ca l Bs ;e n aH m une Bl Edl vaG ac cikT an ; .

d UcK ñae n H Ed r ey IgRt ÚvE te ) aH e c aj e cj nUvK Mn i t n igkar R s e mIRs ém :én r Ub P aBc as ; e d a yman ka r s¥b ;e x<Im y :ag xøa M g . e yIgR tÚvE tERs ke L Igfa {´ bd ie s F KMn i te n aH e c al en AkñúgR BH n amRBH e y sU‘v¡ }

e n Ae Bl K Mnitc as ;r b s ;e yIgn i y ay fa {G ñkm in e FVIkar e n aH ) a ne T e RBa HGñk e G on Nas ;} e y Ign iy ay fa {´ bd ie s Fn_K Mn i te n a He c al e n AkñúgR BH n amRBH n am RBH e y s U‘v ´ G ac e FVIRK b ;kar TaM gG s ;) a n e d ays ar RBHRK Is ÞRTg;ce Rm In km øa MM gd l ; } e n Ae Bl Ed l KMn itc as ;r b s ;e y Ign iya y fa {G ñkman C MgWm ha r Ike h Iy} .

e y Ign iy ay fa {´b d ie s F KM n ite n aH e c al e n AkñúgRBHn am RBH e y s ‘Uv . RBH bn ÞÚl én RBHs Em þgfa K µan e RKa Hkac Na nwgmkC i tT Il Me n Ar bs ; ) an e LIy . ´n wgfa e d ay s ar sñamr b Ys r bs ;RBH e y sU‘v e n aH ´ ) an C a} .

GavuFd¾xøøaMgBUEk e y Igm an G avuFd ¾x øa Mg BUEk e dIm , Ivay bMEb kTIma Mm Yne l IC Ivi tr b s ;e yIg .

e l aks a v½kb:ul ) an s r es r fa³ e RBaH e RKÓgs a Rs þavuF BiC ½y s ® gÁamr b s ;e yIg´ m in Emn C ar bs ;xags ac ;

Qa me T b :uEn þK WC a\ T§ib £ T§iEd l mkBIR BH >>> ¬2 kUr i fUs 1 0³4k ¦

6 0

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ige ) aH e c al n igb d ie s F KMn it n igkar Rs e m IRs ém : Ed l p Þúy e TA nwgc M Me NH r bs ;RBH e yIgG ac r Ml ay GMNac TaM gL ay e l Ie y Ig) an .

edaHmnusScas;ecal d Me N Ir ka r e d aH mn us Sc as ;r bs ;e yIge c j RtÚv) an Bn ü l ;R) ab;e da y e l ak

s av½kb:ul e TAkan ; BY kC Mn u MRkúg kU l :us . kUl :us 3³9 -1 0 Ecgfa kMMu [ kuhkK ña e LIy d , itG ñ kr al ;K ña) a ne d a Hm nus S

ca s; n igG Me BIr bs ;va e c al e cj e hIy cUr Rbd ab ;x øÜne da y mn us S fµIvij Ed l kMBugE tE k e L IgxagÉe s c kþIe cH d wg [ ) a n RtÚ vn wgr UbG gÁR BH Ed l b e gáIt mn us S fµµIe n aH mk .

bn Þab ;BIe y Ig) an e da ys ar kar e b Iks Em þgén RBH bn Þ Úl r b s;RBH {e da Hm nus S ca s;e c al } e yIgR tÚv {Ba k; mn us S fµI} vij Ed l kMBu gE tR tÚ v) an Eke LIgC a fµ I xagÉ e s c kþIe cH d wg [ ) an RtÚvn wgr Ub G gÁén RBH Ed l C aG ñkbe g áI t .

karEkERbKMnitCafµIeLIg e y Igm inG ac pøas ;bþÚr r e b obEd l RBl wgr b s ;e y Igman d Me N Ir kar e d ay s ar

s km µP a BF m µµtam Yy én b MNg c itþr b s ;e y Ig e n Ae Bl Pøa mm Yy r Me Bcén e s c kþIs e ® gÁaH e n aH e T . en a HRK an ;EtCa CM Mh a n TI1 b :ue N ÑaH . e y IgkM Bu gE tE kCaf µIn U UvK Mn i tr bs ; e y Ig n igk MBu gR tÚ v) a n s Rmb [ d Uc e hIy p øas ;b þÚr [ RtÚ vn wgr Ub G gÁén G ñkbe gáI tr bs ;e y Ig e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igs ikS as Ba¢wgK i te l IbTK m <Ir .

r :Um 1 2 ³2 Ecgfa kuM[ Rt a b ;tam s m ½y e n H e LIy cUr [ G ñkr al ;Kña ) an pøø a s; ERbvij e da y KMn it) an EkCa fµ I e L Ig e d Im , In wgG ac l e m Il [ )an s Áa l;;b MN gRBH hb£ T½y én RBH Ed l l ¥ RsYl TTYl e hIy RK b;l kçN _ pg .

e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r e s r fa mn us S K WCar Ub G gÁ n igC as ir Il ¥ én RBH . 2 kUr in fUs 3 ³18 Ec gfa ehIy e y Igr al ;Kña Ta MgG s ; E dl kMBu gE tr MB wge m Il

s ir Il ¥RBH G m © as ; TaMgm u xTe T dUc C aq øúHe m Il R Tg; kñ úgkBa© k; e yIgkMBugE t pøas ;ERbe TA [ d UcC ar Ub qøúH e n aH Ég BIs ir Il ¥ e TA d l ;s ir Il ¥ K We d ay s ar RBHG m ©a s;d ¾C aRBHv iBa ØaN .

e bIe y IgRt Úv) a n be gáI tm ke n Akñ ú gr Ub G gÁ én RBH e hIy e n Akñúge Bl mn us S fµI RtÚv ) an s¥a ge L Ig[ d Ucn w gr UbG gÁR BH Etvan wg) an C a ka r bg¥ab ; d l ;RBH vij e n Ae Bl e yIg e n AEtb n þ n iy ay kar G viC ¢man G MBIx øÜn e y Ig .

6 1

e y Igm in RtÚ vn iy ay BIx øÜn e y Ig d Uc Ed l ey IgFøøa b;) a nn iy a y e nAkñúge Bl G tI t kn øge TAe n aH e LIy . e yIgK W Ca mn us S fµI e yIgkMB ugE tR tÚ v) an bMp øas ;;bMERb BIs ir Il ¥ e TA d l ;s ir Il ¥ .

e)aHbg;ecalrUbPaBCastVkNþÚb rUbPaB{minGaceFVIekIt}

e bIe y Igc g;r s ;e n ACa CIvi tRK Is Þbr is ½TEd l man C ½y Cm ñH n ige C aK C ½y e y Ig RtÚ vkar C MnYs r UbP aB {m in G a ce F VIe kI t} rb s ;e y Ig e TA C ar Ub P aB {G ac e FVIe kIt} v ij . e y IgRt Úv ka r yl ;fa e y IgG ac e FVIG VIEdl RBH b n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH R) ab;fae y IgG ac e F VI) an .

]TahrN_BIGñkesuIbkar12nak; RBH RT g;) an s n ü aRbTan Tw kd I kaNa n dl ;BY kkUn e c AG ‘ÍRs aEG l . e Bl e vl a

mkdl ; e n Ae Bl Ed l RBH Gm © as ;RT g;) a nm an bn ÞÚl R) ab; [ ca t;mn us S mñak; BIG Mb Ur n im Yy ²TaM g1 2 e d Im , Ie TAs e gáte m Il Tw kd I e hIy na Mmkn Uvr ) a y kar N _R tL b;m kv ij . e n ATIb Ba© b; r y³e Bl 40 éf ¶ BY ke K) a n vil RtL b ;m kvij C am Y y r ) ay ka r N_m Yy .

Cn K Nn a 1 3 ³2 7/ 28 k/ 30-33 Ecgfa rYcBYke K) an R) ab ;Ka t; fa {e y Ig´ ) an e TAd l ;Rs ukEd l e l a kc at;e y Ig´[ e TAe n aH Rs uke na Hm an Twke d aH n ig Tw kX µú MhUr e hor C aBi tR) akd Em n e n H En pl r bs ;Rs uke n aH } .

{b:uEn þ mn us S e n ARs uke n a H e K x øaMgBUE kNas ; TIR kúgr b s ;BYke K man kM Epg e hIy FMN as ;pg} .

eyIgGac e n aH kaE l b e l ak[ bN þa Cn e n Ae s ¶ómc Me Ba Hm uxe l akm :Ue s rUc n iy ay fa cUr

e y Ige L Ige TAc ab;y kRs uke n aH Ca Rbj a b;kuMxan d , ite y I gG a cn wgy k) an e d ay RsYl eyIgminGac

b:uEn þmn us S Ed l ) ane L Ige TAC am Yy Kña e KRb Ekk fa e y IgBuMG ac n wge L I ge TA Ta s ;n wge K) a n e T d , i te K x øaM gBUE kNas ; G ñk Ta M ge n aH k¾ bgábe gá I te r OgG aRk k; BIRs uk Ed l e K ) ans e gáte m Il e n a H e d a yR ) ab;d l ;BY kkUn e c AG ‘ÍRs aEG l fa Rs ukEd l e y Ig ) an e dIr ka t; e hIy s e gáte m I l e n aH C aRs ukEd l bgð inb e gð ac dl ;BYkG ñ k Ed l G a Rs½y e n A Émn usS Ed l ey Ige X Ij TaM gb:un µan k¾s uT §E tman maD F M² .

{e n ARs uke n aH e yIg) a n e XIj BYkmn us S FMs e m,Im K WCa kUn e c AG ½Na k; Ed l C a BUC mn us S man ma DF Ms em ,Im e y Ige m Il e TAx øÜne y Igd Uc Ca kN þÚb e TaH e b Ie n AEP ñke Kk¾ d Ue cña HEd r } .

PaBxusKñaenaHKWCaRBH

6 2

ka El b n igy :Ue s V man kar e bIks Em þgBi tfa e t IRBHR T g;Ca n r N a . BYke K ) an n iy ay d Ucm n usS fµIKYr E tn iy a y . BYke Kn iy a y fa {c Ur e y Ige L Ige TAc ab ;y kRs uk e n aH Ca km µs iT§i d , i te y IgG a c n wgy k) a n e da y RsYl } .

BYke K bn þe To tfa³ e bIs in CaRBH e y hUv:a RTg;s BV RBHhb £ T½yn wge y Igr al ;K ña e na HRTg ;n wgn a Me y Ig

[ ) an cUl e TAkñú gRs uke n aH e n aH Ca m in xan e hIy n wgRb Tan mke y Igp g K WC aRs ukEd l man Twke d a H n ig Tw kX µú Md¾h Ur e hor kuM[ EtbH e ) ar n wgR BH e y hUv:a b ¤x øa cm nus S e n ARs uk e n aH b:ue N Ña H d ,ite KC aG a ha r s Rm ab;e y Igr al ;Kña e T T IBwg RC kr b s ;e K ) an e rIe c j e TA ) at;e hIy RBH e y hUv:a k¾K g;e n Axage y Igra l ;K ñaEd r ku M[ x ø ac e K e LIy ¬C n K Nna 1 4³8 / 9¦.

Gñke s uIb ka r1 0n ak;e To t) an e X Ij kal ³e Ts ³e n aH dUcK ñan w gka El b nig y U:e s VEd r . e TaH bIC ay :agNa k¾e d ay k¾B Yke K m in ) a n s ML wgEP ñk[ c Me TAn w gP aBF M ]tþmr b s ;RBH e n aH e T . BYke K e m Il e TAÉl T§P a Bs ac ;Qa mFm µtar b s ;BY ke K e hIy e X Ij fa x øÜn e K d UcC akN þÚb . BYke K ) an K i tfa e Km an r UbP a Bd Uc C a {kN þÚb } .

CMMerIsrbs;eyIg s BVéf ¶e n H e yIgR tÚ vkar e ) a He c al rUbP aBCa kN þÚb e hI y CMn Ys mkvij n Uv

r UbP a Bén mn us S fµI . e Rb óbd Uc C akaEl b nigy U :e s V e y IgK Yr E td ak ;e s c kþICM Me n Or b s; e y Igkñú gP aBFM] tþménR BH e hIy ca b;e p þImn iy ay fa {e y IgG a cn wgc ab;y k Tw kd I e n aH ) an ¡}

s Rma b;mn us S Ca RcIn rUbP aBén m nus S c as;r b s;e y Ig) an køay e TAC a ]b s KÁ d ¾r wgma M Mm Yy bgça Mge y Ig m in [ e FVIC a m in[ m an n igm in [ e FVIG VI Ed l b Rm úgTukm ks Rma b; e y Igkñú gna mC amn us S fµI .

e y IgK Yr Et køah an n iy ay e T A kan ;P ñMén kal ³e Ts ³ e hIy n iy ay fa {c Ur e r Ie c j e hIy e ) aH ec al e TAkñúgs m uR T c uH¡}

RBH K m <Ir m :a fay 2 1 ³2 1 Ecgfa RBH e y s U‘vRT g;ma n bn ÞÚl fa ´ R) ab ;G ñkra l ; Kña Ca R) akd fa e bIm an e s c kþICMe n O\ts gS ½y e s aH en aH Gñkr a l ;K ñan wgG ac e FVI) an m in Rtwm E tkar Ed l e kI te L Igd l ;e d Iml Vab:ue N ÑaH e T K We TaH e bIG ñ k n wgn iy a ye TAP ñMMe n Hfa [ Ége r Ie c j BITIe n He TAF øak;k ñúgs muRT vij e n aH K g;Etn w g) an e kI td Ue c ñaH Ed r .

e RK Ógs a® sþa vuF B iC½y s ® gÁa m r bs ;e y IgK Wma nG MN ac x øa MgBUE kmkB IRBH e d Im , I r Ml ay TImaMm Yne ca l e cj . TImaMm Yn én r UbP a Bm nus S c as ;r b s;e y Ig n wgd Yl r l MM) ak; Ebk e hIy vin as e TA . e y Ign wg) an RtL b;) a nd Uc C aP a B E d l RBHRTg ;) an man b n ÞÚl

63

[ e y IgG a cC ay :a ge n a H . kñú gP aBC amn us S fµI r UbP aBén mn us S cas;n wgR tÚ vkn ø gp u t e TA e hIy RK b;kar TaM gG s ; r Ub G gÁfµI Edl e TIbR tÚ v) a n r ke X Ij nwg) a n RtL b ;Ca fµ Ivij .

2 kUr in fUs 5³1 7 Ec gfa ) a nCa e bIG ñkNae n Akñ úgR BH RK Is Þ e n aH e QµaH fa ) an e kIt C afµIe hIy G s ;TaM ge s ckþIca s ;) an kn øg) a t;e TA e m Il RKb ;TaM MgG s ;) an RtL b;C a fµI vij .

sMNYr 1 > e tIG VIx øH C a TImaMm Yn én r UbP a Bén mn us S c as ; Ed l el akG ñk) an {e ) aH e c al } Ca l T§pl én kar s ikS ae n H ?

2 > c Ur BN ’n a dMe N Ir ka r Edl ) an e lIke L Ige n A kñú g kUl U :s 3³9/ 1 0 C akar e d aH mnus S c as ;e cj e hIy b MBa k;e L Ig vij e d ay mn us S fµI.

3> e tIe y IgG ac e F VI[ KMn itr b s ;e yIg) a n EkC a fI µe L Igy :agm an Rb s iT§iP a Btamr e b obNa x ø H d Uc Ed l ) ane l Ike L Ige n Akñú g r U:m1 2 ³2 ?

emeronTI6 rUbPaBrbs;eyIgenAkñúgRBHRKIsÞ

RKÜsarrbs;eyIgenAkñúgRBHRKIsÞ kMeNItfµI

enAeB l E d le yIg TT Yl R B H eysU‘vR KI sÞ eF VI CaR B H GgÁse®g ÁaH pÞal ;x øÜn rb s;ey Ig Pøa mena H ey Ig ) a n { ekItCaf µI} cUl kñúg R KÜ sarrb s;R BH .

R B He ys‘Uv) anR) a b;e lak nIk Ued mf a ³ kuM[ q¶l ;B IBa k üE d l ´) an R) ab;G ñk ena He L Iyf a {G ñkR tÚv E tek ItCa f µI} ¬y U:h an 3³ 7¦ .

R B He ysU‘vR Tg ;) a nBn ül ;c,as; eT Aka n;el ak nIkUe d meT o tf a³ R Tg;m inE mnm an bnÞÚl G MB Ik arek Itx ag sac;Q am e T b:uE nþfa { ek ItCaf µµI} m ann½yf a ka rekItxa g ÉviB aØa N .

R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 3 ³ 5/6 E cg f a R B H eys‘Uv ma nbnÞÚl e q øIyf a {R ) ak dE mn ´ R) ab; G ñk CaR ) akd f a ebIm in) a nekIt G MB IT wk eh IyG MB IR B H viB aØaN enaH KµanG ñkNaGa cnwg cUl eT Ak ñúgnKrR B H ) a neT rb s;G V IE d lek ItB Isa c; enaH Casac ;eT e h IyEd l ek ItBIR B H viB aØaN enaH Cav iB aØa Nv ij} .

muneB l TTYl R B H eysU‘v CaR B H Gg Áse®g ÁaH e naH ey Ig ) a nkMB ug E trs;e nAk ñ úgrUb ka yrb s;k ay ¬ q¥wg sa c; nig Q am ¦ nigR Blwg rbs;; ey Ig ¬R ) a CJa GarmµN_ nig b MNg ¦ eB len aH ey Ig ) ansøab ;x ag É viB aØaNenAeL IyeT . enAe B lP øaméne sck þI se® g Áa H enaH ey Ig ) an{ e kItCaf µI} x ag v iB aØaN . viBa ØaNrbs ;ey Ig R tL b ;Ca man CIv itr s; . e y Ig køa yCa mnusSf µIenAk ñ úg R BH ey sU‘v R KI sÞ .

6 4

ey Ig ) ane kItcUl eT Ak ñúgR KÜ sarf µI CaR KÜ sarénR B H . enAeB l e y Ig ) ane kItcUl kñúg R KÜsa rrb s;R B H ey Ig) ankøaye TAk Unrb s ;R Tg ; .

kUnrbs;RBH ela k sa v½k y U:h an)a nsre sr f a³

emIl esckþIR sL aj;y :ag Na h ñ+ E d lR B H v rbita) anpþl;m ke y Ig ral ;Kña [ey Ig ) ane hAf aCakUnrb s;R BH ¡ ¬1y :Uh an 3³1 k ¦ .

eb Iyl;f a e y IgCa kUnr bs ;R B H d ¾manR Kb ;Gs;TaMMg G M NacR B H ecsþa R BH v rb itad¾ man R )aCJab Mpu tén sak l ela k e naH ey Ig nwg d wgc, as;fa CIvit d ME Ng siT §iG MNac tém ø nig GnaKtrb s;ey Ig ) anpøas ; TaMg R suge h Iy .

eb Iey Ig yl;n Uvk arT Mna k;T MMng k ñ ú gR KÜsarf µI rb s;e y Ig k ñúgna mCak Unrb s;R BH enaH ey Ig Gacpøas;b þÚrTaMg R sug nUv re bo b E d l eyIg KitG MB Ix øÜ ney Ig .

ela kb :ul ) ansresrf a³ eh IyG s;G ñkNaE d lR B H viBa ØaNénR B H R Tg ;naM G ñk TaMg enaH e h Iy CaBYkk Unén

R B H ¬ r:Um 8³ 14 ¦ . enAeB l E d le yIg ) anTT YlR B Hey sU‘v CaR B H Gm© a s; nig CaR B H Gg Áse ®g ÁaH rb s;

ey Ig e naH ey Ig ) anR tL b ;Cak Unrb s;R BH . R B HKm <Iry :Uh a n 1³ 12 E cg fa b:uE nþG s;G ñk NaE d l TTYl R Tg ; KWG s;G ñkE d l

eCOd l;R B H nam R Tg ; ena HR Tg;) anR bTa nG MNac [) anR tL b ;Cak UnR BH . B ak üf a {G MMNa c b ¤siT § i ³ right} ma nn½yf a GMMNacR sb c , ab ; . enAe BlE d l ey Ig eCO ey Ig ma nG MNa cR sb c,a b; ed Im, IR tL b;Cak Unrb s;R BH .

GñkRKgmrtkénRBH R B HR Tg;m inE mnR Kan ;E tra b;e y I g Ca kUnr b s;R Tg;b : ueN ÑaH eT R T g ;E fm TaMg R bTa n[

ey Ig nUv mrtk Ed lCar gVa n;d Uc) anR b Tand l;R B H eysU‘vE d r . ey Ig KWCaG ñkcUl rYmR Kg mrtk CamYyn wgR B H R KIsÞ .

r:Um 8³1 7k E cg fa >>> eb Isin NaCak UnR B H eh Iy ena H eyIg k¾) anR Kg mrtk Ed r KWCa G ñk R Kgm rtk énR B H Ca mY ynwg R B H R KIsÞ pg >>> .

ePa Ksm , t þi n ig rbs ;R TB üénR B H d ¾CaR B H v rbita KWmantémø h YsB Ik arv as;sµan ) an ehIy R Kb;TaMg Gs;E d l R B Hvrb itam an KWCak m µsi T §i énR B H raCbuR ta rbs ;R Tg ; .

enH KW Cak arv ies sx øa MgNas ; Ed l )and wg c,a s;f a eyIg E d l) anek ItcUlm k kñúg R KÜsa rrb s; R B H ) ankøa yCaG ñk R Kg mrtk rYmCam YyR B H eysU‘v R KI sÞ . R Kb;G s;TaMg m rtk rbs;R Tg ; ) a nR tL b;Ca mrtk rbs;ey Ig pg E d r .

6 5

R Kb;G s;TaMg e PaK sm,t þi én sßa nsYK’ KW Carb s ;pg R B H eysU ‘v eh Iyed ayeR BaH E t ey Ig CaG ñk R Kg mrtk rYmCam YyR Tg ; ena HR Kb ;ePaKsm,t þiTaM g Gs;én sßa n sY K’ k¾) a nCa rbs; ey Ig pg E d r .

R B HKm <IreGe PsUr 1 ³ 3 E cg fa sUmsre sIrd l;R B H d ¾CaR B H v rbita énR B H ey sU ‘v R KIsÞ Ca R B HG m© as;éney Ig ral ;Kña E d lR Tg;) anR bTanB rm key Ig kñúg R B H R KIsÞ ed ayR Kb ; TaMg R B HB rx a gR B lwg viB a ØaN enAsßand ¾x < s; .

karTTYlykmrtkrbs;eyIg ed aysar esck þI CMen Ok ñúgR BH e y sU‘v e y Ig) anek ItcUlk ñúg R KÜ sa rénR BH eh Iy) an

køa yCak UnR b úsR sI énR B H . k ñú gna mCak UnénR B H e y Ig TT Yl ) anm rtk E dl )a nsnüaT uk sR m ab ;ey Ig .

R B HKm <Irk aL aT I 3 ³ 2 6 E cgf a d ,itG ñk ral;Kña suT §E tCak UnR B H ed aysare sck þI CMen Oe COd l;R B H R KIsÞ eysU ‘v . R B HKm <IreGe sKal 4 6³ 1 6 E cgteT Ae To tf a R BH eyh Uv :a R Tg ;m anb nÞÚld Uec ñH f a { e bIsin CaecAh Vaynwg E ck GMeNayG VI [d l;k Unx øÜn NamYy enaHnwg ) anCa mrtk rbs;k UnenaH eh Iynig ) a nCarb s;k Une na H te TAT uk Carb s ;pg e K E d leKTT Y lCa mrtk .

kñúg na mCam nu sSf µI e y Ig R tÚv E tTT Yk ykCa km µsiT §in Uv R TB ürbs;ey Ig . ey IgR t Úv E tTT Yl yk nUv GVIE d l Cam rtk R sb c, ab ;rb s;ey Ig .

karTTYlnUvplkéRmrbs;eyIg Cak arGs© arüNas; E d l )and wg nUv plk éR mrb s;ey Ig kñúg na mCak Unrb s;R B H

v rbita E dlKg ;enAsßan sY K’rb s;ey Ig . Ca ka rKYr[r MeP I bx ø a MgNas; ed a ydwg c,as;f a ey Ig minca M) ac;rg ;caM Tal ;E tey Ig eT Ad l;sßans YK’ eT Ibca b;e pþIm Gr sb,a ynUv mrtk rb s ; ey Ig enaH e T .

ela ksav ½k b :ul) a nsresr fa ³ R B H én´ R Tg ;nwg bMe BjR Kb ;T a MgG s; E d lG ñk ral;Kña R t Úvk ar tame Pa Ksm ,t þ iénR Tg ;d ¾ ]tþm k ñúg R B HR KIsÞ ¬P IlIB 4³1 9 ¦ .

ey Ig Gacca b;e pþIm r Ikra ynUv mrtk rb s; ey Ige nAeB l\ L Úv enH kñúg nam Camn usSf µI E d l) an {e kItCaf µI} cUl k ñúgR KÜ sarr b s;R B H .

kñúg na mey Ig Cam nu sS fµI E d lCak Unrb s;R BH e h IyCaG ñkrYm R K gm rtkCa mYyR BH eysU‘v R KI sÞ ey Ig mincaM) ac;E Rsk y MM ed Im ,IT UlsUm[ R B HpÁ t ; pÁg;e sck þ IR t Úvk ar rbs; ey Ig enAel IE pnd IenH enaH eT . G VITaM g Gs;E d l R BHR Tg ;ma n KWsuT §E tCa rbs ;ey Ig rYc eT Aeh Iy . ka rE d ley Ig R t Úve FVI KWR tÚv EsVg rk [eX Ij nUv viF Ied Im , ITT Yl ) a nePa Ksm ,t þ i tam ry³ esckþ ICM enO nigk ar sþa b;b g Áab ; .

6 6

GMNacedIm,ITTYlRTBüsm,tþi ela km :Ues sE m þg R ) ab;nUv B ak üTa Mge nH d l;B Yk kUne cAG ‘Ír saE Gl f a³

R t Úv[ nwkB IR B H eyh Uv :a CaR B H énÉg v ij d , itKWR Tg ;eh Iy E dlR bTan[ Ég m an \ T§ib £T §i [ ) anR TB üsm ,t þi ed Im ,Inwg b Ba ¢ak ;e sckþI sB aØa E d lR Tg ;) a ns, fnwg B Yk B §y uek a Ég d UcCama nsB Véf ¶enH ¬e caT i yk fa 8³1 8¦ .

nis½SyEdlEtgEt[ enH KW Calk çN³ sm ,t þi énR B H v rb ita E d lR Tg;E tg E tR bTan [. ela ky U:h an) ansresrf a³

d ,itR B HR Tg;R sL aj;mnu sSel ak d l ;em ø:H) anCaR Tg ;R b Ta n >>> ¬yU:h an 3³1 6 k ¦ . B IeR B aH ey Ig KWCak Unrb s;R B H v rbita rbs ;ey Ig enaH enA kñúg ni s½yk MeN Itf µ Irb s ;

ey Ig KYrE teF VICa G ñk [Cani c© . R B He ysU‘vR Tg ;) a nmanb nÞÚl fa³ cUr[eT AeK en aH n wg) an[m kG ñkE d r eKnwg va l;[G ñky :ag l¥ Ta Mgjat ; TaMg

rla k; ehIyd a k;[ eh o r nwgyk m kd a k;b MeB jcit þG ñk pg d ,it eKnwg v al;[ G ñk tamrg Val; Na E d lG ñkv al;[eK ¬l Uka 6³ 38 ¦.

XøaMMgénRBHBr enAeB l E d le yIg fVa yd l;R BH ed a yesckþICMe n O n igk arsþab ; b gÁa b; e naH ey Ig

kMB ug E tf Vayd l;R B H nUvrg Va l;m Yy edIm ,IeR b IsR m ab ;R b Ta nnUv R BH B rd l ;ey Ig v ij . ed a y eh t uena H R Kb;TaMg esck þIR t Úv k arr bs;ey Ig KWn wg R t Úv ) anR bTanm k ecjB IX øaMg d ¾F M én mrtk d ¾enAGs;k l, rb s;ey Ig .

enAk ñúg Km<Ir m:a L aKI ) a nsE mþg teT AeT o tfa³ { cUryk d gVa y1 PaKk ñúg1 0TaM g Gs; m kd a k;kñúg X øaMg cuH ed Im ,I[m anes,ó g

Gah ar e nAkñúgd MNak ;énGj e h Iyl ,g l Gj\L Úv ebIG jm ineb IkT Var sßan sY K’ ed Im ,Icak ; R B HB rm ke lIÉ g E d l nwg Kµank E nøgl µmT uk ) a neT} enH eh IyCaR B H bnÞÚl rb s;R B H eyh Uv :a én BYk B lb riv ar ¬m :aL aKI 3³ 1 0¦ .

enH KW Cak arGs© arüNas; E dl ) andwg nUv v iFIE d ley IgTT YlR BH B r kñúg nam Ca mnusSf µI Cak UnR b ú skUnR s Irb s; R B H .

rUbkayrbs;RBHRKIsÞ CamnusSfµI ey Ig minR t wm E t) anR tL b;mk CacME Nk énR KÜsarr b s;R B H b :ue NÑa H eT KWtam ry³

kMe NItf µId ¾s© a rüenH ey Ig k ¾) an R tL b ;CacME Nk énrUb k ayrb s ; R BH R KIsÞpgE d r . ela ksav ½k b :ul) a nsresr fa³

6 7

G ñk ral ;KñaCarUb ka yénR B H R KIsÞeh IyCaGv yv ³ rb s;rUbk ay ero g x øÜn¬1 k Urinf U s 1 2 ³2 7 ¦.

G ñk eCOTaMg Gs ;Kña rYmcUl Kña be gáItCarU b k ayrb s;R BH R KIs ÞeL I g . e y IgpÞa l;x øÜn mñak ;² Ca Gv yv³ rb s;rUb k aye na H .

eyIgCacMENksMxan;mYy R B Hm ank E nøg mYy sR m ab ;G ñk eCOmñak ; ²enAk ñúg r Ubk ay rbs;R T g ; . R Tg;ma nk ar

ga rd ac;m ux c, as;mYy sR mab ;e y Ig ed Im ,Ib MeB j . x > 1 8 E cg f a E tR B H R Tg;) anda k;cuH nUv Gv yv ³ nim Yy² k ñúg rUbk ay ta mRB H h b£T ½yR Tg ; .

RtÚvkarKñaeTAvijeTAmk G ñk R Kb;Kñae nAk ñ úgrUb k ayrb s ;R BH R KIsÞ R t Úv k arE pñk epSg eT o t.

x > 2 1 /22 E cgf a ehIyE P ñkB uMG acniyay eT Aéd fa Gjm inR t Úv ka rnwgÉ g eT b¤k ,a lniya yeT AeCIg f a GjminR t Úv k arnwg É ge naH eL Iy b:u E nþ Gs;TaMg Gv yv³ kñúgrUb ka y E dlem Ile TAd UcCa ex Say Ca g eK ena Hm anR b eya Cn_Ca Ca g v ij .

x > 2 6 d UecñH ebIG vy v ³1 QW e naH TaMg Gs;n wg QWCa mYyKña e b I1 ) a ntemáIg eL Ig enaH TaMg Gs;n wg ) anrIk ra yCamYy E d r .

R Kb;cME Nk énrUb k ayrb s ;R B HKW suT §E t sMx an ;¡ d UcKña eT Anwg r Ub k ayrb s;mnu sS E d lmanl T §PaB ed Im ,IE f rk Sa CYy e h Iys¥ag eL Ig CarUb ka yrb s;R B H R KI sÞk¾d Ue cña H E d r .

dMENgrbs;eyIgkñúgRBHRKIsÞ enAeB l én e sck þI se®g ÁaH R BHv iB aØa Nb risuT §) anR CmuCey Igc Ul eT Ak ñúgR B H eysU‘v

R KIsÞ . ed ay sa rka rGs© arüénk MeNI rf µI ey Ig ) anR tL b ;mk rYmCa mYynwg R B H eysU‘v y :ag Citsñi T § . ey Ig) anR tL b;mk Et1 CamYynwg R Tg ; .

R B HKm <Ir 1 kUn rifU s 1 2³1 3 E cg fa d ,ite y Ig Ta MMg Gs;Kña eTa H eb ICa sa sn _y Ud a b¤sa sn_eR k k ) avb eR mI b ¤G ñk Cak þI ey Ig ) a nTT Yl buN üR Cmu CcUlk ñúg r Ub ka yE t1 ed ay sa rR B H viB a ØaNE t1 ehIy R Kb;Kñak ¾) a nR t Úvpwk B IR B H viB aØaNE t1 E d r .

B ak üf a k arR CmuC ma nn½yf a³ -R t Úv ) anR tL b ;d UcTaMg R sugCa mYyKña enAe Bl E d l eyIg ) anTT Yl esck þI se®g ÁaH

enaH ey Ig) anR tL b;d UcTa MgR su g CamYy R B He ysU‘v R KIsÞ . enA e Bl E d lR kNat ;s1 d uM R tÚv ) and ak;e nAk ñúgF ug fña MR Clk ;B N’R k h m R k Na t;nwg R sU b ykB N ’R Clk ;R k h m enaH . v a ) anR tL b;eT ACad UcTaMg R sug Ca mYynwg B N ’R Clk ;enaH enAe B l E d lva R tÚv) an { R CmuC} cUleT Ak ñúg B N’ . dUcKñae nH E d r viB aØa Nrb s;ey Ig R s Ubyk v is½ylk çN³ énR B H raCb uR ta rbs;R B H e nAeB lE d ley IgR t Úv ) a nR CmuCk ñúgR Tg ; ed aysarR BH v iB aØa Nb risu T § enaH eh Iy

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CaeB l éne sck þI se ®g ÁaH . e yIg ) anR tL b;d UcTaMg R sug Cam YyR Tg ; R tÚv ) anrYmCa mYynwg R Tg;y :ag Citsñ iT § CacME Nk énr Ub k ayrb s;R Tg; R tL b;e TA Ca Et1 mYynwg R Tg ; .

R B He ysU‘vCa y :ag Na / ey Ig k ¾Ca y :ag ena HE d r¡ G VITaMg Gs;E d lR BH ey sU‘v m an/ TaMg enaH KW Carb s ;ey Ig E d r¡ ey Ig ) anCa y :ag Na e hIym anG VITaMg enH KWBIe R Ba H E te y Ig enAk ñúgR Tg ;; ;; .

dUcEdlRtÚv)anbeRgonenAkñúgeGePsUr ela k sa vk b :ul) a nR) a b;G MBIt ME Ng nig k mµsiT § irb s;ey Ig { enAk ñúg R B HR KIsÞ} mþg

eh Iym þg eT o t enAkñúg bIC MB Uk d MbUg eT Ak an;B YkCMnu MR k úg eGe Ps Ur . -RtÚv)anRbTan[nUvRBHBrxagviBaØaN

Kat ;) ansre srf a ey Ig R t Úv ) anR b Tanmk nUv R Kb ;Ta Mg R BH B rx a gviB aØa NenA kñúg R B HR KIsÞ .

R B HKm <IreGe PsUr 1³ 3 E cg fa sUmsresI rd l;R B H d¾CaR B H v rb ita énR BH ey sU ‘v R KIsÞ Ca R B HG m© as;éney Ig ral ;Kña E d lR Tg;) anR bTanB rm key Ig kñúg R B H R KIsÞ ed ayR Kb ; TaMg R B HB rx a gR B lwg viB a ØaN enAsßand ¾x < s; .

R Kb;e PaK sm, tþ i sir Il ¥ nig R B H Brx a gviB a ØaNy :ag v iess én sß a nsY K’ E d lm an sB VR Kb ; sR mab ;ey Ig TT Ylyk eh IyeB jcit þrIkra yenAk ñúg CIvi tR b caMéf ¶rb s;ey Ig .

-RtÚv)aneRCIserIsenAkñúgRTg; R B Hv rb ita) a neR CIser IR B H eysU‘ v . R Tg;KWCa Gg ÁE d lR t Úv ) a neRCI serI s . B IeR B aH

ey Ig enAk ñúg R Tg;\ L Úv en H ey Ig k ¾mancME Nk enAk ñúg ka reR CI se rI sé nR Tg ;pgE d r . eGePsU r 1 ³ 4 E cg f a tamE dlR Tg ;) a nerIsey Ig ral ;Kñak ñúgR B H R KIsÞ taMg B Imun

kMe NItel ak Iymk R be yaCn_[ey Igr al;Kña ) anb ri suT § eh Iy\ tkE nøg b enÞas) a nenA cMeB aH R Tg; ed ayesckþIR sL aj; .

R B HR Tg;m inE mn) a nerIsey Ig ed ay eR B aHE trUbr ag Árbs;ey Ig s mt ßPa B rbs ;ey Ig b¤témøx ø Ünrb s; ey Ig enaH eT . R Tg ;erIsey Ig ed a yeR B aH E t taMg B IGs;kl ,ero g m keh Iy R Tg;) anTteX Ije y Ig enAk ñúgR BH R KIsÞ .

-RtÚv)antRmÚvTukCamun ey Ig ma ncME Nk cUlrYm CamYy nw gR Tg ; BIe R B aH ey Ig enAk ñúg R Tg;.

eGePsU r 1 ³ 5 E cg f a BIeR B aH R Tg ;) antR mÚv ey IgT uk Cam un sR ma b;[ R Tg;) an TTYl ey Ig Cak Unc iB a© wm ed ay sa rR B He ysU‘vR KIsÞ ta mb MNg R B H h b £T½y R Tg ; .

ey Ig minE m nR t Úv ) antR mÚvT uk C amun ed Im ,I[cMNayeB l Gs;kl ,Can ic© Cam Yy R B H ed aysarE tR Tg;sB VR B H h b £T ½ynwg ey Ig eR cInCag G ñk d éTeT o te naH eL Iy . R B H v rbitaTtmk taMg B Iy UrNas;m k eh Iy R Tg ;) a neXIjey Ig enA k ñúg R BH R KIsÞ . R Tg ;er Isyk

6 9

ey Ig B IeR B a HR Tg ;) a nerIsR B He ysU‘v eh Iy ey Ig KWCa G ñk E d le nAk ñúgR Tg ; E d lR Tg d¾Ca mrtk rbs; ey Ig nig ka rtR mÚvT uk Ca munrb s;e y Ig KWB IeR B a HE tey Igm andME Ng T ItaMMg enAk ñúg R BH R KIsÞ .

eGePsU r 1³1 1 )anE cgeT otf a [rYmKñam k kñúg R Tg ; E dl ey Ig ral ;Kña ) an ek rþ×Gak renAk ñúg R Tg ;E d r ed ayR Tg ;) antRm Úve y Ig Tuk Cam un tamtR miH se R mcrb s;R B H E d lR Tg ;eF VIR Kb ;ka rTa Mg Gs; tamE d l Kab;R B H h b£T½y R Tg; .

-RtÚv)anTTYlenAkñúgRTg; ey Ig R t Úv ) anTT Yle nAk ñúgb uR tas¶Ü nP¶a . ka rTT Yl rb s;ey Ig e d ayRB H v rbita KW

B IeR B aH ey Ig enAk ñúg R B H R KIsÞ . eGePsU r 1³ 6 E cg fa ed Im ,Inwg sr e sIrd l ;R B H KuNd ¾] t þmrb s;R Tg ; E d l) a npþl ;

mk ey Ig ral ;KñaTeT k ñúg R B H raCb uR ta s¶Ü nP ¶arb s;R Tg; . ey Ig ) an TT Yl ka reR )a se laH k ar Gt ;eTas) ab nig Gs;Ta Mge Pa Ksm ,t þiénR B H

KuNR Tg ; KWB I eR B aH ey Igen Akñúg R Tg ; . eGePsU r 1³ 7 e hIyey Ig) anesck þIe R ) asel aH enAk ñúg R B H raCbuR ta enaH ed a y

sa rR B H ela hitR Tg; KWCaesck þI e R ) as[rYcB IeTas tam R B H KuNd ¾F ¶n; éR kE l g énR Tg ; . -RtÚv)anedAcMNaMenAkñúgRTg;

ey Ig R t Úv ) anedA cMNaMe d aysarR B H viB aØaNbr i suT § ed aysarR Tg ;) a nb® gYb b ®g Ym ey Ig [) a nCitsñ iT § eh IyeF VI[e y Ig ) a nR tL b;e TACa E t1 mYynwg R B H eysU‘v R KIsÞ .

eGePsU r 1³ 1 3 ÉG ñkra l;Kña k¾) a nB ¤R B Hb nÞÚl én e sck þIB it KWCad MN wgl ¥ B I esckþ Ise ®g ÁaH rb s ;G ñkr al;Kña e d aysarR Tg;E d r eh Iyk alG ñk ral ;Kña) a neCOeh Iy enaH R Tg;k ¾ed AcMNaMed a yR B Hv iBaØaNbris uT § E d l )an snüa .

-GgÁúyelIblø½gáCamYyRTg; B IeR B aH ey Ig KWE t1 CamYy R Tg; ey Ig) anGgÁúyel Ib lø½g á Cam YyR Tg; enA kñúg l MenA

sßa n sY K’E d r . eGePsU r 2 ³ 6 eh IyR Tg;) aneR ) as[eyIg rs; eL Ig v ij k ¾[ey Ig Gg ÁúyCam Yy

nwg R BH R KIsÞ e nAsßa nd ¾x <s;E d r ed Im, I[R Tg ;) ansE mþg [Gs;TaMg lk l, x ag mux ) aneX Ij R B HKuNd ¾F ¶n ;elI slb ;rb s;R Tg ; e d ayesck þI sb ,úr sE d l RTg ;) a npþl;m ke y Ig kñúg R B H R KIsÞ ey sU ‘v .

T Mnuktem áIg 1 1 0³1 R B H eyh Uv :aR Tg;manb nÞÚl d l;R B HG m©as;é nT Ulb g Á MMfa cUr [É gG gÁúyenAx ag sþaMGj Ta l;E tGjd ak;B Ykx µa MgsR t Úv É g [eF VICak M Nl ;kl ;eC Ig É g .

ela kb :ul ) anb g ðajR ) ab;f a ey Ig R t Úv ) an[Gg ÁúyCamYy nwgR BH R KIsÞ enAsßand ¾ x <s;E d r . e y Ig) anrIk rayCa mYyR Kb ;Gs;TaMg pl k éR ménk ar g ar Ed l R Tg;) aneF VIcb ; sB V

7 0

R Kb; enA elIE pnd IenH . ed aye sck þ ICM Men O ey Ig ) a nkMB ug rIk raynwg esck þ IsR m ak BIe Bl mYye TAe Bl mYy E d l ma nsR m ab ;G ñk eCOR Kb ;Kña eTaH b ICa sßi te nAkñúg B üúH énC Iv itk ¾ed ay.

-karl¥enAkñúgRTg; ey Ig R t Úv ) anb eg áItmk enAkñúg R B H R KIsÞ sR m ab;e FVI Cak ar l¥ .

eGePsU r 2 ³1 0 d ,itey Ig ral ;KñaCa sñaéd E d lR Tg;b eg áItk ñúg R B H R KIsÞey sU‘v sR m ab ;k arl ¥ Ed l R B H) anero bcMMT uk Ca mun [ey Ig ral ;KñaR b R B wt þta m .

ela k G ½d am nign ag eGv :a R tÚv ) a nbe gáItmk sR ma b;eKa lb M Ng m Yy eh Iy enA kñúg R B H R KIsÞ ey Ig k¾R tÚv ) a nbe gáItm k sR ma b;e Kalb MM Ngm Y yd UcKñaena Hpg E d r . ey Ig R t Úv) anb eg áItm k ed Im,I[ eFVIk ar ga rrbs;R Tg ; enAel IE pnd IenH . ey Ig KWCa rUb ka yrbs ; R B HR KIsÞ E d lkMB ug eFVIk are nAe l IE pnd I k ñúgk E nøg rb s;R Tg ; .

enAeB l R B HR Tg;m anR B H Cnµsßit enAe lIE pnd I eh Iy eFVIk ar ga rbeR mIenAe lIE pnd I enH R Tg ;) a nmanb nÞÚl R )ab ;si sSr b s;R Tg;f a ³

R ) ak dE m n ´ R) ab;G ñk ral ;KñaC aR ) ak d fa Gñk Na E d le COd l ; enaH nwg eF VIk ar E d l´ eF VIE d r k¾n wge FV Ik arF MCag ka rTaMg enaH eT Ae To t BIe R B aH ´ eT AÉ R B Hv rbita .

kñúg na mCaG ñk eCOd l ;R B He ysU‘v R KIsÞ ey Ig KW CarUb k ayrb s ;R BH ey sU‘v . ey Ig KW CaeCIg rb s;R Tg ; nig Ca éd rb s; R Tg ;enAel IE pnd IenH ey IgCa rU bk ayr bs;R B H eysU‘v ey Ig kMB ug eF VIk arg arrb s;R Tg ;sB Véf ¶ enH .

rUbk ay rbs;R B H R KI sÞ³ - Ca dMNa gR B H R KIsÞd l;el ak iy - n aMesckþIR sL a j;rb s;R B H d l ;ela kiy - n aMmk nUv k areR) as[Ca nig kare ) as[rYcrb s;R B H - n aMmnusS[s Áal ;es ckþI se®g Á aH rb s;R B H

-RtÚv)anbegáItmk[enACitRTg; ey Ig E d l Føa b;CasR t Úv n wg R Tg ; eh IyenAq ¶aye cjB IR Tg ; RtÚv ) an { naMm kCit}

ta mry³ R BH elah itR Tg ; BIe R B aH ey Ig enAk ñúg R Tg; . eGePsU r 2 ³1 3 E t\ LÚv en H Ed l enAk ñúg R B HR KIsÞ ey sU ‘v enaH G ñkra l;KñaE d l

B Ied ImenA q¶ay )a nmk Citvij e d aysarR B H elahitR Tg ;; . \ L Úv enH eyIg GacTT Yl ) annUv k arrIk ray nwge sck þIR b kb C it sñi T § E d lb nþCab ;

Canic© nig es ck þIr YbrYm CamYyn wg R Tg ; . -RtLb;mkEt1

enAeB l E d le yIg R tÚv ) anb egáI tm ke nAkñúg R Tg ; esck þIx µaMg sR t Úv nwg rv ag ey Ig nig R BH R tÚv) anb B a© b;. Ta MMgB Ir PaKI KWR Tg ; nige y Ig ) a nR tL b;m kE t1 vij.

7 1

eGePsU r 2³ 1 5 E cg f a R BmTaMg b M) at ;esck þI sMG b ;Kña ed a ynUv rUbsac;R Tg ; KWbM) a t ;R kit üv in½yE d l manb B aØt þi nig e sck þIh am R )am TaMMg b:u nµ a necj ed Im, I) anyk TaMMg 2 mk beg áItCamn usSf µIE t1 k ñúg R BH G gÁR Tg ; e d aytaMMg Cas<ane m R t I[ .

mnusSf µµImi nGa cR t Úv) anb ME bk ecjB IR B He ysU‘v nig e sck þ I emR tIrb s;R Tg;) an eL Iy d rab NaG ñk enaH e nAE tbnþCa b ;E t1 Cam Yynwg R Tg ; .

-RBHviharbrisuT§ enAk úñg R Tg ; ey IgR t Úv )a ns¥a ge L IgCa mYyKñaT uk CaR B H v ih arb risuT § Ca T IE d lR B H

Kg;e nA pÞa l; . eGePsU r 2³2 0- 21 Ed l )a ns¥a ge L Ig elIe CIg CB a¢aMg é nB Yk sav k nwg B Yk ehara

eh IyR BH ey sU‘v R KIsÞenaH É g R Tg ;Caf µR Cúg y :ag É k Ed l edaysarR Tg ; d MNak ;TaMMg mUl enaH ) a npÁúMP ¢ab ; Kña Ta MgceR mIne L Ig Cav ih a rbrisuT §k ñ úgR B H Gm © as; eh IyG ñk ral ;Kñak ¾) ansöag eL Ig kñúg R Tg ;E d r sR mab ;CalMe nAénR B H ed ay nUv R BH viB aØa N .

Cak arKYrrM eP Ib Nas; E d le yIg d wgf a R B HR Tg ;sB VR B H h b£T ½y Kg ;enACam Yyey Ig enAel IE pnd IenH . R Tg ;) a nsBVR B H h b£T ½yrs ;enACam Yyey I g mña k ;² eh IyrYmpÁúM KñaKg ;enA CamYy ey Ig ral ;KñaCaB Yk CMnu Mrb s;R Tg; .

-køahan - manTMnukcitþenAkñúgRTg; B ieR B aH ey Ig )a nrYbrYm TaMg R sug Cam YyR Tg ; E d le yIg Ca mnusSf µI ey Ig ) an rYm

cME Nk R Kb ;lk çN³ sm, tþir b s ; R Tg; nig R Kb ;y :a gTa MgG s;E d lR Tg ;man . esckþ Is ucrit rbs ;R Tg ; ) a nR tL b;m kCa esck þ Is ucritrb s ;e y Ig E d r . GnaKt

rbs;R Tg ; ) anR tL b ;mk CaGna Ktrb s;e y Ig E d r e h IyR B H Cnµrb s;R Tg ; ) anR tL b ;mk Ca CIvitrb s;e y Ig E d r .

enAeB l E d le yIg TT Yl ka reb Ik sE m þgCam nu sSf µI enaH ey I Ig Ga cnwgniy ayed ay køa h anf a³ ´ sÁa l;f a´ CaG ñkNaenA kñúg R B HR KIsÞ¡ ´ ) anR tL b ;mk E t1 CamYyR Tg;¡

\ L Úv manrYm mk kñúge sck þI sucr i trb s ;R Tg ;/ GnaKtrb s;R Tg ;/ nig R B H Cn µr b s;R Tg;¡ ´ KWCa mnu sSE d l R tÚv ) anb eg áItm kf µI¡ ka rcas;) ank nøg pute TA ¡ emIl R Kb ;TaMg Gs;) anR tL b ;Caf µIv ij¡ eGePsU r 3 ³ 12 eh Iyk ñúgR Tg ; ey Ig ral ;Kñama nesckþIk øah an nigc, ab ;cUl

ed ayT uk cit þ ed a ysa resckþIC M enOe COd l ;R Tg ;E d r .

7 2

ey Ig GaccUl mk ed a ykøa ha nkñúg R B H v tþm anR Tg ; ed a yTuk cit þeB jT I B IeR B aH ey Ig ) an enAk ñúgR Tg ; ey Ig minenACa b;m aneTas nig e sck þICMn uM CR m He To te L Iy . eyIg K W CamnusSf µI . e y Ig KWCa esck þ I sucr ité nR B H e nAk ñúgR B H eysU‘v R KIsÞ .

kUnénBnøW R B He ysU‘vR Tg ;KWCaR B H E d l)ansE mþg Gg Ámk k ñúgsac;Q a m . R B He ysU‘v R t Úv

) anca t;m kk ñúg el ak Iy E dlg gwtx ag É RB lwg viB aØa NenH e d Im,Ie FVI CaB nøW sE mþg [eX Ij esckþ IR sL aj;rb s;R B H nig G MNacrb s ;R Tg; d l;G ñkNaE d lnwg eC Od l;R Tg ; .

y U:h a n 8³1 2 R B H R Tg;manb nÞÚ l eT AeKmþg eT o tf a ´ CaB nøWel ak iy G ñkNaE d l ta m´ enaH minE d ledIre nAk ñúge sck þIg gw teL Iy KWnwg manB n< Wé nCIv itv i j .

1 E f sS aLÚnIc 5 ³ 5 Gñk ral ;Kñas uT§E tCaB Yk é nB nø W eh IyCaB Yk énéf ¶ e y Ig min E mnCaB Yk ényb ; b ¤CaB Yké ne s ck þIgg wteL Iy .

G ñk eCOR t Úvr s;enA Ca kUné nB nøW . B Yke KR tÚv E trs;enA CIv ited aym anC½yCmñH ta m B nøWénk are bIk sE mþg rb s;R B H b nÞÚlé nR B H . el ak sa v kb :ul) anb eR g o neyIg e daym an R bsasn_f a³

d ,itka lB Ied Im G ñk ral;Kñak ¾gg w tE d r E t\L Úve nHv ij ) anP øWkñú g R B H Gm©a s; d UecñH cUred IrE b bd UcCa mnu sSP øWc uH ¬ eGePsUr 5³ 8 ¦ .

lagsm¥at/ EjkCabrisuT§/ rab;Casucrit Pa BCa mnusSf µI KWey Ig R t Úv ) ane d aH [rYcB IG MeB I) a b. ey IgRt Úv ) a nla gsm¥a t/

E jk Cab ris uT§ nig rab ; Casucrit . 1 kUrin fU s 6³ 1 0-1 1 >>>> B Y k ecar BYk mnusS el aP B Yk R bmwk BYk t µH tiH ed o l

nwg BYk b øn ;kME h g enaH m inE d l) anR Kg nKrR B H Tuk Cam rtkeL I y É BYkG ñkra l;Kña xøH BIe d Im k¾Ca mnu sSy :ag d Uecña HE d r E t)anl ag s¥ateh Iy k¾) anE jkCab risu T § eh Iyr ab;Ca sucri t pg ed aynUv R B H nam R B HGm© a s;ey s‘Uv nig R BH v iB aØa Nrb s;R BH é ney Ig ra l;Kña .

E d lR t Úv ) a nla gsm¥a t KWCak ar eFVI[ ) ans¥at . R B H R Tg;min GnuB a Øat[Pa B min s¥¥a tc Ul mk k ñúgR BH v t þma nrbs; R Tg ;) aneT BIeR B aH R Tg;y ut þiF m ’\ te x © aH nigsuc rit R Kb ; l½k çN _ minG acenACa b; Cam YyG MeB I) a b) aneLIy .

1 y :Uh an 1 ³ 7 E teb Iey Ig ral ;Kñaed Irk ñúg B n øW d UcCaR Tg ;k ¾Kg ; enA kñúg B nøWE d r enaH ey Ig ma nesck þIR b k bn wg KñaeT A v ijeT Amk eh IyR B H elahiténR B He ysU‘vR KI sÞ CaR B H raCb uR ta énR Tg; k¾sm ¥atey Ig r al ;Kña B IR Kb ;G MeB I) a bTaMg Gs; .

{ E jk Cab risu T§} B N’na BIk ar TM na k;T Mng E d lm nusS Gacm anCam YyR B H ed a y sa res ckþIe COd l ;R B H R KIs Þ . ma nn½yf a ey Ig R t Úv) anE jke cjB Ik arGa R kk; eh Iy E jk

7 3

ecjsR m ab;R BH R KIsÞ . e yIg R t Úv) anE jke cjB Iel ak iy eh Iy [ma nTMnak ;TMn g Cam Yy R B H ed ayE p¥kel Iesck þIsucr it rb s;R B H E d l) a ndak ;[d l;ey Ig .

ey Ig R t Úv ) anl ag sm¥at eh IyE jke cjCab r is uT§ . e y Ig k¾Rt Úv ) a nrab ;Cab risuT § pg E d r . R t Úv )anra b;Casuc rit m ann½yf a R tÚvR bk asCasucri te d ayR sb c,ab ; ed aysar R B H . e yIg ) anCa sucr it viB a ØaNr bs ;ey Ig ) a nCa R Kb;l ½k çN _e nAcMe Ba H R B H . e nAkñúg R B H R KIsÞ ey Ig K WCa mnu sSE d l R tÚv ) anb eg áItCa fµI . G MeB I) ab cas;) ank nøg ) at ;eT A ed ay) an la gsm¥a tecjed a yk arx © ay RBH e lah itrbs ;R B H eys‘Uv .

r:Um 3³ 2 8 d ,itey Ig ´ Gag fa m nusS ) anra b;Casuc rit ed aysar esck þ IC Men O KWminE m ned aysark arR bR B wt þtamR kit üv in½yeT .

r:U 8 ³ 3 1 k / 33 ebIsin CaR B H k an;x ag ey Ig etIG ñk Na GacTas;n wg ey Ig ) a n? et IG ñk Na nwge ca Tb þwg B IB Yker IstaMg rb s;R B H ) a n? d , itKWCa R BH eh Iy Ed lR Tg;

rab ;eK Casuc rit . enAeB l E d lsataMg nig b riv arb s;v a m ke d Im,IrMB £k ey Ig B IGt I tka l eyIg KYrE t

niyayf a³ GjbMeP øcÉ ge cale h Iy sa taMge G Iy¡

GjR tÚv ) anla g sm¥at E jkCa bris uT § nig R t Úv rab ; Casuc rite h I y¡ GjKW Ca mnusSf µI¡ ka rcas;) ank nøg pute TA eh Iy¡ R Kb;k arTa MgG s;) anR tL b;Ca fµI v ij¡

sBa¢atifµIrbs;eyIg siT§iGMNacrbs;eyIg

kñúg na mCam nu sSE d lR tÚv ) anb eg áItCaf µ I ena H ey Ig man sB a¢a ti f µImYy eh Iy . Cat isa sn_ énR b eT sm Yy KWR tÚ v ) anF ana[mannUv siT § iG MNa c mYy Ed lR tÚv ) an

TTYl s Áal; eR k amc,a b;rd æF m µnu jrb s;R beT senaH . rd æF mµn u B aØ KWCac, ab ;kMB Ul én T wk dI enaH . c,a b;epSg ²eT o trb s;R b eT s KWs ßite nAeR k am GMNa cmUl d æan E d lR t Úv )a npþl ; siT §i[b eg á IteL Ig ed ayrd æF m µnu j . eb Iey Ig minsÁal ;fa siT §irb s;ey Ig man G VIx øH enaH ey Ig Gacnwg R t Úv eKb g¥t ; siT §ie naH e d aysarm nusS xøH E d l mine sµa HR tg ; .

Pa BCa mnusSf µI ey IgR t Úv ) a nRbTa nmk [ma nsiT § iTT Yl sÁal ; CaeR cIn b:uE nþG ac R t Úv) anb g¥t ; siT § irb s;ey Ig e d aysarsataMg E d l Cat YGaRk k ; . eyIg G acR tÚv) aneKeF VI [rg T ukçQ Wcab ;E d l minKYrTal ; E tesaH . k areFVICam nu sSf µ I m inF anaf a eyIg nwg rIkra y TTYl ) an nUvR BH B rx agR B lwgv iB aØa Nrb s;ey Ig R Kb ;e Bl ena He T b:uE nþk are FVI Cam nu sSfµI pþl ; mk [ey Ig nUv siT § iR sb c,ab ; e d Im,ITam Taryk R B H B rTaMg Gs;e naH E tb:e NÑaH .

7 4

GavuFrbs;eyIg enAk ñúg ela kiy enH sataMg ) a nd eN þIms iT §ir bs ;ey Ig Cam nu sS f µI . e Ta HCa y :ag

Na k¾ed a y RB H R Tg;) anR b Tan[e y Ign UvG av uFx a gÉR B lwg viB a ØaN E d ley IgR t Úv k aredIm ,I ta mTary km kvij .

ela kb :ul ) ansresrf a G av uFrb s;ey Ig mi nE m nR t Úv xa g ela kIy enAeT eh Iyf a GavuF TaMg enaH m an G MMNa cénR B H xøa Mg lµme d Im,Inwg rMl MT ImaMm Yn TaMg Gs;) an.

2 kUnrinf Ul 1 0³ 4 eR B aH eRKÓ g saR sþv uFB i C½ys®g Áab ;rb s; ey Ig ´ minE m nCa rbs;x ag sac;Q am eT KW Ca\ T §i b £T§iE d l mk B IR B H sR ma b;nwg rM l MT ImaMm Ynv ij .

TImaMm YnK Wd UcCa bn Þa ymYy . v am ank ark an;ka b;y :a gr wgm aMel IR Kb; sßank arN _ elIKM nitm n usS b¤G gÁk ar Ta MgL ay . va GacCaTIm aMmYnE d lsataMMg ) an beg áIteL Ig el I sux PaB b ¤esd æk ic© rb s; ey Ig . TIm aMmYn G VIk ¾ed ay eyIg ma nGav uF ed Im, IrMlMv a ) anTaMg Gs;¡

-manRbsiT§iPaB

minm anGa vuF NaGacnwg m anR bsiT §i) a neT Tal ;E tGavuF ena HR tÚv ) a neR bIR ) as; . eb IsR t Úv cg ;va yR b h arG ñkE dlm anGa vuF R t Úve nAE tGaceF VI[Kat ;eR Ka H fña k;) an

eb Imnu sSenaH m i n) aneR bIR ) as;GavuF rb s;Kat ; . mnusSE d l R t Úv ) aneKv ayR bh ar G ac manG avuF bMB ak ;taMg B Ik, al d l;eCIg b :uE n þeb I si nCaKa t;m in) ane R bIR ) as;GavuF rb s;Kat ;eT Kat ;enAE tGa cR tÚv eKyk Q ñH ) and E d l .

ka renH B itd UcKña E d rsR mab ;ey I g E d l CamnusSf µ I . e yIg manG avuF R Kb;TaM Mg Gs; E d le yIg R tÚv k are dIm,Iyk Q ñH el Ix µaMg sR t Úv b:uE nþe y Ig R tÚv E tero n[ d wgf a et IGa vuF TaMg Gs;manG VIx øH eh Iy R t ÚvE tero n[d wg BIr ebo b ed Im ,IeR b IR ) a s;Gav uFTaMg G s;ena H E d r .

-RtÚv)anerobrab;R)ab; e l aks a vkb:ul ) a ne r ob r ab ;R) ab ;BIe RK Ó gs wk n igG a vuF TaM gLa y s Rma b;

mn us S fµI e n AkñúgKm <Iir e G e P sUr Ec gfa ³ cUr Bak;R K b;e RK Ógs w kr b s ;RBH e dIm , I[ G a cQr maMm Yn Ta s ;n wg]) a y kl TaMM g

G m ,al m:an r b s;G ar kS d , ite y Igr al ;K ñam in Emn ty u T§nw g s a c;Qam e T KWn wg BY kRK b ; RKg BY kma n G MNac n igBY km © as ;én e s c kþIggw t én e l aki y e n H vij e hIy Tas ;n wg G MNac G aRkk;xa gv iBa ØaN e n As ßan d ¾x <s ;Ed r e htue na H) an Ca RtÚ v[ y kRK b ;e RKÓgs wk r bs ;RBH e d Im , I[ G ñkr al ;Kña G ac nwgTb; Tl ; kñú gé f¶G aR kk;) an r Yc kal Na ) an t taM g s BVRK b;e hIy e na H[ ) ane nAEtQr ma Mm Yn d Edl d Ue c ñH c Ur [ Qr m aMm Yn c uH e d ay Rkva t;e s c kþI Bi te n Ac e gáH e hIy Bak;e s c kþIs uc r itT ukCa Rb d ab ;) aMge d Im , IR TÚ g TaM gBa k;

7 5

e s c kþIRbúge Rbób r bs ;dMN wgl ¥én e s ckþIs uxs a nþ Tu kC aEs ,ke C Ig Efm TaM gy ke s c kþI CMe n OTu kC aExl pg Ed l G ñkr al ;K ñan wgG ac r Ml t;G s ;Ta Mg RBÜj e qH r bs ;e mkMNac e d ay s ar Exl e n aH) an cUr y ke s c kþIs e ® gÁa HTu kCa m Y ks wk n igd avr bs ;RBH v iBa ØaNEd r KWC aRBH bn ÞÚl ¬e G e P s Ur 6³11 -1 7¦.

-GavuFsRmab;RbharmYy man G avuF Ca TUe TA BIr Rbe P T G avuFkar B ar n igG avuFRb ha r . G a vuF x øHK W

s Rma b;C akar ka r Ba r r bs ;e y Ig e n Ae Bl Ed l e yIgRt Úv) a n va y Rbhar e hIy m Yy e Tot KWs Rmab ;e K al b MNgén kar va y Rbha r s RtÚv .

d avr bs ;RBH vi Ba ØaN K W C aRBH b n ÞÚl énRBH K WC aG av uFvay R b har Ed l RtÚv) an e r obr ab ;e n AkñúgxK m <Ir e n H . e n Ae Bl e yIgEføgR BHb n ÞÚl RB H e da y es c kþICMe n O G ar kS RtÚ vE tcuH c aj ; . G ar kS Kµa n kar kar Bar Na Tas ;n w gG a vuF e n H e T .

RBH RT g;) an RbT an G avuF e n Hd l ;e yIg b :uEn þe y IgR tÚ vEte r on e d Im , Ie RbIva . P aB Ca mn us S fµI e yIgR tÚ vE ty kR BH b nÞÚl RBH mkn iy ay e TA kan ;vaRK b ;kal ³e Ts ³Ta Mg G s; Ed l vab:ge d Im , I Taj Tm øa k;e y Igc uH .

Cakarsnñidæansrub e y Igm an tYG g Áf µIm Yy e n Akñúg RB HRK Is Þ .

ta mr y ³kar G s © ar ü én kMe N It fµI e y Ig) an e kI tm kc Ul kñú gR K Üs a r r bs;RBH . Ca kUn Rb ús kUn Rs Ir b s ;RBH e y Ig) an RtLb ;C aG ñ kRKgmr tkr YmC am YyR BH e y s U‘v . RKb ;Ta MgG s ;Ed l C akm µs i T§ir bs ;RTg; \L Ú ve n HK WC ar bs ;e y IgEd l RtÚ v) an r Ymc MENk Ed r .

e y Ige n Akñú gR Tg; e hIy BIe RBa H Et tMEN gf µIr bs ;e y Ig e na He yIgRt Úv) an Rb Tan n UvRBH Brxa gv iBa ØaNRK b;y :a g . e yIgRtÚv) an e RC Is e r Is tRm Ú vT ukC am un TTYl y k mk e d Ac MNaM nig[ ) an G gÁúy e n A C am Yy nwgR Tg; .

e y IgRt Úv) an b e gáI tm ke n Akñ úgR BH RK Is Þ e d Im , I[e FVIkar l ¥r b s ;RTg;e n Ae l IEpn d I e n H . ey Ig Ed l BIm un C ax µaM gs RtÚvn w gR Tg ; \L ÚvR tÚ v) a n G n uBa Øa t[ m an e s c kþIRbkb Cits ñi T §C am Yy RT g; . e y IgK W C avihar b r is uT §r bs ;RT g; . e y Igman e s ckþIkøa han fµI ni g ka r Tukc itþ f µI e d a y e RBa He s ckþIC Me n Or bs ;e y Ige n Akñú gRT g; . e yIg Ed l BIm un ) an e n A kñú ge s c kþIggw t \L Ú ve n H RtÚ v) an RtL b ;Ca kUn én Bn øW . e yIgRtÚ v) an l ags m ¥at Ej k Ca br is uT§ e hIy r a b;C as uc r it . e yIgman s iT§ iC as as n _m Yy fµI kñú gn amC am nus S fµI . e y IgRt ÚvE tBa k;R K b;e RK Ógs w kr b s ;RBH e hIy TamTar y kmkn UvRK b; TaM gmr t kr b s ;

7 6

e y Ig pl Rb e y aC n _rb s;e y Ig n igs iT§ir b s ;e y IgEd l C amn us S fµI e n Akñú gRBH e y s U‘v RKIs Þ .

sMNYr 1 > e tIk Me N I tfµIm an n ½y d Uce m þcc Me BaH e l a kG ñk?

2 > e tIm an n ½y y :agd Uc e m þc c Me BaH e l akG ñk Ed l fa {e n Akñú gRBH RK Is Þ}?

3> e tIman n ½y y :agNac Me BaH e l a kG ñk Ed l fa Ca cMEN km Y y r b s;kUn én Bn øW?

emeronTI 7 karekItCafµId¾mansiT§iGMNac

CakUnénelakG½R)ahaM e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r es r fa e b Ie y Igm an e s c kþIC Me n O e n a He yIgK WCa kUn

r bs ;e l akG ½R) aha M . enH K WCa kar s Mxan ;Nas ; BIe RBa H Ed l ) a nC akUn r bs ;e l ak G ½R) aha M e n aH e yIgman G MNa c n igm an Éks iT §iC ae Rc In .

ka La TI 3³6/ 7 Ec gfa > >> d U c Cae l akG ½R) aha M) an e C Od l ;RBH e hIy e s ckþI e n aH ) an r ab;C ae s c kþIs uc r itd l ;K at; d Ue c ñH c Ur dwgfa BY kG ñ k Ed l ma ne s c kþIC Me n O e n aH Ca BUC e l a kG ½R) ahaMe hIy .

esckþIsucriténelakG½R)ahaM RBH RT g;) an Tte X Ij e l akG ½R) ahaMfaC amn us S suc r it m in E m ne d a y e RBa HEt

ka r l ¥r bs ;Ka t; C Ivi tEd l K Yr [ y kC aK Mr Ur bs ;Ka t; b¤P aBs kþis mb Mpu tr bs ;Ka t;e n a He T b:uEn þK W BIe R BaH Ete l akG ½R) a haM man e s c kþIC Me n O . e l akG ½R) ah aMMm in Emn C amn us S l¥ RKb ;l ½kçN _e T b :uEn þK a t;R tÚ v) a n r ab;C as ucr ite d ay s a r es ckþIC Me n Or bs ;K at; .

e y Igm inc a MM) ac ;Ta l ;E tl ¥\ te x © aH e TIbm an es c kþIs uc r itr b s ;RBH e na He LIy . e Ta Hb IC ay :agNa k¾e d ay e y IgRtÚvE te COd l ;R BH e hIy TTYl e s c kþIs ucr itr bs ;RTg; e d ay s ar es c kþIC Me n O d Uc C ae l a kG ½R) a haMEd r .

77

e n Akñúg C Ivi txags ac ; Qame n H e y IgKWC a kUn r bs ;«Bu ke n AE pn d I e d ay e y Ig ) an e kItc Ul m kkñú gRK Üs a r r bs ;K at; Ed l ma np Þúkn Uve Q µaH RtkUl r b s ;K at; pgEd r . e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ig) an e kItC a fµI e d ay s ar e sc kþIC Me nO e y Ig) a n e kItm kcUl kñ úgRK Üs ar én e s ckþIC Me n O e hIy ma n siT§ i G MNac e d Im , Ie Rb Ie QµaH RtkUl R K Üs ar ) an KWRK Üs a r e l ak G ½R) aha M .

esckþIsnüadl;elakG½R)ahaMM e n Ae Bl Ed l RBH RTg;) an R ta s ;e h Ae l akG ab ;r :am ¬e Rkay m kRtÚ v) an e hAfa

G ½R) aha MM¦ e c j BIxar :a n RT g;) a n RbTan d l ;K a t;nU ve s ckþI s n ü aC ae RcIn e hIy e d ay e RBaHfa e y Ige n Akñú gRK Üs ar én e l akG ½R) aha M e n aHe yIgG a c ma ncMMEN ke n A kñú ge s ckþI s n ü aTaMge n HEd r .

RBH K m <Ir e l a kub ,tþi 1 2 ³1 -3 Ecgfa RBH e y hUv:aR T g;m an bn ÞÚl e TAkan ; G ab ;r :amfa cUr Ége c j BIRs uk BIj atis n þa n n igBIp ÞH « Bu kÉg e TAe n AÉRs ukEd l G j n wgb gða j d l ;Égc uH G j nwg be gáI tnK r 1 y :agFM BIÉ g G j n wg[ Br d l ;É g Ta Mge l Ik e Qµa HÉg Ca FMp g Égn w g) an e FVIC aT Ibe Ba© j Br d l ;m n us S TaMgLa y G j nwg[ Br d l ; G s;G ñkNaEd l [ Br d l ;Ég e hIy n wgd ak;bN þas a dl ; G s;G ñkNaEd l p þas aÉg RKb ;Ta MgR K Üe n AEpn dIn w g) an Br e d ay s ar Ég .

e y IgRt Úv) an [ G MNa ce d Im , I[ ) an TTYl n UvBr TaM gL ay r b s;e l akG ½R) ahaMM¡ e y IgG a c Tam Ta r [ ) an RBH Br TaM ge n Hs Rmab;C ar bs ;e y Ig .

BUCrbs;Kat; RBH RT g;) an s n ü ad l;e l akG ½R) ahaM[ m an kUn e c AC ae Rc In . BUCr b s ;K at ;man

e Rc Ind Uc C aF Ul Id I s Me dA dl ;BUC K at; xa gs ac ;Qa m . e l akub, tþi 1 3³1 6 G j n wge FVI[ BUC Ég) an c e Rm In d Uc Ca FU l Id I ) an C ae bIG ñk

NaG a cn wgr ab ;FUl Id I) a n e n aHn wgr a b;B UCÉ g) an Ed r . RBH RT g; k¾) an R) a b;e l a kG ½R) ahaMpgEd r fa BUn k Un e c Ar bs;K at; n wgma n cMn Yn

e Rc Ind Uc C ap áay e n Ae l I e mX – s Me d Ad l;BUC xa gviB aØaN ta mr y³e s ckþIC Me n O . e l akub, tþi 1 5³ 5 r Yc RTg;n aM K at;e TA e RkAR) a b;fa c Ur e m Il e TAe l Ie mX \L Úv

e hIy r ab ;páay c uH e bIÉgG a cn wgr ab ; Ta MgG s ;) an r YcRTg ;m an bn ÞÚl R) ab;fa BUC Égnw g ) an d Ue c ñaH Ed r .

esckþIsBaØad¾enAGs;kl,

7 8

RBH RT g;) an ta Mge s ckþIs Ba Øa C am Yy e l akG ½R) aha M nigBUC k U ne cAr bs ;K at; n Uv e s c kþIs BaØad ¾G s ;kl , Can ic © . tamr y ³es c kþICMe nO e yIgK WC a BUCr b s ;K a t; e hIy e y Igk¾C ac MEN kén e s c kþIs n ü ad ¾e n AG s ;kl , Ca nic © e n H Ed r .

e l akub, tþi 1 7³7 G j n wgta M gs BaØan wg Ég e hIy nwgB UCÉ gta md MNr e K te T A Tu kC ae s c kþIs BaØa d ¾e n AG s ;k l ,C anic © e d Im ,IG j ) ane F VICa RBH én Égn i gBUC Ég te TA .

RBHeysU‘vCaBUCelakG½R)ahaM e bIe y Ige n Akñú gRBH e y s U‘v e n aH e yIgK W C aG ñkR Kgmr tk én e s c kþIs n üa RbTan

RBH Br r bs ;RBH d l ;e l a kG ½R) ahaM . e yIgK WCa G ñ kRK gm r tk cMe BaH e s ckþIs BaØa én e l akG ½R) ah aMEd r .

ka La TI 3³1 6 r IÉe s c kþIs n üa Ta MMgb : un µan e n aH ) an taMM gn wge l a kG ½R) a ha M e y Ign wgB UCe l ak EtR T g;m in ) an man b n ÞÚl fa {n wgBUC TaM gb :u n µan } d Uc Ca man BUCC ae Rc In e n aH e T K WcMe BaH BUCE t1 vij e da y fa {n wgBUC e l ak1 e n aH Ég } K WC aRBHRK Is Þ .

ka La TI 3³2 9 e hIy e bIG ñkr al ;Kña Ca rb s ;pgRBH RK Is Þ e n aH k¾e Bj Ca BUC r bs ;e l akG ½R) aha M e hIy k¾C a G ñkRK gmr tktame s ckþIs n ü apg .

Brrbs;eyIgenAkñúgelakG½R)ahaM

e y IgK WC ak Une l akG ½R) aha M BUC xa gviBaØa Nr bs ;Ka t; e hI y e d a ys ar es ckþI CMe n O e y IgG ac TT Yl Br r bs ;Ka t;) a n . e b Ie y IgRtÚ vn w gT TYl n UvBr Ta MM ge nH e d ay e s c kþICMe n O e n a Hey IgRt ÚvE td w gfa e tIBr TaM ge n HC aG VIx øH .

taragénRBHBr e c aTiyk fa 28 ³1 -1 4 e bIs inC ax MRb wgs þab; ta mR BHb n ÞÚl énRBH e y hUv:a

Ca RBH én Ég [ G s ;BIc it þ RB mTaM gRby ½ tnwgRb R Bw tþ ta mG s ;TaMgb BaØ t þiR Tg ; Ed l G j bgÁab ;dl ;Ége n Aé f¶e n H e n aH RBH e y hUv:aC aR BH én Ég n wge l IÉge L IgC ax <s ; e l Is C ag G s;Ta Mgs as n _e n AEpn d ITaM g b:un µµan r Yc G s ;Ta MgBr Ta M ge n H n wg) an pS a y mke l IÉg e hIy r t;m kr k Ég pg K We bI É gn wgs þab ; tamR BHb n ÞÚl én RBH e y hUv:aC aR BHén Ég Ég n wgma n Br e n Akñ úgR kú g e hIy n igm an Br e n AERs c Mkar Ed r pl Ed l e kIt BIe BaH Égm k RBm Ta Mgpl e kI tBId IÉg nigp l e kItB Is tV Ég KWC ae s c kþIc e Rm In r b s;e K a nigkUn TaMM g bu:n µan r b s ;e c omÉg e n aH nwgm an Br RK b ;Ta MM gG s ; ÉkMe R) agn ige s , ógG a har r bs ;Ég e n aH nwgma n Br Ed r É gn wgma n Br kñú gka l Ed l Égc Ul mk e hIy n igman Br kñú g ka l Ed l e cj e TApg .

7 9

RBH e y hUv:aR Tg ;n wge F V I[ BY kx µaM gs RtÚ v Ed l e l IkK ñamk Ta s ;n wgÉg R tÚ vcuH ca j;e n Am uxÉg e K n wge c j m kTas ;n w wgÉ gtamp øÚvm Yy Etn w gr t ;e TA ta mp øÚ v7v ij e dIm ,I [ r YcBIm uxÉ ge c j RBHe y hUv:a R Tg ;n wgb gÁa b ;[ ma nBr e n Ae l ICRgkÉg e h Iye l IRK b; Ta M gkar G V IEd l Égnw gd ak ;éd e F VI RT g;n w gRb Tan Br dl ;Ége n Akñú gRs ukEd l RBH e y hUv :a Ca RBH én Ég RTg ;Rb Tan mk RTg ;n wgta Mg Égs Rma b;C ar aRs þbr is uT§d l ;R Tg ; d Uc C aRTg ; ) an s, fn wgÉge hIy K We b IÉgn wgkan ; tam G s ;TaMgb BaØ ti þ r b s;RBH e y hUv:a C aRBH én Ég RBm TaMge d Ir ta mp øÚ vRT g; p g e n aH RK b;TaM gs as n_ e n AEpn d In wge X Ij fa ÉgC aG ñk man e QµaH ta mR BHn am RBH e y hUv:a e hIy e K nwge ka txøa cd l ;Ég RBH e y hUv:a R Tg; k¾nw g ce Rm In [ Égman C ab r ibUr e L Ig e d a y pl Edl e kItB Ie Ba H n igpl e kI tBIh VÚgs tV e hIy n igpl e kI tBId I Ég e nA kñú gR s ukEdl RBH e y hUv:a) an s ,fn wgB Yk B§y ue ka fa n w g[ d l; Ég RBH e y hUv:aR Tg;n w ge bIX øaM gd ¾vie s s r bs;RT g;[d l ;Ég K WC aép Þe mX [m ane Pøóg Føak;m ks Rma b;Rs ukÉgtamr d Uvkal e hIy n wg[ Br d l ;RK b;Ta Mg ka rE dl éd Ége FV I e n aH Égn wg[ s as n _C ae Rc In x © I \tman x © IBIe K vij e L Iy RBH e y hUv:aRT g;n wgtaM gÉg Tuk Ca k,a l m in Emn C akn Þúy e LIy Égn wge n AE tB Ie l Ie K m in Emn e n ABIe Rka me T KWe b I Ég n wgs þab; tamG s ;TaM ge s c kþIb Ba Ø tiþ pgR BH e y hUv:a C aR BHén Ég Ed l G j bgÁab ;dl ;Ég e n Aéf¶e n H e d Im , In wgkan ; e hI y Rb RBwt þ tamp g \tman ga kEb r e TAxa gs þaM b¤xa ge qVg e c j BIRBH bn ÞÚl Nam Yy Ed l G jb gÁab;d l ;Ége n A éf ¶e n H e dIm , Inwgr k e hIy e K ar B Rbtib tþ i tamR BH d éTe n aH e L Iy .

RtÚv)anRbTandl;eyIg e s c kþIs n ü aTa Mge n H d MbUgR tÚ v) a n RbTan d l ;e l a kG ½R) ahaM bn Þab ;mkd l ;kUn

e c Axa gs ac ;Qa mr bs ;Ka t; e hIy b nÞa b;mke T ote s c kþIs n ü aTaMM ge n H Rt Úv) an RbTan d l ;BUCxa gÉviBa ØaN r bs ;Kat; K WG s ;G ñkEd l man e s c kþICMe nO .

ka La TI 3³6/ 7/ 1 4 dUc C ae l a kG ½R) a haM) an e C Od l ;RBH e hIy e s ckþIe n aH ) an r ab ;Ca e s c kþI s uc r itd l ;e l ak d Ue cñH cUr d wgfa BY kG ñ kE d l m an es c kþICMe n O e n aH C a BUC e l akG ½R) ahaMe hIy e dIm , I[ Brr b s;e l akG ½R) ahaM ) an mkdl ;G s ;TaMM gs as n _ kñúg RBH RK Is Þe y s U‘v Rbe y aC n_[ e y Ig) an TTYl e s c kþIs n üa KWC aRBH v iBa ØaN e d ays ar e s c kþICMMe n O .

sRmab;éf¶enH s Umkt;s m Áal ;fa e s ckþIs n ü aEd l RtÚv) an Rb Ta nd l ;e l akG ½R) ah aMM K W

s Rma b;e Bl \L Úve n H min Emn s Rm ab;e nA e Bl Ed l e yIge TAd l ;s ßan s YK’e n aH e L Iy . Br TaM ge n H KWs Rmab ;éf ¶e n H .

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s Umc MNa y e Bl e dIm , IG r RBH KuNRBH G m © as ; s Rmab;RBHB r d l ;P a BC am nusS fµIr b s ;e y Ig .

RBH vr bi tae G Iy TUl b gÁMs U m G r RBH K uNEd l RTg;) an Rb Tan Br d l ; TUl bgÁ MM e n Akñúg T IRkúg e hIy e n AERs c Mkar pg . R Tg;Rb Ta n Br d l ;TUl b gÁMRK b; kEn ø g Ed l T Ul bgÁMe TAdl ; . TUl bgÁMG r RBH K uNRT g; Ed l RT g;) an RbTan Br d l ;pl BIe BaH r b s ;TUl bgÁM e hIy kUn e c A TUl bgÁ Mk¾R tÚv ) an RbTan Br [ Ed r .

TUl bg ÁMG r RBHK uNR T g;Ed l ) an RbTan Br d l ;s tVr b s ;T Ul bgÁM . TUl bg ÁMs UmG r RBH K uNR Tg; Ed l [ k® n þkTUl b gÁM) an e Bj Ed l TUl bgÁMman

G ahar s Rmab;r al ;éf¶ . TUl bg ÁMG r RBHK uNR T g; Ed l RTg;) a n Rb Tan Br d l ;TUl bgÁMe n Ae Bl Ed l TUl

bgÁMc Ul e hIy e n Ae Bl Ed l TUl b gÁMe cj e TA . ´ TUl bgÁM Md wgfa e n Ae Bl Ed l xµµa Mgs RtÚv cg;mk Tas ;n wg TUl bg ÁM e n aH n wgRt Úvc aj ;b g;e TA . e Knwgc U l mkTas ;n wg TUl bg ÁM tam pøÚ v1 b :uEn þe K nwgr t;e cj e TA7 pøÚ vvij .

RBH G m © a s;e G Iy TUl b gÁMG r R BH KuN R Tg; Ed l RK b;kar TaM gG s ; Ed l TUl bgÁM n wge F VI e n aH nwg) an c e Rm In e L Ig . TUl b gÁ MMn w ge d Ir tam pøÚ vr bs ;RTg;e n Aé f¶e n H éf¶Es ¥k e hIy G s;TaM gé f¶ én CIv i tr bs ;TUl bg ÁM .

TUl bg ÁMG r RBHK uNR T g; Ed l mn us S TaMgL a yn wge X Ij f aRTg;F M] tþm tam r y ³CIvi t TUl bg ÁM .

TUl bg ÁMG r RBHK uNR T g; Ed l RTg;n wgRb Tan [ T Ul b gÁ M ) a nc e Rm Ine LIgC a br ib Ur .

TUl bg ÁMG r RBHK uN Ed l R Tg;) an e b IkX øaM Mge n As ßa ns YK’ e hIy Ed l TUl bg ÁM G ac TTYl BIX øaM ge n aH e n AEpn d Ie n H) a n .

TUl bg ÁMG r RBHK uNR T g; Ed l RTg;) an e FVI[ TUl b gÁMe F VIC a k, al m in Emn C a kn Þúy . RTg;) an d ak; TUl bgÁMe n Ae l Ie K min Em ne nAe Rkam e Ke LIy .

» RBH vr bi tae G Iy T Ul bgÁMG r RBHK uNRT g; s Rmab ;R K b;G s ;Ta MgRBH Br ¡ TUl bg ÁMn w gm in Eb r e c j BIe d Ir ta m RTg ;e T . TUl b gÁ Mn wgm i n be Rm IRBH d éTe L Iy . TUl bg ÁMka n; tamb BaØ tiþR Tg ; . kñú gRBHn am RBH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ . G aEm:n .

rYcBIRkitüvin½yénGMeBI)abnigesckþIsøab; )anse®gÁaHedaysarRBHKuN

8 1

e l akb:ul ) an R) ab ;fa G Me BI) abEl gm an G MNac e l IG s ;G ñkNaEd l m an RBHe y s U‘vC aRBH G m © as ; nigRBHG g Á s e ® gÁaH r bs ;BYke K .

e y IgEl gr s ;e n Ae Rka mRkitü vi n½y e Tote hIy . e yIgR tÚv ) a ns e ® gÁaH RtÚv ) an r Me d aH [ rYc m in Emn e d ays ar Rkitü v in ½y b :uEnþK We d ay s ar RBHK uN .

r U:m 6³1 4 d, it) a bm in RtÚ vm an G MNac e l IG ñkr a l ;K ñae To te L Iy e d aye RBaH G ñkr a l ;K ñam in e n A e R kam Rki tü vin ½y K We n Ae RkamRBH KuN vij .

e G eP s Ur 2³8 d, itK We d ay RBH K uN Ed l G ñkr al ;K ña) an s e ® gÁaH e d ays ar e s c kþICMe n O e hIy e s c kþIe n aH k¾m in Emn e kItBIG ñ kr al ;K ñaE d r KWCa G Me Nay Tan r b s; RBH vij .

n iy mn ½y én RBH KuN K WCa e s c kþIRs L aj ;Ed l m in G ac ka t;é fø) an K WC aG V Im Yy Ed l RtÚv) an Rb Tan d l ;e y Ig Ed l e y Igm in s mn wg) a n e s aH .

m in Rtwm E te y Igm in s kþ is m nwge s ckþIRs L aj ;ka t; éføm in) an r bs ;RBH b:ue N ÑaHe n aH e T b:uEn þe y Ig s mn wgG VI Ed l p Þúy BI kar e n aH TaM gRs uge TAv ij . mnus S Ta MgRb ús Ta M gRs I m in G a cb Me Bj tamRki tü vin ½y ) an e T d Ue c ñH e hIy kar e F VIta mR ki tü vin ½y m in G ac n aMmkn Uve s c kþIs e ® gÁa Hd l ;BYke K ) an e T G ac n aMm kn UvE te s c kþIs øab;b : ue N ÑaH .

) anse®g Áa H ma nn½yf a R tÚv) anse®g ÁaH ecjB IG V ImYy b ¤R tÚv ) a nrMed aH ecjB IG VI

mYy . et Iey Ig R t Úv )anrMe d aH ecjB IG VI? rMedaHecjBIbNþasa

ey Ig E l gen AeR k amR kit üv ijv in½ yénG Me BI) ab nig esck þI søab ; e T o te h Iy eh Iy ey Ig k ¾E lg enAe R ka mb Nþa sa énR kit üv in½yeT o tE d r . ey IgR t Úv ) a neR) a sel aH rYcB I bN þasaé nR k it üv in½y b :uE n þe b Iey Ig min sÁal ; siT§ irb s;ey Ig kñ ú g na mCam nusSf µ I enAe Bl E d lsataMMg b ¤v iBa ØaNGaR k k; mk d ak;b Nþasae lIey Ige n aH e y Ig enAE tGa ccaj;E d r . E t eTaH Cay :a gNak ¾ed ay enAeB l E d ley IgsÁal ;s iT§i n ig É k si T §iCam n usS f µIrb s;ey Ig enaH ey Ig GacQ ñH ) a nR Kb;sm rP Um iTa MgG s; .

enAeB l E d lkare nH ekIteL IgT as;nwg ey Ig E d l R tÚv ) ansE mþg [eX Ijf a Ca E pñkénb Nþa sa e naH e y Ig Ca mnusSf µI Ga cniyay ed ayk øah anf a³

ey Ig R t Úv ) aneR ) asel aH [rYcB I bN þasaé nR k it üv in½y rY ce h Iy . -RBHeysU‘v)anrgbNþasa

8 2

R B He ysU‘vR Tg ;) a nrgb N þasaCM nYse y Ig ¡ R Tg; R tÚv ) a nR tL b;Ca G ñk sg éf ø CM nY s ey Ig eh Iy) anpÞúk bN þasae l IGg ÁR Tg; ed Im ,IeR ) asela H ey Ig ecjB Ib N þa sa TaMg enaH ¡ R Tg;) anrMMed a He y Ig BIR Kb ;Gs;TaM g bN þasa énR kit üv in ½yenAe B l E d lR Tg;ecj éfø sg eTas rb s; ey Ig enAel IeQ Iq áag .

ka L aTI 3³1 3 R B HR KIsÞR Tg ; ) a nel aH eyIg ral ;Kña [rYcB Ie sckþI b Nþa sa rbs ; R kit üv in½y ed a yR Tg ;R tÚv b Nþa sa CM nY sey Igra l;Kña ¬ d ,itman e sck þ IE cg T ukm kf a { R tÚv bN þasaeh Iy G ñkNaEd l R tÚv BüÚre nAel IeQ I} ¦.

KWmanE tR B H eysU‘v 1 Gg ÁKt ;E d lG acb MeB jR Kb ;Gs ;Ta Mg R kit üv in½y) a n . R Tg; ) anrs;enAk ñúg R B H Cn µE d lR Kb ;l½k çN _ eR k amR kit üv in½y dUecñH eT Ib R Tg;G acnwg ) anCa d gVay yB aØb UCa E dl R Kb ;l½k çN_) an .

-elaH[rYcBIbNþasa Cak arsMMx an; Na s;E d lR t Úv d wg fa etIG VIxøH E d l R t Úv )anra b;f ae nAeR k ame sck þI

bN þasa . G VIx øH E d lR BH eysU‘v R Tg;) anpÞúke nAel IGg ÁR Tg ;CMn Y sey Ig ? e tIG VIx øHCa bN þasa rbs;R k it üv i ny ? enAeB lE d le y Ig sik Sae mero ne nH ey Ig Gacnwg d wg f a eyIg ) a nkMB ug Et TTYl mk KMn itx øHB I sataMg E d ley Igm incaMM) a c;R tÚv E tTT Yly kena H eT .

ela km :Ues) ansre srT uk nUvk ar Ca eR cIn E d l CacME Nk énb Nþa sa enA kñúg ecaT iyk f a 2 8³1 5 -6 8 . ¬KWC al¥E d lG acn wg Gan x TaMg e n HTaMMg R sug ¦ . e lak m :Ue s) an sre srcuH nUv b N þasaTa MgL a y E dlb N þalm k BIl T §plénk arminsþab ;b gÁa b; eh Iyx ag eR k ame nH KWCa ka rse gçb x øH ² .

ecaT iyk f a 2 8³ 1 5/ 2 0 b :uEnþ e bIÉ g minR B msþab ;tam R BH b nÞÚl énR B H ey hUv :a CaR B H énÉ g e hIym inR by ½tñnw g R b R Bwt þta mR Kb ;Ta Mg e sck þI b Ba Øtiþ nig c,ab ; TaMg b:u nµa nrb s ; R Tg; E dlG jb g Áab ;d l;É g enAéf ¶enH eT ena H Gs;Ta Mge sck þ Ib N þasaTaMg enH n wgpSa ymk elIÉ g ehIyrt ;m krk É g pg RB H eyhUv :an wgca t;e sck þIb N þa sa nig esck þ I) a k;b b eh Iy esckþ Ib en Þasmk el IÉ g k ñúg R Kb;k arG VIE d lÉ gd ak;éd eF VI d ra bd l ;R t Úv bMpøajec j eh Iy v inasGs; eT ACaq ab; pg e d ayeR B a HG MeB IGaR k k;rb s;É g Ed l )a nlH b g;e calG j .

e tIb N þas ar bs ;Rki tü vin ½y m an G VIx øH? e tIG VIx øH C ae Tas én ka r m in RbRBw tþtam Rki tüvin ½y TaM gRs ug?

- e RK aH kac én C MgWr Ig ér n igRKú n r ga - e kþAx ø Ün d Uce P Iøg - e kþAx øa Mg n igr a Mgs ¶Ü t - Rs Uvs ák e hIy Rkapg

83

- e m Xnwg) an d Uc C al gðwn - d In wg) an d Uc Ca Edk - e P øógC aF Ul I nig pg;l MG gd I - e F VI[ c uHc aj ; - e x µac n wg) an C aG aha r d l ;stVe hIr e n Ae l Ie mX nigs tV éRB e n Ad I

- b Us b£s d Ug) at km e hIy n igr ma s ;Ed l n wge m Il m ine cHC a - ve gVgs µar tI x Va k;EP ñk man c i tþq ¶l ;P aMg - e F VIka r G VI k¾m in e k It e K n w gs gá t;s gá in e hIy b M) at;y kC ad r ab - ) a t;b g;G ñkEd l x ø Ün Rs L aj ; p ÞHs MEbg n igpl d MNaMEd l x M d aM - ) a t;b g;r b s ;RTBü n igkUn Rb ú s Rs I

e n HRK an ;EtC aka r ca b;e p þImén b N þas ab :ue N ÑaH . emeronEdlRtÚvGnuvtþ

\LÚv s Um cMN ay e Bl e d Im ,IG a n G MBIb N þas ar bs ;Rkitü vin ½ y BIe c aTiy kfa m þge To t b:uEn þm þge n H s Umcgc aMfa R BHe y sU‘vR Tg;) an e l aH e l akG ñk [ r Yc G s ;TaM g bN þa s aTaMgL ay r bs ;Rki tü vi n ½y e hIy s UmEfm Ba kü fa {RBH e y sU‘vR Tg;) a n e l aH ´[ r Yc BI >>> >>> >> >>> >> >>> >> >>> >>>>>> >> . ] Tahr N _ d UcC afa³

RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an e l a H´ [ rYc BIC M gWr I gér . RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an e l a H´ [ rYc BIC M gWbM p øaj . RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an e l a H´ [ rYc BIC M gWe kþAd Uc e P øIg . RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an e l a H´ [ rYc BIkMe d Ae kþAe s ÞIr e q H n ige RK aH r aMgs ¶Ü t . RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an e l a H´ [ rYc BI >> > >> >>> >> >>>> >>>>> r k[ e X Ij kar e n aH Ed l) an kt; Tuke n Ak ñúg e c aTiy k fa 2 8 Ed l s ataMg) an

d ak;e nAe l Ie l a kG ñk . Ta M ge n aH K WC aEpñ kén bN þas ar b s ;Rkitü vin ½y e hIy RBH e y sU‘v ) an e l a He l akGñkBIb N þas a Ta MgG s ;e n aH rYc e hIy¡ ca b;e p þImRBm tamRBH bn Þ Úl r b s ;RBH/

´RtÚ v) an e l aH[ rYc e d ay s arb N þas a én >>> >>> >>>>> >>>> >> >>> >> > >> . RBHe ysU‘vR Tg; ) an bg; éføe Tas én G Me BI) an e n aH r bs ; e hIy . ´ bBa¢a[ G s ;Ta Mge r a Ks Ba Øa én b N þa s ae n H e cj BI \L Úv¡

e n Ae Bl Ed l RBH e ysU‘vR Tg;R tÚ ve K e ) a HEd ke K al C ab ;e n Ae l Ie QIqáa g RtÚ v) an RtÚ vb N þas a CMn Ys e y Ig dUe cñH e y IgG ac n wg) a n r ab;C as ucr it . RTg;m in R twmE tRb Tan [

8 4

e y Ign UvG Me Na y Ta n én C Ivi t G s ;kl ,C an ic ©b :ue N Ña He T RB H e ys U‘vRbT an [ e y IgRK b ; y :ag Ed l e yIgR tÚvkar e d Im , I [ G a cn wgman C½y C m ñH e n Akñú gC Iv i te n H ) an .

e n Ae Bl Ed ls ata MgBü ay amn a Mykb N þas a Nam Yy e n a Hmkd ak ;e l Ie y Ig e y IgRt Úvn iy ay fa

G U e T s ataMMg Égm in G ac e F VI) an e T¡ RBH e y s U‘vR Tg;) a n e l aH ey Ig[ r YcBI bN þa s ae n a H r Yce hIy ¡

rMedaH[rYcBIerOgEdlknøgputeTA Ca j wkj ab; s ataMgn w gd a k;G n Þak;e y Ig c Ul e TAkñú gka r TTY l y kn Uvb N þas a

Nam Yy e da ys ar kar R) a b;ey Ig[ e COfa e y Ig) an e F VI) a b e hIy bN þas ae nH K WC a e Ta s én G Me BI) abe n a H . ey Igc ab;e p þImK i tfa e y Iy s kþis mn wg T TYl nUvG V I Ed l va kMB ugE td a k;m ke l Ie y Ige n aH ehIy .

s ataMgR) ab ;e y IgRt Úve hIy fa b N þas ae n HbN þa l mkBIl T§ pl én G Me BI) ab . b:uEn þ s ataM gm in Ed l r Ml wke y Igfa RBH e y s U‘v) an b g; éfø s ge Tas kMh us s Rma b;G Me BI e n aH e hIy e T e d Im , I[ e yIgE l gRtÚ vp Þú kG Me BI) a be n aH b ¤bN þa s aEd l Ca l T§pl én G Me BI) abe na H .

2 kUr in fUs 5³1 7 ) a nC ae b IG ñkNae n Akñ úgR BH RKIs Þ e n aH e QµaH fa ) an e kItC a fµIe h Iy G s ;TaM ge s c kþIca s ;) a nkn øg) a t;e TA e m Il RKb ;TaM gG s ;) an RtL b;C a fµI vij .

karrs;enAedaymanC½yCMnH

Ca mn us S fµI e yIg) an r Yc man e s r IP aBBIRki tüvin ½y énG Me BI) a b nige s c kþIs øab ;. e y IgRt Úv) an e l a H [ rYc BIRK b; TaM gG Me BI) ab RK b; TaM ge Ta s k M hus RK b ;Ta M gb N þas a .

r :Um 8 ³2 d ,itG MNac r bs ;RBHvi BaØaNén C Ivi t Ed l e n Akñ ú gRBH RKIs Þe y s U‘v e n aH ) ane R) as [ ´ r Yc BI GMNac r b s;G Me BI) ab n ige s c kþIs øab ;e hIy .

e bIe y IgBi tC ae F VI) ab Emn e n aHe y IgRtÚvE tl n ;tYs ar P a Bva ehIy T TYl kar G t ; e Ta s ) a be n aH cuH .

1 y U:han 1³9 e b Ie y Igl n ;tY) a bv ij e n aH RTg;m an RBH hb £T½y e s µaH Rtg ; e hIy suc r it Rb e y aC n _n wgG t;e Tas ) ab[ e yIg e hIy n igs m ¥ate y Ig B IRK b;G Me B I Tuc r i t Ta M gG s ;pg .

8 5

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igl n ;tY) abr b s ;e yIg e n aH e yIgn wgR t Úv) a n e d aH [ rYcP øam BI ka r RtÜ tR ta r bs ;G Me BI) a b Ed rman e n Ae lIe yIg . ey IgRtÚ v ) an s m ¥atBIRK b;G Me BI Tuc ©r it Ta M MgG s ;pg . s ataMgm in G ac QñHe y Ig) an e d a ys ar kar e c aTRbkan ;B Ie Ta s k Mhus n igkar ka t;e T as e n aH e Tote T .

G Me BI) ab b N þas ar bs ;va n igR ki tüvin ½y énG Me BI) a b n ige s c kþIs øab ; El gman G MNac n aM[ e y Igc uHc aj ;e To t e hIy . ey IgG ac r s;e n Ae n AC am Yy n wgRBH Br énm nus S fµI e l IC Iv i tr b s ;e y Igr hUt .

manGMNacedIm,IykQñH e l akG ½R) ah aMman e s ckþIC Me n O e hIy kar e n aH ) anr ab ;Ca s uc r itd l ;Ka t; .

e d ay s ar es c kþIC Me n O e y IgG ac TTYl Br Ta MgG s ;Ed l RtÚv) a n Rb Ta n dl ;Ka t; . RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an y agmk e hIy ) an TTYl y kn Uvb N þ as a r bs ;Rki tüvin ½y

e n Ae lIG gÁR Tg; . e d ays ar es ckþIC Me n O e yIgG a cT T Yl e s ckþIs e ® gÁaH . e d ays ar e s c kþICMe n O e yIgG ac QñH ka r TaM gL a y rb s;e l akiy e n H) an . es c kþICMMe n Op þl ;[ e y Ign UvG MNa ce d Im , Iy kQ ñH ¡

1 y:Uhan 5³4 BIe RBaH RKb ; Ta MgG s ;Ed l e c j BIRBHm k e n aH ) an QñH e l akiy e hIy ÉC ½y Cm ñH Edl QñHe l akiy e n aH K WCae s c kþIC Me n Or bs ;e yIg .

Ca mn us S fµI e yIg) an T TYl nU v G MNa cE dl man C ½y Cm ñHr b s ;RBH e n Akñú ge y Ig. CMe r Is y :agNaK W G aRs ½ye nA el Ie y Ig fae tIe y I gG n uBa Øa t[ G MNac e n aH e FVIkar b¤k ¾m in [ . e y IgG a ce RC Is e rIs n wge COe l IRBH bn ÞÚl RBH b¤k¾e RC Is e r Is nwge C Oe l Ikal³e Ts ³ Ed l e n AC uMvij e y Ig .

G MNac Ed l n aMm kn UvC ½y Cm ñH r b s;RBHR tÚ v) an s Em þgm k en Ae Bl Ed l e yIg e CO n igb e Ba © j n UvRBH bn ÞÚl r bs;R BH e d a yn iy a y e cj mkn UvRBH bn ÞÚl e n aH y :ag køa han . K WCa e s c kþIC Me n Or bs ;e yIg e l IRBHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RTg; Ed l RbTan [ e y Igman C½y C m ñH .

s ataMgR) ab ;e y Igfa e y Igma n e Tas Ca G ñkma n ) abEd l \tma nt ém ø e hIy fa e y Igm in man C Mn Yy NaTl ; n wgCM gW kar QWc ab ; P aBR kIRk n igP aBG s;s gÇ wm Ed l Ca cMEN kr b s ;b N þas a e n aH eL Iy .

-RBHR Tg;man bn Þ Úl fa e y IgK WC amn us S fµI ma n e s r IP a BBIe Tas kMhus Ta Mg L ay BIka r CMn uMC RmH n ig BIb N þas aén Rki tüvin ½y .

8 6

-RBHR Tg;man bn Þ Úl fa e y Ig K WG ñkRK gmr tkén RKb ; Ta MgRB HBr Ed l ) a ns n üa d l ;e l a kG ½R) a haM .

-RBHR Tg;man bn Þ Úl fa kñú gn a mC aG ñkQñH e n aH ey IgG ac ed Ir e n AkñúgRBH Br d ¾ e Bj brib Ur r bs ;RTg ;) an .

e y IgG a c køay C aRK b; TaM gG s ; G ac e e FVIRK b ; Ta MgG s ; n igm an G VITa MgG s ;Ed l RBH ) a nRb Tan d l ;e y Ig Ed l C aG ñke C Odl ;RBH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ .

-e y IgRtÚvE te RCIs e r Is e C Od l ;RBH C aCa gd l ;kar kuh kTa M gL ay r b s;G ar kS -e y IgRtÚvE te RCIs e r Is e m Il [e XIj x øÜnÉgd UcC aR BH R Tg ; Tte X Ij e y IgC a

y :agNa . -e y IgRtÚvE tca b;e p þImRb kas R) ab;x øÜn e y Ig n UvRK b;G V I TaM g G s;Ed l RBH RTg;

) an man b nÞÚl G MBIe y Ig . e n aH e yIgn wgG ac r Ikr ay man G MNr n wgs iT§iG MNac d ¾G s ©a r ür b s;e y Ig Ed l C a

mn us S fµI e n AkñúgR BH e y s U‘vRK I s Þ¡ sMNYr 1 > e htuG VI) an C aman s ar ³s Mxan ;kñú gkar s Áa l ; fa e y IgK WCa RK Üs ar r bs ;e l akG ½R) ah aM? 2 > cUr kt ;cuH n Uve s c kþIs BaØaEd l R BH RTg;ma nC am Yy e l akG ½R) aha M Ed l m an s ar ³s Mxa n ;cMe Ba H e l a kG ñk.

3> e c aTiyk fa 2 8 ³1 5-6 8/ c Urs r es r es c kþIR bka s s þIBIe s r IP aBr bs ;e l akG ñkr YcBIb N þa s a r bs ;Rki tüvin ½y .

emeronTI 8 karekItCafµId¾manKuNRbeyaCn _

esckþIepþIm ka r RtL b; C am nus S fµI nig) an C ae s ckþIs uc r ite n Akñ úgR BHe y s U‘v na Mmkn Uvpl

cMe Nj C ae RcIn d l;G s ;G ñkEd l e C Od l ;RBH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ . TMn u k te m áI g 68 ³1 9k s Um[RBH G m © as ;) an Rbkbe d a y RBH Br Ed l RTg;) an

TTYl y kbn Þú k e y Ig´ r al ;²é f¶ >> >> esckþIRbkbKñaCamYyRBH

8 7

pl cMe N j mYy kñúgc Me Na mpl c Me Nj F M²C ae RcIn én P aBC amn us S fµI e na HK W fa e y IgG ac e d Ire da y man es ckþI Tu kc i tþ nige d ay m in m an P aBG am :as ;C am Yy RBH e n A kñú gBnø Wén R BHv tþman d ¾man s ir Il ¥r bs ;RTg; . e y IgG a cs nÞn aK ñaC am Yy n wgRT g; . e y Ig G ac man es ckþIRb kb Edl Ci t s ñiT§ n igs ñi T §s ña l C am Yy n wgRTg; .

1 y:Uha n 1³3 -7 dUe c ñH es c kþIEd l e y Ig´) a n e XIj ehIy B¤e n aH e yIg´ R) ab ;mkG ñkr al ;Kña e dIm , I[ G ñ kr a l ;K ñaman e s ckþIRb kb nw ge y Ig´Ed r r IÉe s c kþIRbkb r bs ;e y Ig´ e n aH K WRbkbn wgR BH vr bi ta e hIy n wgRBH e y s U‘v RK Is Þ C aRBH r aCb uR taRTg ; e y Ig´ k¾s r e s re s c kþITaM ge n H e pJIm kG ñkr al ;K ña e d Im , I[ e s c kþIG MNr r bs ;G ñkra l ;K ña ) an e Bar e Bj eL Ig e n HC ad MN wg Ed l e y Ig´ ) an B¤BI RT g; e hIy k¾R) a b;mkG ñ kr al ;K ña KWfa R BH RT g;C a Bn øWP øW K µa ne s c kþIggwi tNa e n AkñúgR T g;e s aH e bIs in C ae yIgr al ;K ña fa e y Igm an e s c kþIRbkbn wgR Tg; Ete d Ir kñú ge s c kþIg gw tv ij e n aH e Qµa Hfa e yIg kuh k e hIy m in RbRBw tþ ta me s c kþIBi te T E te bIe y Igr al ;K ñae d Ir k ñú gBn øWv ij d Uc C aRTg; k¾ ¾Kg ;kñúg Bn øWEd r e n aH e yIgman e s ckt IRbkbn wgK ña e TA vij e TAmk e hIy RBH e l ahitén RBH e y sU‘vRK Is Þ C aRBH r aC bu Rta én RTg ; k¾s m ¥a te y Igr al ;K ña BIR K b ;G Me BI) ab TaMgG s ; .

CMe n OEd l e COe l IRBH e y s U‘vRK I s Þ x us BIs as n ad éTe pS ge To te d a ys ar kar e n aH Ég KWfa e n Ae Bl Ed l e yIgT TYl RBH RK Is Þ e n aH e yIg G ac man TMn ak; TMn gpÞa l ;m Yy ¬C ac MENkm Yy én RK Üs ar d ¾G s ;kl ,C an ic© r bs ;RBH ¦ e hIy ma n es c kþIRb kb ¬ kar RbkbTa k; Tgr al ;é f¶¦ C am Yy RBH .

bMNgRBHh b£ T ½y r bs ;RBH e n Akñú g kar e R) as el aH e yIg K We d Im , Is ¥age L Igvij n Uvkar TMn a k; TMn gr bs ;R Tg ;Ca m Yy mn us S e hIy e dIm , Is ¥¥age L Igv ij n Uve s c kþIRbkbK ña Ca m Yy RTg; .

niymn½y

e bItamvc n an uR km Webster’s Unbridged Dictionary niy m n ½yén Ba kü fae s c kþIRbkb KW³

- s ßan P aBén kar m an ka r Ta k; TgK ña -ka r Ta k; T gK ñae TA vij e TAmk én mn us Sman z an ³esIµK ña e hIy e d ay P aBr ak;

Ta k; . - kar r Yb rYm s hkar K ña - P aBCa éd K Ur r Ymn wgK ñ a

8 8

- P aBr ab;r kK ñae d ay s ñiT§s ña l - kar Ec kc ay n wgK ñae TAvij e TAm k

karRtas;ehA e y IgRt Úv) an Rtas ;e h Amkkñ úge s c kþIRb kb C am Yy RBH . 1 kUr in fUs 1³9 ÉRBHE dl ) an e hAG ñkr al ;Kña mk [m an e s c kþIRbkbn w gRBH

r aC buRtaR T g; KWR BH e y s U‘vRK I s Þ C aRBH G m © as ;én e y Ig e n a HRTg ;e s µaH Rtg; . e n HK WC akar K i tm Yy Ed l KYr G s © ar ü Nas ; . RBH RTg;) a n e hAe y Igmk [ man

e s c kþIRbkbC am Yy n wgR Tg;p Þa l ; . RBHs BVRBH T½y e d Im , I n wgma n e s c kþIRb kb C am Yy e y Ig¡

e s c kþIRbkbs ñiT §s ña l r bs ;e y IgCa m Yy RBH KYr Etn a M[ man kMr i tén ka r TMn ak ; TMn gd Uc Kñae nH Ed r C am Yy n wgbgb¥ ¥Ún Ée To te n Akñ úgRK Üs a r r bs ;R BH . e l aks a vk y U:han ) an s re s r fa³

d Ue cñH es c kþIEdl e yIg´) a n e XIj e h Iy B¤e n aH e yIg´R) a b;mkG ñkr al ;K ña e d Im , I[ G ñkr al ;K ñama n e s c kþIRb kb n wge y Ig ´ Ed r r IÉe s c kþI Rbkbr b s ;e y Ig´ e n a HKW Rbkbn wgR BH vr bi ta e hIy n igRBH e y sU‘vRK Is Þ Ca RBH r aC buRtaR Tg ; . e yIg´ k¾s r e sr e s c kþITaM ge n H e p JImkG ñkr a l ;K ña e d Im , I[ es c kþIG MN r r bs ;G ñkr al ;Kña ) an e Bar e Bj e L Ig ¬1 y :Uhan 1³3 -7¦.

naMmknUvesckþIGMNr e s c kþIG MNr K WCal T§ pl én e sc kþIRb kbEd l s ñiT§s ñal \ tm an G VIr ar aMgC am Yy RBH e hIy Ca m Yy n wgG ñke C OÉe To te n Akñ úgR BH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ .

TMn u k te m áI g 1 6³1 1 RTg;n wg bgðaj [ TUl b gÁMe XIj pøøÚ vC I vi t vij e n Ac Me BaH RTg ; man e s ckþIG MNr d ¾ e Ba re Bj en ARBHh s þs þa MRTg;man e s ckþI G r s b,ay C ad r ab te TA .

\tma n e s c kþIG MN r Nae To t Ed l FMC age s c kþIG MNr Ed l ) an mke d ays ar e s c kþIRbkbs ñiT §s ña l C am Yy RBH pÞal ; ta mr y ³RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RTg; e n aH e T . e l ak e har ae y e r ma) ans re s r fa³

TUl bg ÁM) an e X Ij RBH bn ÞÚl RT g; TUl bg ÁMM k¾) an TTYl Tan e l bc Ul Gs ;e hIy RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RTg ;C ae s c kþIG M Nr e hIy Ca TIr I kr ay c itþd l ;TUl b g ÁM d , it»R BH e y hUv:a Ca RBH én BYk Bl b r iva r e G Iy TUl b gÁM) a n e hAta mR BHn am RTg ;; ¬ e y e r ma 1 5³1 6 ¦ .

G ñke C OEd l ) a ne XIj ka re bIk s Em þg én kar R tL b;C am n us S fµIe n Akñú gRBH e y sU‘v e n a Hk¾) an e X Ij nUve s ckþIG MNr Ed r .

8 9

e n Ae Bl Ed l GñkNam ñak;R tÚ v) an man K Mn ab e d ay s ar K Mn itEd l Ca b;ma n e Ta s ka r CMn uM C RmH n igP a Bm in s kþi s m Ebr C a) an e XIj e LIgvij n Uvka r e bI ks Em þg én e s ckþI s uc r it e na HBYke K k¾R t Úv) an r M e d aH [ rYcBIP a BC a Tas kr [ ) an c Ul mkkñúge s c kþIG MNr Ed l hYs BIkar ) :an ;Rb maN n igkar G r s b,ay pg .

man EtG s ;G ñkNaEd l ) an eX Ij n Uvkar e b Iks Em þg én ka r RtLb ;C amn us S f µI b:ue N Ña H e TIb G ac Bie s aF n _n Uve s ckþIG MNr Ed l hYs BIka r ) : an ;Rbma N Ed l ) a nm kBI e s c kþIRbkbs ñiT §s ña l C am Yy RBH e d ay \tman kar P ½y x øac c Me Ba Hkar C Mn uM CR mHe L Iy .

TMn u k te m áI g 3 2 ³1 / 2 manBr e hIy mn us S N aEdl kar r Ml gc ,ab;r b s;x øÜn ) an G t;e Ta s [ K WEd l ) ab rbs ;x øÜn ) an RKb ) aMge hIy ma n Br e h Iy mnus S Na Ed l RBH e y hUv:am in ra b; faC aG ñ kma n e Tas Ca G ñkEd l Kµa nkl ] )a ye nA kñúgci tþe s aH .

esckþIRbkbEdl)aneFVI[xUc e bIe y Ige FVI) ab P aBTMna k; TM n gr b s ;e yIgC am Yy R BH KWm inRtÚ v) an ka t;p þac ;

e T. e yIge n AEtCa kUn r bs ;R Tg; . e d ay s ar G Me BI) ab ka rR bkb s ñiT§s ña l r bs ;Ca m Yy RTg;R tÚv ) an e FVI[ x Uc xa t.

e n Ae Bl e n Hm þge To t G Me BI) an køa y Ca ]b s K Ár vage yIg n i gR BH . e TaH bIC ay :agNak¾ e d ay e n Akñúge s c kþIe mtþa kr uN ad ¾FMr b s ;RTg; RBH R Tg ;) an Rb Ta n ce m øIy m Yy s Rma b; e s c kþIRbkbs ñiT §s ña l r bs ;e y IgCa m Yy RTg; e d Im , I[ G ac n wgRtÚv) an s ¥age LIg vij C a bn Þan ; .

e l aky U:han ) a ns re sr fa³ e bIs in Cae yIgfa e yIgKµa n) a be s aH e na He Qµa Hfae y Igbe Baäa td l ;x ø Ün e hIy

e s c kþIBi tm in s ßi te n Akñ úge y Ige T e b Ie y Igl n ;tY) abv ij e n aHRTg ;man RBHh b£ T½y e s µaH Rtg ; e hIy s uc r it Rb e y aC n _n wgG t ;e Tas ) ab[ e y Ig e hIy n igs m ¥ate y Ig BIR K b;G Me B I Tuc r i t Ta M gG s ;pg e bIe y Igfa e yIgm in Ed l e F VI) ab e s a H en aH e QµaH fa e y Ige F V I[ RTg ; e TA Ca G ñ kku hkvij e hIy RBHb n ÞÚl RTg;m ine nAkñ úge y Ige T ¬ 1 y:Uh an 1³8 - 1 0¦.

{l n ;tY } ma n n ½yfa Eføg R) ab;e QµaH G Me B I) ab . e yIgR tÚvEtR) ab ;BIG Me BI) a b r bs ;e y Ig e hIy m inRtÚvbe Ba äa tx ø Ün Ég e d ay Bü ay aml ak; b ¤bd ie s Ffa e yIgm in ) an e FVI) a be n aH e LIy . b :uEn þ e yIgR tÚ vE ts a rP aBCa Rbj ab;c Me BaH x øÜn e y Ig n i gc MMe BaH R BH fa G VIEd l e y Ig) an e FVIK WC aG Me BI) ab e n AcMe BaH RBH e n Rtr b s ;RTg; e h Iy e n AcMe BaH EP ñk r bs ;e y Igp Þal ; pgEdr .

90

Ba kü fa {) ab } man n ½y fa {x VH Bin Þú/ x VH m in d l ;} e n Ae Bl Na Ed l e yIge FVI) a b e n aH e yIgx VH B inÞú x VH m in d l ;e s ckþIs uc r itd ¾RKb ;l ½ kçN _r bs ;RBH e d ay KMn it b ¤s km µP aB r bs ;e y Ig .

e n Ae Bl NaEd l ey Igd wgx øÜnf a e yIg) an {x VH BinÞ ú} e n aH e yIgRt ÚvE tl n ; tY) a b r bs ;e y IgP øam e hIy TTYl n Uvkar G t;e Tas ) a br bs ;RBH n igkar s m ¥at BIRKb ; Ta MgG Me B I Tuc © r i tTa MgG s ;pg .

-karbMBanelIRBHKuNrbs;RBH mn us S C ae Rc In m in ma nkar e b Iks Em þg[ s Áal ;d l;e s c kþIs uc r it ) an b MBan e l I

RBH K uNr b s ;RBH . BYke K) a n Kite d ay y l ;Rc L Mfa kar e n Hm an n½y fa BYke K G ac n wge F VI) ab e d ay e c tn a) an d r ab NaEd l BYke K e n AEtl n;t Y) ab e n aH e n Ae Bl e Rkay bn Þab ;mk e hIy k¾ TTYl n Uv ka r G t;e T as ) ab r bs;RBH r hUt .

e l aky U:han ) a nb Ba¢ak; kar e nH y :agc ,as ; e n Ae Bl Ed lK at;bn þs re sr e n A kñú gxKm < Ir bn Þab ; fa e y Igm inR tÚ vman c itþc g;G n u Ba Øa t [ G Me BI) abc Ul m kkñ úgC Iv ite yI g e L Iy .

1 yU:ha n 2 ³1 kUn tUc ² r a l ;K ñae G Iy Ed l ´s r es r esc kþI TaM ge n H e pJIr mk e n aH e dIm , IkuM[ G ñ kr al ;Kña e FV I) a be Tot E te bIs in C aG ñkr al ;K ñ aP øat;e FVI) a bv ij e n a He yIg man RBH d¾C aC Mn Yy 1 G gÁe hIy Ed l RTg;K g ;e n AcMMe BaH RBH vr b ita KWC aRBH e y s U‘vRK IsÞ Ca RBH d ¾s uc r it .

e y IgEd l RtÚ vR tas ;e hA mkÉR BH e na HK WC akar Rta s ;e hA1 [ e cj BIG Me BI ) ab .

esckþIceRmIneLIg pl Rbe y aC n _m Yy e Totr bs ;G ñke C OEd l ) an e kItC a fµ I mn us S fµI K W e y IgG ac

n wgma n e s c kþIc e Rm In e L IgEd l BitR) a kd . man es c kþIc e Rm Ine LIgBIr Rbe P T Kwe s ckþI ce Rm In e LIgxa gRBl w gvi BaØa N n igxa ghir BaØ vt ßú .

ta mr y ³e l aks a vky U:han RBH RT g;) an s r e s r fa RTg;s BVRBH T½y [ e y Ig ) an c e RmIn e L Ig e hIy ) a ns uxs b ,ay d Uc C aRBl wgvi BaØa N) an c e Rm In e LIgEdr .

3 y :Uhan 1 ³2 Gñks ¶Ün P ¶a e G Iy ´ R) afñac g;[ G ñk) a nc e Rm Ine L IgRK b;C M MBU k e hIy [ ) ans ux s b,ay xagr Ubs ac; d Uc Ca RBl wgG ñ k) an c e Rm In e L IgEd r .

e tIRBH R Tg;R) a fñac g;) an G VIb Mpu t? K Wc g;[ e y Ig) an c e Rm In e L Ig e hIy [ ) an s uxs b ,ay xagr Ubs ac ; dUc C aRBl wgv iBa Øa Ne y Ig) an c e Rm In e L IgEd r .

e tI{R Bl wg vi Ba ØaNr bs ;G ñkce Rm In e LIg}man n ½y d Uc e m þc ?

91

karceRmIneLIgxagRBlWgviBaØaN RBl wgr b s ;e y IgK Mni tR) aC Jar b s ;e yIg G ar m µN _r b s ;e y Ig n igbMN gr b s;

e y Ig . kar ce Rm In e LIg xa gRBl wgv iBa Øa N ) an mkBIka r e bþ C JaC Ivi tr bs ;e y IgTa MgRs ug Tu kC ay BaØb UC ar s ;fV ay d l ;RBH e ys U‘v e hIy BIkar Ed l e FVI[ K Mn itr b s ;e y Ig) an EkC afµ I e L Igtamr y ³RBH bn Þ Úl r b s ;RBH . kar c e Rm In e LIgxa gR Bl wgv iBa ØaN K WC a kar Ed l RtÚ vkar C am un e d Im , I[ man ka r ce Rm In e LIgRK b ;C MB Uk n ii gP aBs uxs b, ay xagr Ubs a c; .

r :Um 1 2 ³1 / 2 dUe c ñH bgb¥Ún e G Iy ´ TUn µan G ñ kr a l ;K ñae d ay e s ckþIe mtþa kr uNa én RBH [ ) an fVa y r Ubkay Tu k C ay Ba ØbUC ar s ; e h Iyb r is uT§ Ed l K ab;RBH hb£ T½y d l; RBH C akar e K ar Bén G ñ kr al ;K ña Ed l man TMn g ku M[ R ta b; tam s m½y e n H e LIy cUr [ Gñk r al ;K ña) a np øas ;ERbvij e d a y KMMn i t) an EkCa fµIe L I g e d Im , In wgG ac l e m Il [ ) an sÁa l; bMNgRBHh b£ T ½y én RBH Ed l l ¥ Rs Yl TTYl e hIy RK b;l kçN _ pg .

RBH c g;[ ra Rs þr b s ;RTg; E d l C amn us S fµIrb s ;RT g; ) a n ce RmIn e L Igxag RBl wgv iBa ØaN n igr Ub s ac ; . mn us S fµIm inRtÚ vR ta b; tame l akIy e n H e Tote LIy . BYke K RtÚ vR tab; tamRBH bn Þ Úl rb s ;RBH vij .

-dMeNIrkar mn us S fµIs ßite n Akñú gd Me N Ir kar é n kar p øas ;ERb e hIy kar p øa s ;ERb e n H ec j BI

KMn i tr bs ;BYke K Ed l R tÚv) a n E kC af µIe L Ig tamy ³kar bn þG an s þab; s Ba¢wgK i t e C O e hIy e FVItam RBH bn Þ Úl r bs ;RBH .

CMh an s MMxan ; TI1 e TA kan ;P aBs uxs b, ay n igP aBce Rm In eL Ig K WRt ÚvE tc Ul mkkñ úg kar e b Iks Em þg én P aBCa mn us S fµICa m un s in . kar eb Iks Em þge n H n wge da HG ñk e COr Yc BIKMn i tEd l K i tfaC ab ;m an e Tas ka rC Mn uMC RmH n igP aBm in s kþis m kar e n Hnwgn a M [ G ñke n a HG a cTTYl n U vpl Rb e y aC n _r bs ;mn us S fµI e hIy c ab ;e pþIm e dIm , Ie d Ir e n Akñúg P aBc Mr ugc e Rm In e L Ig n igs uxs b ,ay RK b;TaM gG s ; .

-dUcRtÚv)anR)ab;

kUn RBH Ed l Bit C a{c e Rm In e L Ig} RtÚv) an e r ob r ab ;R) ab;e n Akñú gTMn uk te m á Ig1 . TMn u k te m áI g 1 ³1 -3 ma nBr e hIy G ñkNa Edl m in e d Ir ta md MbUn µan r b s ;

mn us S G a Rkk; k¾m in Qr e n Akñ ú gp ø Úvr bs ;m n us S man ) a b b¤G gÁúye nA Cam Yy n wgBY km nus S Ed l e mIl ga y G ñke n aH e RtkG r Etn w gRk i tü vin ½y r bs ;RBH e y hUv:avij k¾r MBw gKi t kñ úg Rki tü vin ½y RT g;TaM gy b; TaM géf¶Ed r G ñke n aH n wgd Uc C ae d Ime QI Ed l d uH e n AEk, r pøÚ v Twk

92

Ed l be gáIt pl tam r d Uvkal e hIy s øwkk ¾m in e c HRs e Ba n e LIy Éka r G VIEd l G ñke n aH e FVI e n aH nwgc e Rm In e L Ig Ta M gG s ; .

mn us S Edl ce Rm In e L IgK WC am n us S Ed l ³ -e d Ir e n Akñú ge s c kþIC Me nO n igka r sþa b;b gÁab ;R BH b n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH Ed l s Emþgmk -e d Ir e n Akñú ge s c kþIRs L aj ; e hIy ) an Bie s aF n_e n Akñú ge s c kþIRb kb s ñiT§s ña l

Ca m Yy RBH n igG ñke C Od Uc K ñaÉe To t . -Bie s aF n _e n Akñú gs n þiP a B n igP aBs áb;c it þmkBIRBH e n Akñ úgRK b; kar Ta MgG s ;

Ed l K at;e FVI . -bn þkar gar be Rm ICa b ;C an ic © d l ;RBH G m © as ; n igd l ;e s ckþIR t Úv ka r r bs ;G ñk

d éTe To t . -e s c kþIRtÚv kar xagh ir Ba Øv tßúR tÚ v) a np Á t; pÁg ;y :agRbe s Ir Ed l e FVI[ K at;) an

{Rbd ab ;ka y y:a gl ¥ s Rm ab;eF VIkar l ¥RK b ;C MB Uk} . -man l T§P aBfVay e da y s T§a r d l ;RBH G m © as; n igG ac e FVI Tan d l ;G ñk Ée To t

) an . karceRmIneLIgxaghirBaØvtßú

pÞúy e TAn wgG V IEd l e y IgRbEh l C aRtÚv) an b e Rgon tam Bi t e TA l uy m in Emn G aRkk;e T . K WC aka r Rs L aj;l uy e Te tI Edl Ca e mb £s énkar G a Rkk;RK b ;y :ag .

l uy K WCa e s c kþIRtÚ v ka r ca M) ac ;m Yy e n Akñúgkar bMe Bj m hae b s kkm µ . e yIg RtÚ vd w gnUv viFIe d Im , I TTYl n Uv ka r ce Rm In xagh ir Ba Øv tß úmkBIR BH e na He TIb e y IgG a cn wg e Qa gc ab ;G ñ k) at;;b g ;e nA e l akiy e n H) an C amYy n wgd MN w gl ¥én G gÁRBHe y s U‘vRKIs Þ .

e l aks a vky :Uhan ) a nTUn µan e y Igfa e y IgR tÚ vE tRby ½ tñ m in RtÚvRs La j; r bs ;G VIe n Ae l IEpn dIe nH e L Iy . e yIgRt ÚvCa Rb úge Rbób C an i c© c Me BaH es c kþIe ) akbe Baäa t én RT Büs m ,tþi b¤G Mn Y tén C Ivi tEd l n a M[ e y Ige Rs IbRs al e d j tamr bs ;r b r GVI b¤kar e Ka r BBImn us S .

RBH RT g;) an man b nÞÚl fa e bIe yIgEs Vgr kn Kr RBH n i ge s ckþIs ucr i tr bs ;RTg ; Ca TI1 e n aH RTg ;n wgRb Tan [ e y Ign Uvr bs ;Ta Mge n a H tame Rka y Efme To t .

m :afay 6³3 3 c Ur Es Vgr kn K r nige s ckþIs uc r itén R BH Ca m un s in e TIb RK b; r bs ;Ta Mge n aH n wg) an Rb Ta n m kG ñkr al ;Kñ aEfme To tpg .

mn us S fµIEd l ma nkar e b Iks Em þg[ e X Ij e sc kþIs uc r it Et gEtd ak; ka rx M BRg Ik n Kr r b s;RBH n ige s c kþIs ucr itr bs ;RBHe l Is C age s c kþIRt Ú vka r e pS ge T ot r bs ;Ka t; pÞa l ; .

93

G ñke n a Hn wgEs Vgr kR BH nige s ckþIs uc r itr bs ;R Tg ; e h Iy RBH RTg;n wg RbTan [ Ka t;n Uv {r b s ;Ta Mge na H}p g .

-karfVayeTARBH RBH RT g;m in Emn kMB ugEs Vgr k G ags þúk Tu k e d Im , I[ Tukc a k; c Ul n UvRBH Br xag hir BaØvt ßúr bs ;RT g; kñ úge n aH e L Iy . b:uEn þ RTg; kMB ugEs V gr kTe n ø vij KWC aG s ;G ñkNa Ed l n wge FVIC aG ñk[ e TA kñú gn K r RBH .

RBH e y s U‘v) an man bn ÞÚl fa³ cUr [ e TAe K e n aH nwg) an [ mkG ñkEd r e K nwgval ;[ G ñky :a g l ¥ TaMgj at ; Ta MMg

r l ak; e hIy d ak;[ e hor nwg y km kd ak ;bMe Bj c it þG ñkpg d , ite K n wg va l ;[ G ñk tam r gVa l ;NaEd l G ñkval ;[ e K ¬ l Uka 6³38 ¦.

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey IgfVa y e d ay e s c kþICMe n O n ig ka r s þab ;bgÁab ; RBH e n aH RTg;nw g RbTan R tLb ;mke y Igvij C aB huK uN d Ue c ñHe h Iy Ed l e yIgG a cn wge n AEtbn þ fVay d l ; RTg ;v ij C ar hUt . P a Bc e Rm Ine L Ig K WC apl T TYl ) an Ed l RtÚv) an s n üa s Rmab; mn us S fµI . RBHRTg;) an ta MM ge s ckþIs BaØa én kar RbTan R B H Br xaghir B aØv tßú d l ;r a® sþ r bs ;RTg;Ed l s þa b;b gÁab ;R Tg; .

PaBsuxsb,aynigkareR)as[Ca pl Ed l TTYl ) an m Yy e Totr b s ;mn us S fµI KWC a kar Rb Tan m kr b s ;RBH nUvkar

e R) as [ Cas Rmab;r Ubkay r b s ;G ñke n aH . ka r e bIks Em þg[ s Áa l ;e s c kþIs uc r itr b s ;mn us S fµµI n wge d aH [ r Yc G ñkN aEd l

cg;C ab ;e nA kñú gG ar m µN _m an e T as kar C MnuMC RmH n igP aBm in s kþis m dUe c ñH e TIbBY ke K G ac n wgT TYl e d ay køahan n U v ka r e R) as [C am kBIRBH .

e n Akñúg ka r ga r e R) as e l aH r bs ;RBH e y s U‘vd l ;e y Ig RTg;) a n Rb Ta n[ e y Ig n Uv e s c kþIs e ® gÁaH s Rmab ;G s;k l ,C anic © e hIy RTg; k¾Rb Tan d l ;e y Ig n Uvkar e R) a s[ Ca s Rma b;r Ubkay r b s ;e yIgpg .

)aneR)as[CaedaysarsñamrMBat;enAelIGgÁRTg ; e n Akñúgb T TMn ay r bs ;e l ake G s a y GMBIkar y a gm kr bs ;RBH Ems ‘Í K at;) an

s Em þgc ,as ;G MBI kar e R) a s [ Car bs ;e y Ig . e G s ay 53³5 EtR Tg;R tÚvr b Ys e da y e RBa HG Me BIr Ml gr b s ;e yIg k ¾R tÚv vay

Ca M e d ay e RBaH G Me BIT uc © r itr b s ;e yIge T Ékar vay p© a l Ed l n aM[ e yIg) an C ae m RtI e n aH ) an Føa k;e TAe l IRTg ; e h Iy e yIgr a l ;K ña) an e R) a s [ C a e d ay s ars ñamr MMBa t ;e n Ae l IG gÁ RTg ; .

94

e l ake BRtús ) an b Ba¢a k;R) a b; BIb TTMn a y r bs ;e l ake Gs ay e n Ae Bl Edl Ka t;s r e s r GMBI ka r ga r e R) as e l aH r bs ;RBH e y s U‘v e d ay ) ane Rb IBakü d Uc K ña e n HEd r .

1 e BRtus 2³2 4 RTg;) an pÞú kG Me BI) ab rb s ;e y Igr al ;Kña e n Ael Ir UbG gÁRTg; Ca b;e l Ie QIq áa g e d Im , I[ e y Ig) a nr s ;xagÉe s ckþIs uc r it e d a y ) ans øa b;xagÉG Me BI) a b e hIy K We d ays ñamC aMr bs ;RTg; Edl G ñkr a l ;K ña) an C a .

eyhUv:a-r:ahVa e n Ae Rka y e Bl Ed l BYkkUn e c A G ‘ÍRs aEG l e cj BIe Gs ‘ÍBÞ RBHR Tg;) an s Em þg[

s Áal ;G gÁRT g;Ca R BH e yh Uv:a - r :ahVa C aRBH Ed l e R) as [ C a . n ikçmn MM 1 5³2 6 RT g;man bn ÞÚ l fa e bIÉgr a l ;K ña Rbugn wgs þa b;RBH e y hUv:a C a

RBH én Ég e h Iy e FVIkar R twm RtÚ ve n ARBH e nRt én RTg; RBm T aMge pÞó gR te coks þa b;b BaØ t iþ RTg ; e hIy ka n ;tam c,a b;R T g; TaM gb:un µ an e n aH G jn wgm in e FVI[ Égr al ;K ñae kI tm an CMg W e r aK aNam Yy dUc Ca G j ) ane FVI[ e kI te L Ig d l ;BYl s as n _e G s‘ÍBÞe n aH e L Iy d ,itG j e n HC aRBH e y hUv:a K WC aRBH Ed l e R) as Égr al ;K ña[ C a .

RBH RT g;m in Edl ERbRb Ül e T . kar e R) as [ Ca KWs Rmab ;éf¶e n H Ed r¡ RBHbnÞÚlRBHnaMmknUvesckþIsuxsb,ay

e sþc s a LÚm :Un R) ab;e yIgfa C I vi t ni gs uxP aBm an d l ;r Ubr a gk ay TaMgm Ul r b s; mn us S KWm ke d ay s ar RBHb nÞÚ l r b s;RBH .

s uP as it 4³2 0- 2 2 kUne G Iy c Ur Rbúgs þab ;G s ;TaMg Ba kü r b s;G j e hIy e pÞógR te coks þa b;e s ckþI Ed l G je Ba l TaMgG M) al m :a n kuM[ e s ckþI TaM ge na HX øat) a t; BI EP ñkÉge L Iy RtÚ vr kS a Tuk e n AkN þal d Ygc itþ Égvij d , ite s ckþITaM Mge n aH C aC Ivi td l ; G ñkN aEd l Es Vgr k) an k¾C ae s c kþIs uxRs Yl d l;x øÜn R) aN TaM gm Ul pg .

e bIe y Igy kc it þ Tu kd ak;d l ;R BH b n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH e hIy s Ba¢wg K ite l IG VI Edl R Tg ; man b nÞÚl G MBIkar r s ;e n Akñú ge s c kþIs uxRs Yl e n aH nwg) an e kItma nBi tEmn e n Akñúg C Ivi t r bs ;e y Ig . e n Ae Bl Ed l KMn itr b s ;e y Ig RtÚv) an EkC a fµ Ie L Ig r Ubkay r b s ;e y Ig nwg ) an EkCa fµ Ie L Igd Ue cña HEd r .

e n Ae Bl Ed l kar e bIks Em þge n H e F VIkar BI viBa ØaNr b s ;e y Ig e TAd l ;K Mn i tr b s ; e y Ig e n aH e yIgn wge Bal e L Ige d a ykøaha n nUvRBH bn Þ Úl r b s ;RBH kñ úge s c kþIC Me n O e hIy ka r e R) as [ C a nige s ckþIs uxRs Yl nwg) an e kItm kC a Bi tR) akd .

cMN aMcMN aMcMN aMcMN aM ³³³³ s Rmab; kar s ikS a bEn ßm[ ) a ns uIC e Rm A GMBI kar e R) as [ Ca s UmG an e me r on {kar RbTan r b s;RBH s Rmab ;ka r e R) as [C a} e d ay e l a k A.L. and Joyce

Gill.

95

GMNacrbs;RBH pl TTYl ) a n d¾F Mm Yy e To ts Rmab ;mn us S fµI K WCa l T §P aBe d Im , Ie Rb IG MNac r b s;

RBH vi BaØaNb r is u T§e n Akñúge y I g . karbg¥ak;EdlGviC¢man G ñke C OC ae Rc In Ed l e Bj e d ay RBH viBa Øa Nbr is uT§ xkxa n m in ) an e RbIG MNac

r bs ;RBH Ed l e n Akñú gB Yke K B Ie RBaH BY ke K R tÚv) an b g¥a k;e d ay s ar K MMnitG v iC ¢man n igkar [ tém øx øÜn ÉgG vi C ¢man .

mn us S C ae Rc In Ed l min ) a n TTYl n Uv kar e bIks Em þgd l ;e s c kþIs ucr i t r bs ;RBH Ed l ) an p þl ;mke n Akar r s ;e n AC amn us S fµI RtÚ v) an G g¥a k;e d ay s ar kar G nuBaØa t [ G Me B I e n Abn þe n AkñúgC Iv itr b s ;B Yke K . BYke Ke n An wkc aMME tG Me BI ) a b m in man kar d wgxøÜn G M BI e s c kþIs uc rite T . BYke K ) an e X Ij x øÜn ÉgC aG ñ kman ) ab r hUt e hIy m in Ed l G a cTTYl C½y C m ñH e n Akñú gC I vi tr b s ;BY ke K . BYke K ) an e F VI[ RBH vi BaØa Nb r is uT§RB YyRBH hb £T½y b¤Bn ø t;R BH viBaØa Ne n Akñú gC I vi tr bs ;BYke K .

e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r es r fa³ kuMe F V I[ RBH v iBa ØaNb r is uT§ én RB H ) an RBYy RBH hb £T½y Edl RTg;e d Ac MNaMG ñ k

r al ;K ñaTu ks Mr a;b;d l ;éf¶e R) as e l aH e n aHe LIy cUr x Md kRK b ;Ta Mge s c kþIC Ur l VIg e kþ A Rkha y kMh wg L ÚL a e C r Rbma f nigR K b; TaMM ge s c kþIG aR kk ; e c j BIG ñkr al ;K ñae T A ¬e G e P sUr 4³30/ 3 1 ¦.

mn us S Edl man citþK i tE tB IG Me BI) ab n wge n AEtb n þe FV I) a br hUt e h Iy BIe RBaH Etkar e n H n wge FVI[ RBHv iBa Øa N RBÜy RBH hb£ T½y e hIy r s ;e nA CIvit Ed l \tm an G MNac e hIy c uHc aj ; .

karebIksEmþgénesckþIsucrit G ñke C OEd l ma n kar e b Iks Em þ gén mn us S fµI e na Hn wge X Ij x øÜ n Égfa C as uc r it.

BYke K n w ge X Ij x øÜn ta mEbb Ed l RBHRTg ;) an be gáI te y Igm k . BYke K n w ge X Ij xøÜn e K kñú gka r e FV Ikar gar én RBH e y s U‘v . BYke K n wge XIj xøÜn e K C a s uc r it e d ay man es ckþI Rbkbs ñiT§s ñal C am Yy n wgRBH e h Iy RtÚv) an e Rb Ie d ay s ar RTg ; e d Im , Ib e Rm Id l ;G ñk Ée To t.

BYke K n w ge X Ij x øÜn e K e FVIkar ga r C am Yy nwgk ar c ak;e Rbg ta M gr bs ;RBH Edl bgðaj [ e X Ij tam r y ³C Ivi tr b s ;BYke K . dUc C aRBHe ys ‘UvRTg;) an ma n bn ÞÚl fa Te n ø Tw kr s ;n wghUr e c j mkta mr y³CIv i t n igka r gar b e Rm Ir bs ;BYke K .

RBH e y s U‘vR T g;man bn ÞÚl fa ³

96

G ñkN aEd l e C Od l ; e n aH nwgman Te n øTwkr s ;hUr e c j BIe BaH x øÜnm k dUc C aK m <Ir s Em þge hIy ¬y :Uhan 7³3 8 ¦.

GMNacedIm,IeFVICaTIbnÞal; RBH e y s U‘vR T g;man bn ÞÚl fa R Tg;s BVRBH hb £T ½y RbTan G M Na cm ke y Ig K we n A

e Bl Ed l e yIg) an T TYl ka rR C m uC e n Akñú gRBH vi BaØa Nbr is u T§ e n a HK We d Im , Ie F VI[ e y Igr a l; Kña ) an e F VIC aTIbn Þal ;s Rmab ;R BH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ .

kic © kar 1 ³8 b:uEn þ kal NaRBH vi BaØa Nbr is u T§) a nm ks N æite l IG ñkr al ;K ña e n aH Gñkr a l ;K ñan w g) a n RBH e c sþa e h Iy nige F VICa TIb n Þal ;B I e n ARkúge y r Us aL im RBm Ta M MgRs uky Ud a n i gRs uks am :ar I TaM gm Ul e hIy r hUtdl ;c UgE p n dIb Mpu tp g .

-TIsmÁal;nigkarGs©arü Epn kar r bs ;RBHs Rmab ;kar e Qagc ab ;G ñ k) a t;b g; KWC a kar p S ay d MN wgl ¥

e d ay ka r G s © ar ü . TIs m Áa l ; n igka r G s © ar ü EtgE tK aM MR Tb Ba¢a k;RBH b n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH d Uc Ed l RBHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBHR tÚv) a n Ec kc ay b¤G F ib,a yR) ab; .

RBH b nÞÚl c uge Rkay r b s ;RBHe y s U‘v e T Akan ;G ñ ke C Or bs ;R Tg ; m un e Bl Ed l RTg ;c ake cj BIEpn d Ie n H ta m r y ³Km <Ir m :akus³

m :akus 1 6³1 5 -2 0 RT g;p þaM e K fa c Ur G ñkr al ;K ñae T Ae Bj s BVk ñú ge l akiy Ta Mg m Ul e hIy p S ay d MN wgl ¥T Ue TAd l ;RK b;m nus S TaM MgG s ;c uH G ñkNaEd l e COe hIy e FVI buN ü RC m uC Twk e n a Hn wg) an s e ® gÁa H EtG ñkNa Edl m in RBme C O e n aH nwgR tÚ ve Ta s vij {TIs m Áal ;TaM ge n H n wgC ab ; tam G s;G ñkEd l e C O K W fa e K n w ge dj G ar kS e d ay nUve Qña H´ e hIy n wge c H n iy ayP a s afµI nigc ab ; ka n ;Bs ;) an b¤e K n wgp w kG VI Bul e n a Hm ine FVI[ G n þr ay e T e hIye Kn wkd ak; éd e l Imn us S CMgW[ C apg} d Ue c ñH e Rkay Ed l R BH G m© a s; ) an man b nÞÚl n wge Kr Yc e hIy e n aH RBH vr b ita ) an T TYl RTg;e L Ige TAs ßan s YK ’ [ Kg;e n A xags þaM .

m :akus 1 6 ³2 0 ÉBYks is S e K e cj e TARbkas R) ab;e n As BVRKb ;G e n øI e d ay man RBH G m © as;e FVIkar C am Yy TaM gbBa¢ a k; RBH bn ÞÚl e d ay TIs m Áal ;Ed l e kItm k tam e Rka y pg .

ta mr y ³ka r e bI k s Em þgén m nu s S fµI e n aH Gñke COn wgG ac e FVIC a TIbn Þa l ;e d ay køa han B IRBH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ e n Akñú gG MNac én RBH viBa ØaNb r is u T§ .

-edaH[rYcecjPaBP½yxøac BYke K n w gm inR tÚ v) an bg¥a k;e d a y s a r kar x øac d l;m n us S e T .

97

BYke K n w gn iy ay e d a ykøaha n fa³ d , itRBH R Tg;m in ) a nRb Tan [ e y IIgm an vi BaØa N Ed l Et gE tx øac e n aH e LIy KW

[ man viBaØaNd ¾ma n G MNac e s c kþIRs L aj ; n igR) a CJa n wgF w gvij d Ue c ñH min RtÚ v[ G ñk man e s ckþIx µas c Me Ba Hkar e F VI bn Þal ;BIRBH G m © as ;én e y Ig >>> > ¬2 FIm :Ue f 1³7/ 8 k¦ .

G ñke C OEd l ma n kar e b Iks Em þ gén mn us S nwgm in man kar x øa c n igxµa s c MMe BaH ka r e FVIb nÞa l ;B IRBH e y s ‘Uve L I y .

BYke K n w gn iy ay e d a ykøaha n fa³ ´G ac nwge F VIRKb ; Ta M gG s ;) an e d ay s ar RBHRK Is ÞEd l RTg;c e Rm In kMML a MMgd l ;

¬P Il IB 4³1 3 ¦. -GMNacEdlminGacbg¥ak;)an

G ñke C OEd l ma n kar e b Iks Em þ gén mn us S fµI n wgG n u Ba Øa t[ G MNac bg¥ak;) an r bs ;RBH Ed l bgðaj m ktamr y³TI s m Áa l ; kar G s © a r ü n igk ar e R) a s[ C a .

ka r Cab ;man e Tas n igkar C Mn uM CR mHn wgm in G ac Taj n a MKat ;e c j BIG MNac én ka r e dj G ar kS b¤ka r da k; éd e l IG ñkQW n igk ar e Rb IG MNac r bs ;RBH e d Im ,Ib gð Úr c Ul mk kñú gr Ubk ay r bs ;BYke K .

mn us S m ñak;Ed l man kar e bIk s Em þgén mn us S fµI n wg) an Bie s aF pl Rbe y aC n_ én e s ckþIRb kb s ñi T§s ñal Ca m Y y RBH ³ e s c kþIG MNr kar e R) as [ Ca nigs uxs b,a y/ P aBc e RmIn e L Ig n igG MN ac r bs ;RBH . pl Rbe y aC n_TaM ge n H K Wm in Emn tRm Úvs Rma b; [ EtG ñke C O) an man G N rC am Yy b:ue N Ña He na He LIy . Br TaMge n aH RtÚ vE tb gðÚr e c j e TA ka n;e l akiy Ed l ) at;b g; kñú ge s ckþIs øab ; .

sMNYr 1 > c Ur BN ’n ar e b obG ar m µN _man eTas kar C Mnu MC RmH nigP a Bm ins kþis m Edl G ac bg¥ak; bg¥n ;d l ;ka r Rb kbs ñiT§s ñal r b s;

G ñke C OCam Yy RBH .

2 > e tIka r e bIks Em þg[ s Áa l ;mn us S fµI n ige s ckþIs uc r it tam viFIN a Ed l G ac n wge d aH mn us S mñak;[ r Yc e d Im , I[ G a cTTYl kar s Em þgn Uv ka r e R) as [ CamkBIR BH?

98

3> e tIka r e bIks Em þgén mn us S fµI nige s ckþIs uc r it tam viF INa Ed l G a ce d a HGñke C O[ r Uc e d Im , IG ac e FVITIbn Þal ; BIR BH e y s U‘v e d ay køaha n ?

emeronTI9 karmancMENkCanisS½yénRBH

nisS½yénRBH e n Ae Bl Ed l ey IgTTYl RBH e y sU‘vC aR BHG gÁs e ® gÁa Hp Þal ; xøÜ n r b s;e y Ig e y Ig

) an RtLb ;C amn us S fµµI . e y IgT TYl n Uvl kçN³ fµ Im Yy . en a HK WC al kçN³r bs ;RBH .

99

e n HK WC akar K Yr [ rMe P IbN as; Ed l e XIj fa e y IgKWC aG ñ kman c MMENke n A kñú gl kçN³ r bs ;RBH .

2 e BRtús 1 ³4k Ed l e d ay s ar es c kþITa M Mge n aH RT g;) an R bTan e s c kþIs n ü a d ¾FMb Mp u t e hIy vie s s pg m ke y Igr al ;Kña e d Im , I[ G ñkr a l ;K ña) an c MENkCa n is S ½y én RBH >>> >

e tIG VIC an is S ½y ¬l kçN³¦ énRBH ? man c MENkn is S ½y én RBH C al kçN³r b s ;RBH Ed l s Rmab;EtR BH 1 G gÁR Tg ;

b:ue N Ña H . dUcC a³ Kg;e n AG s ;kl , ³ K µan kar c ab;e p þIm n igK µan TIb Ba© b; P aBm in e c H ERbRbYl ³ min e c HERb RbÜl s BVan uP a B ³ man G MN ac el IT aMgG s ; s BVRBHv tþman ³ Kg;e n ARK b; TI kEn øg

Eckmkdl;eyIg e Ta Hb IC ay :agNa k¾e d ay

man c MENkxøH én l kçN³r bs ;RBH Ed l RtÚ v) an Ec kmkd l ;e y Ig e n Ae Bl Ed l e yIg) an TTYl n Uve s c kþIs e ® gÁaH P øa m . l kçN³Ta Mge n a H) a n RtL b;C ac MENkC ab;m kC am Yy én P aBC amn us S fµIr b s ;e yIg . ey IgRtÚv) an Rb Ta n mkn U v³

e s c kþIs uc rit P aBbr is uT § e s c kþIRs L aj ; s b ,úr s Rb kbe d ay RBH KuN n ige mtþa kr uNa Ta M ge n H K WWCa cMEN kn is S ½y én RBH Ed l RtÚ v) an Ec km kd l ;viBa ØaNEd l RtÚ v

) an be gáItCa fµ I e n Ae Bl Ed l ey IgTT Yl e s c kþIs e ® gÁa H .

RtÚv)anebIksEmþg[eXIjedaysaresckþIRsLaj; e l aks a vke BRtús ) an s re s r fa e da y s ar GMN ac r bs ;RBH e y IgR tÚv) an

RbTan mkn U vkar Ed l m an Ta k; Tgn wgC Ivi t n i ge s ckþIs uc r it . ey Ig) a n RtL b;C aG ñk r Ymc MMENknis S ½y én RBH tam r y³kar e bIks Em þgmk BIR BH bn ÞÚl r bs ;RBH . l kçN³ Ta M ge n H RtÚ v) a n RbTan mke y I ge d a y s ar es ckþIs n ü ad¾F MM n i gé føvie s s .

1 00

2 e BRtus 1³2 -4 s Um[ RBH KuN n ige s c kþIs uxs an þ ) a n ce Rm In dl ;G ñkr a l; Kña [ ) an sÁa l ;RBH n igRBH e y s U‘v C aRBH G m © as;én e y Ig d , itRBH e c s þa én RBH ) an p þl ; [ e y Igr a l ;K ñaman RK b;r b s ;T aMgG s ; xagÉC Ivi t n i ge s c kþIe Ka r BRb tib tþid l ;R BH e d ay e yIg) an s Áa l ;RBHG gÁ Ed l RTg;e hAe y Igr al ;K ñam k e d a y s ars ir Il ¥ n igRBH K uN r bs ;RTg; Ed l e d ay s ar e sc kþI TaM ge n aH RTg ;) an RbTan e s ckþIs n ü ad ¾F MbMp u t e hIy vie s s pg mke y Igr a l ;K ña e d Im , I[G ñkr al ;Kña ) an c MENkC an is S½y én RBH e d ay s ar e s c kþIs n ü aen aH Ég e d ay) an r Yc BIe s ckþIBu kr l Yye nA kñú ge l akiy e n H Edl e kItG MB I e s c kþIb:gR) af ña .

køayCaGñkmancMENk e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r es r fa³

) an C a» BYks ¶Ün P ¶ae G Iy c Ur begðIy e s ckþIs e ® gÁaH r bs ;G ñkr al ;K ña e d ay e kat x øac e hIy j a b;j ½r c uH dUc C a) an s þab;b gÁab ; C ad r abe r ogmkEd r m in Em nEtkal ´ e n ACa m Yy b:ue N ÑaH e T s Um , IEt\L Úve n HEd l ´m in e nA Ca m Yy e n a Hk¾c Ur xMRb w g[ e l Is e TA e To tpg d , i tKWC aRBH e hIy Ed l bN þal cit þG ñkr a l ;K ña [ man TaMM gcMMN g;c g;e FVI e hIy [ ) an RbRBwtþ ta mb MNgR BHh b£T ½y RTg;Ed r ¬P Il IB 2 ³1 2/ 1 3 ¦.

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey IgTTYl e s ckþIs e ® gÁaH e n a He yIg) an T TYl y kn U vl kçN³ r bs ;RBH e n Akñúgvi BaØaN r bs ;e y Ig b :uEn þta mr y³ dMe N Ir kar é n e Bl e vl a Ed ll kçN³ Ta M ge n aH RtÚ v) an be Ba© j mk ehIy køay mkCa cMEN kén K Mn i t n igr Ub kay r bs ;e y Ig . G ñke C O TaMgG s ;K ña) an k øay C a G ñkman c MENkC an is S ½y én RBH e n Akñú gvi BaØaNr b s ;e K e r og² x øÜn . e TaH bIC ay :ag Nak¾e d ay man Et ta mr y ³én kar e kI tC amn us S fµIb : ue N ÑaH e T e TIbe y IgG ac køay C aG ñ kman c MMENkCa n is S ½y én RBH e n Akñú gRBl w g n i gr Ubkay r bs ;e y Ig) a n .

G ñke C OG ac køay C aG ñ kman c ME Nk n igma n G MNr n wgG VIEd l Ca r bs;pgx øÜn r Yc e hIy e d ays ar kar e bIks Em þgén e s c kþIBit Ed l e bIks Em þ g[ e K dwg fa e K ) an TT Yl n is S½y én RBH r Yc e hIy .

man Ete n Ae Bl Ed l e yIgs Ba¢w gKi te l IRBH bn ÞÚl r bs ;RBH e hIy e d ays ar e s c kþICMe n O RtÚvTam Ta r nUve s ckþIs n ü aén RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH mk e TIbe y Ig) an RtL b ; Ca G ñkm an cMEN kBi tR) akd C a n is S½y én RBH e nAkñú gRBl w g n igr Ub kay r b s ;e y Ig .

e d ay s ar Edl viBa ØaNr bs ;e y IgRtÚv) an b e gá I tC afµI ) an T TY l kar Rb Tan mkn U v n is S½y én RBH e TIb e n Akñ úge me r on e nH e yIgn w ge r on BIv i FIe dIm , I) an RtL b;C aG ñkman cMEN kC an is S ½y én RBH e n Akñú g RBl wg n igr Ub kay r b s ;e y Ig .

1 01

karRtLb;mkdUcCaRTg ; e y IgRt Úv) an tRm Úv Tu kC am un e A kñúgRBH RK Is Þ e d Im , I[ ) a nRtL b;m k[ ) an d Uc C a

r UbG gÁR Tg; . r :Um 8 ³2 9k d ,itG ñ kN aEd l RTg;) an s Áal ;Ca m un e na HRTg ;k¾ tRm Úv Tu kC am un

[ ) an RtLb ;d Uc Car Ub G gÁén R BH r aC buR taRT g; >> >> viBa Øa NEd l Rt Úv) an be gáI tm kC afµ I K WR tÚ v) an b e gáI tmke n Akñú gr UbG g Áén RBH

e hIy G ñke CORBH RKIs Þ K WkMB u gEtRt Úv) an e FVI[ ) a n dUc n wgr Ub G gÁR Tg;e n aH TaM gxa gr Ub ka y n igxagR Bl wgr bs ;BYke K pg .

karpøas;ERb e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r es r fa³

d Ue cñH b gb¥Ún e G Iy ´ TUn µan G ñkr a l ;K ña e d a ye sc kþIe m tþa kr u Naén RBH [ ) an fVa y r Ubkay Tu kC ay Ba ØbUC ar s ; e hIy bris uT§ Ed l Ka b;R BHh b£T ½y dl ;RBH C akar e Ka r Bén G ñkr al ;K ña Ed l man TMn g ku MM[ R tab ; tams m ½y e n He L Iy c Ur[ G ñkr al ;Kña ) an pøa s ;ERbvij e d a y KMn it) an EkCa fµIe L I g e dIm , In wgG a cl e m Il [s Áal ;b MNgRBH hb£T ½y énRBH Ed l l ¥ Rs Yl T TYl e hIy RK b;l kçN _pg ¬r :U m 1 2³1/2 ¦.

kñú gn amC amn us S fµI e y Igm in R tÚ vR ta b; tame l a kiy e n H e Tote L Iy . e yIgR tÚ v r s;e n Akñú gk ar b nþp øas ;ERb [ ) an RtL b ;d UcC ar Ub G gÁén R BHr a Cb uRta r bs ;RBH .

-rUbkaybc©úb,nñ e y Igc ab ;e p þIme FVI kar p øas ;ERb e d ay s ar kar e bþC JaTa MgRs ug fVay r Ubkay r b s ;

e y Igd l ;RBH . r Ub ka y r bs;e y Ig KWC aRBH vih ar én RBH viBaØ a Nbr is uT§ e hIy e y IgR tÚv EtfVay r Ub kay r b s ;e y Ig TukC a {y BaØb UCa r s ;d l ;RBH } .

e d Im , I[ ) an RtL b;mkC aG ñkm an c MENkCa nis S ½y énRBH Ed l e yIg) a nT TYl r Ycm ke hIy e n Akñúg RBH e y s U‘v e y IgRtÚ vE te b þCJa ci t þfVa y CIv i tr bs ;e yIgTa MgRs u g d l; RBH G m © a s;RBH e y s U‘vRKIs Þr al ;éf¶ .

-KMnitEkCafµI

s Um , IEte n Ae Bl Ed l rUb kay r bs ;e yIgk MBugR tÚ v) a n pøas ;ERb e na HRBl wgr b s; e y Igk¾R tÚ vE tp øa s ;ERb Edr ta mr y ³d Me N Ir ka r Ca b;C an ic © m Y y e hAfa KMn itE kC a fµI .

ka r pøas ;ERbe n H e kI te L Ig e n Ae Bl Ed l e yIgbn þkar G an s þab; s Ba ¢wgK i t e C O e hIy G n uvtþ tam RBH b n ÞÚÚl r bs ;RBH . e n H KWCa kar gar G s © ar ü én RBH vi BaØa Nbr is u T§ .

1 02

e d ay s ar kar G s © ar ü e n H rUbk ay r bs ;e y Ig n igRBl w gr bs ;e y Ig ) an RtL b; Ca G ñkm an cMEN ke n Ak ñú gn is S ½y én RBH .

RBHRTg;kMBugeFVIkarenAkñúgeyIg e l akb:ul ) an G F isæan s Rmab;G ñke C Oe n ARkú g kaL aT I s UmRBH RKIs Þ) an kman

r Ubr ag e n Akñú gBY ke K . ka La TI 4³1 9 kUn e c Ae G Iy ´ lM) a kk ñúgc i t þBn ;e B k e d ay e RBaH G ñkr al ;K ña

m þge To t Tal ;EtRBH RKIs Þ) an km an r Ubr ag kñ úgG ñ kr al ;K ñae L I g . Ka t;) a n R) ab;G ñke C Oe n ARkú gP Il IBfa RBH R T g;k MBugE te FVI kar e n Akñú gB Yke K . P IlIB 2³1 3 d , itK WCa R BH e hIy Ed l bN þal c itþG ñ kr a l ;Kña [ ma n TaMg

cMN g;c g;e FI V e hIy [ ) an RbR Bw tþ ta mbMMN gRBH hb £T ½y RTg;Ed r . RBH RT g;b n þe FV Ikar e n Ak ñú gC Iv i té n mn us S fµIr bs ;RTg; Tal ;E t BYke K ) an R tL b;

d Uce TAn wgr UbG gÁ én RBH r aC buR tar bs ;RTg; . e y Igkan ;E tG n uBa Øa t[ RT g;e FV I kar gar r bs ;RTg; e n Akñú ge y Ig e Rc In b:uN Ña e n aH

e y Ign wg) an RtL b;m k kan ;E t dUc C aRBH RKIs Þb:ue N Ña HEd r . c MNa Mc MNa Mc MNa Mc MNa M ³ ³ ³ ³ e yIg )an si kS arYcm ke hI y GMMB Ie sckþI sucr it rb s;R B H n ig re b ob E d le sc kþIe n aH

)an E c kd l;e yIg . e sc kþ Isucr it KW C alkçN³m Y yrb s;R B H . e n Akñúg e m e ro n en H e yIg n wg n aMM[ e lak Gñk s Áal ;GMB Ie sc kþ Isucr it rb s;R Tg ; n ig GMB Ir e bo bE d le sc kþIsucr it r b s;R Tg;) an E ckd l;e yIg e n A e B lE d le yIg TTYle sckþI se ® g ÁaH e hIyb n þe T Ad l;lk çN³e pS g e Tot rb s;R B H .

karmancMENkenAkñúgPaBbrisuT§rbs;RTg; RBHRTg;brisuT§

P aBbr is uT §rb s ;RBH KWK Yr Es Jgx øac b r isuT §bMp u t e hIy RK b;l kçN _ Edl hYs BI ka r G ac BN ’na ) an . e d ays a r Etkar e n H e hIy e TIbb N þ al [ man kar ka t; p þac ;e c j BIK ña r va gG Me BI) a b n igP a Bb r i s uT§ .

RBH RT g;b r is u T§e n Akñú gn is S ½y l kçN³r b s ;RT g; n igkñ úgRK b;kar TaMM gG s ;r b s; RTg ; . e Tvta Rb kas BIP a Bb r i s uT§r bs ;RTg; .

e G s ay 6³3 mYy bn øWe TAka n ;1 e Totfa br is uT§ br is uT§ K W RBH e y hUv:aén BYk Bl br ivar RT g;b r is u T§ Epn d I Ta MM gm Ul man e Bj e d ays ir Il ¥énR Tg ; .

RTg;bBa¢a[eyIg)anbrisuT§ viBa Øa NEd l Rt Úv) an be gáI tCa fµ I r bs ;e y Ig K Wbr is uT § d Uc C aRBH RTg ;br is uT §Ed r .

e l akb:ul ) an s re s r fa³

1 03

ta mEd l RT g;) a n e r Is e yIgr a l ;K ñakñ úgR BH RKIs Þ ta Mg BI m un kMe N I te l a kIy mk Rbe y aC n __[ e y Igr al ;K ña) a nb r is uT§ e hIy \t kEn ø gbe n Þas ) an e n AcMe BaH RTg; e d ay e s c kþIRs L aj ; ¬e G eP s Ur 1³4¦.

s Umn wkc aMMfa rUb ka y nigRB l wgr bs ;e y IgkMM Bu gE ts ßi te nA kñú gka r e FV I[ d Uc nwg r UbG gÁénRBH RK Is Þ . e yIg RtÚ vE te RC Is e r Is [ ) an br is uT§ e n AkñúgC I vi tRb c aM éf¶r b s; e y Ig .

e l vIvin ½y 1 9³2 x RtÚ v[ Égr al ;Kña) an br is uT§ d , i tG j e n H Ed l C aRBH e y hUv:a C aRBH én É gra l ;K ña G j bris uT§ .

e y IgRt ÚvE te RC Is e r Is [ ) an br is uT§e n Akñúg kir iy a RbRBw tþr b s ; e y Ig . ey IgRtÚv fVa y CI vi tr bs ;e y Ig Tu kCa P aC n ³br is uT§d l ;R BH . ey IgRtÚ vEtr ab ;x øÜn e y Ig Tu kC as øa b ; xagÉG Me B I) ab e hIy r s ;e n AxagÉRBH e y s U‘vvij .

e n HK WC akar Ej ke c j C abris uT§ C a kar Ej ke cj e d ayEL kBIe l akiy e n H e hIy Ej ke cj s Rm ab;RBH e y sU‘v vij . kar en H KWC akar Rt L b;mkd UcC aRBH e y s U‘ve n A kñú gC I vi t n ig kir iy aRb R Bw tþRb ca M éf¶r bs ;e y Ig .

1 e BR tus 1³1 5/ 1 6 Etc UrG ñkr a l ;K ña) an b r is uT§ kñ úgRK b ;ki r iy a Ta MgG s ; d Uc Ca RBH Ed l e h AG ñk r al ;Kña RTg;br is uT§Ed r d , itman e s c kþIEcgTu km kfa {cUr [ Égra l ; Kña ) an br is uT§ d , itG j C abr is uT§ } .

e y IgRt Úv) an T TYl bg Áab;m kf a RtÚ v[ ) an b ris uT§ e hIy e y IgG ac e F VIkar e n H ) an tamr y ³kar ma nc MENkc Ul r Yme n Akñúgnis S ½y énRBH Ed l br is uT§e n aH .

cUlrYmkñúgesckþIRsLaj;rbs;RTg ; RBHRTg;CaesckþIRsLaj; ta mn is S ½y r b s;RT g; RBHR T g;KWC ae s c kþIRs La j; . RTg;K WC aRbP Bén RK b ;

e s c kþIRs L aj ; . 1 yU:ha n 4³1 6 e y Igr al ;éf¶) an s Áa l ; e hIy k¾e C Oc MMe Ba He s c kþIRs La j;

Ed l RBHRTg ;man d l ;e y Ig RBH RT g;C a t Ye s c kþIRs L aj ; ÉG ñkNaEd l e n AC ab ;kñú g e s c kþIRs L aj ; e n aH k¾) a ne nACa b;kñ úgR BH e hIy RBH RTg;K g; e n AkñúgG ñke n aH Ed r .

ka r bgðaj n Uve s c kþIRs L aj ;r b s ;RBH dl ;mn us S m an en Akñú gG Me Na y Ca RBH r aC buRtar bs ;R Tg; .

r :Um 5³8 EtÉRBH RTg;) an s Em þge s c kþIRs L aj ;r bs;RT g; d l ;e y Igra l ;K ña [ e X Ij c,as ; e d a y RBH RK Is Þ) an s uK tC Mn Ys e y Igr al ;K ña e n aH K Wkñú g ka l Ed l e yIge n A man ) ab e n AeL Iy pg .

1 04

y :Uhan 3³1 6 d, itR BH R Tg; R s L aj ;mn usS e l ak d l;e m ø:H ) a nC aRTg;Rb Tan RBH r aC b uRtaR Tg; Et1 e d Im , I [ G ñkNaEd l TTYl e C ORBHr a C b uRta e n aH m in Rt Úv vin a s e L Iy K W[ man C IvitG s ;kl , Ca nic © vij .

esckþIRsLaj;4RbePT e d ay e htufa e n ABiP Be l ake y Igs m ½y e n H Ba kü fa {e s ckþIRs L aj ;} Etg EtR tÚ v) an Rc L MKña d Ue cñH y k l ¥e y IgRtÚ vE td wgfa ma n Bakü e pS gK ña4 Ed l R tÚv) a ne RbI s Rma b;Baküfa Rs L aj ;e n Akñú gP as ae Rkk .

- eGrU:s (Eros)

{e G r U:s } K WC ae sc kþIRs L aj;tam G ar m µN _ . Baküe n H m inma ne RbIe n AkñúgK m <Ir s BaØafµ µIe T . e s ckþIRs L aj ;e n HK WC ae s c kþIRs L aj ;me n as e Ba ©tn a Ed l RBHRTg;) an RbTan d l ;mn us S r vagb þI nig Rb Bn § d UcE dl RtÚ v) an BN ’n ae n Akñú gKm <Ir b Tc e Rm óg s aLÚm :Un . es c kþIRs L aj;e n H RBH RTg;hamm in [ man e RkABI kar b gðaj P aBs ñiT § s ñal én es ckþIRs L a j r vagb þI n igRbBn § .

- sþCI (Storge)

{s þC II} m in Emn Ca e s c kþIRs L aj;tamG a r m µN _e n aH e T . e n HKWC ae s ckþI Rs L aj ;Cal kçN³ RKÜs ar . Bakü e n HRtÚv) an e Rb ICaBa kü b£s KuNn a m K W {philostorgo} Ed l ma nn½y f a e sc kþIRs L aj;Ed l fña k; fñm Ep¥mEl ðm .

r :Um 1 2³1 0 xagÉe s c kþIRsL aj;C ab gb ¥ Ún e n aH c Ur man citþ fñmK ñae TA vij e TA mkcuH xagÉe s c kþIra b;G a n e n aH [ x Mr ab;G a ne KC am un .

s þC I K WC ae s c kþIRs L aj ;Edl s ma CikRK Üs ar bgðaj d l ;Kña e TA vij e TAmk kñú gr va gRK Üs ar BIFm µC a t i n igkñú gr va gR K Üs a r r bs;RBH .

- hVIlelo (Philia)

{hVIl e l o} KWC ae s c kþIRs La j ;énm itþP aBd¾s uIC e Rm A b ¤ kar C ab ;TMn ak; T Mn gd ¾ e sµµaH Rt g;c Me BaH G ñkNam ña k; . Baküfa {philema} man n ½y fa {e fIb } . en HK WC a e s c kþIRs L aj ;Ed l manP a Bkk;e kþA n i gs ñiT §s ña l x øaMg .

y :Uhan 5³2 0k BIe RBa HRBH v r bitaR Tg;Rs La j ;RBHr a Cb uRta e hIy k¾b gðaj [ RBH r aC buR tae X Ij G s ;TaMg kar Ed l RTg;e F VIEd r .

hVIl e l oRtÚv) an e Rb Ie d Im , IBN ’ n aBIka r TMn a k; TMn gén e s c kþIR s L aj ; Ed l RBH e y sU‘vman r vagR BHe y s U‘v n igL as a .

1 05

y :Uhan 11 ³3 b gb¥Ún Rs I2 n ak;e n aH k¾c at;e K [ e TA ÉR BHe y s U‘v T Ul fa RBH G m © a s;e G Iy e mIl GñkEd l RTg;Rs L aj ;e n aH K at;QW .

Ba kü m Yy e To tK W {philos} Ed l ma nn½y fa G ñkNa m ñak;Ed l man e s ckþI Rs L aj ;y :agx øa Mgd l ;G ñk m ña k;e T ot .

y :Uhan 1 5³1 3 Kµa n G ñkN aman e s ckþIRs L a j;FMC age n H K WEd l G ñkNa nwg bþÚr C Iv itC Mn Ys BY k s ML aj ;r b s;x øÜn e n aH e T .

e n Hk¾G ac C ae s ckþIRs L aj ;sñi T§s ñal Ed l bþI n igRb Bn §man s Rma b;K ñae TAv ij e TA mkpgEdr ¬hVI EL n Rd Ús philandros¦ .

bEn ßme l Is BIe n He TAe Tot TMn ak; TMng Ed l ma n e sc kþIR s L aj ;C its ñi T§ n igk k; e kþAEd l RBH e y s U‘vm an s Rmab;L as a e hIy k¾RtÚv) an e X Ij pgEdr e nAkñúg TMn ak; T Mng r va gd av ID n igy :UNa fan Ed r . e n H KWCae s c kþIRs L aj;Bie s s mYy Ed l m an Ed n kMNt; s Rma b;TMn ak;T Mn gy :a gC i ts ñi T§r va gm nus S BIr na k; .

- GahÁaeb : (Agape)

e s c kþIRs L aj ;G a hÁae b : K WC a e s c kþIRs L aj ;r b s;RBH Ed l RtÚ v) a n bgðaj mk Ca pl Epøén R BH vi BaØaNe n Ak ñú gC Ivi tr b s ;G ñke C O .

ka La TI 5³2 2 / 23 EtÉgpl Ep ør bs ;RBH viBa ØaNv ij e n aHKWe s c kþIRs La j; G MNr G r e mR tIP a B G t;F µ t; s uP aB s b, úr s es µa HRtg ; s øÚtbU t e hIy d w gx ña t K µan Rki tü vin ½y Na Ta s ;n wge s c kþI y :a ge n aH e T .

G ahÁae b: KWC ae s c kþIRs La j;Ed l C aG F iFm µCati . e n H KWC ae s c kþIRs La j; r bs ;RBH Ed l RtÚv) an b gða j mke d ay RBH viBa ØaNb r is uT § e n Akñú gc i tþþr bs ;e yIg tamr y³ CIvi tr bs ;e y Ig e hIy e n Akñú gs km µP aBr b s ;e y Igc Me BaHG ñkÉ e Tot .

e d ay s ar Ete s ckþIRs L a j;mkBIR BH e n H KWe s c kþIRs La j;m Yy Edl e l akiy G ac n wgBie s aFn _) a n man Etta mr y ³kar e k It Ca fµIb : ue N ÑaH K we y IgEd l G ac Bie s aF ) an e n HK WC ae s ckþIRs L aj ;d l ;G ñkCi txa gr b s ;e y Ig m itþP kþir bs ;e y Ig e hIy Ed l e l akiy e X Ij far itE tc MEL ke TAe Tote n aH K WCa kar Rs L aj ;d l;Ta Mgx µaM gs RtÚ vr b s; e y Igpg .

1 y :Uhan 3³1 6 e da ys ar e s c kþIe n H e yIgr al ;K ña) an s Áal ;e s c kþIRs Laj; KWe d a y RTg ;) an s ‘U bþÚr RBH Cn µC M n Ys e yIg d Ue c ñH K Yr [ e y Igb þÚr C Ivi te y IgC Mn Ys b gb¥Ún Ed r .

segçb e G r U:s RtÚv) an kMN t;e d ay s a r c,a b;r b s;RBHs Rmab ;bþIRb Bn § .

1 06

s þC I RtÚv) a n kMMN t;[ man c Me BaH RKÜs ar r bs ;e y Ig Ta M gxa gs ac ;Qam n ig RBl wgv iBa ØaN .

hVIl e l o RtÚv) an kM MN t;[ man c Me BaH bþIRb Bn§ b¤m it þP iþIC its ñi T §b MMp ut . e Ta Hb IC ay :agNa k¾e d ay ta mr y ³kar e kI tCa mn us S fµI e n a He s c kþIRs La j;

G ahÁae b: r b s;RBH K WR tÚv) a nb gða j c Me BaHR Kb ;Kña r Ym TaM gxµa Mgs RtÚvr b s ;e y IgpgEd r . esckþIRsLaj;GahÁaeb:enAskmµPaB - RsLaj;dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmk ta mr y ³kar Rb Tan mknU vl kç N³C an is S ½y én RBH n igCap l Ep øénRBH v iBa ØaN

e n aH e yIgEd l Ca mn us S fµIk¾) a n RtL b ;CaG ñ k Ed l man e s c kþIRs La j;d l ;K ñae TA vij e TA mkEd r .

r U:m 1 3³8 kuM[ C MBa k;G VId l ;G ñ kN ae L Iy C MBak;) an Ete s c kþIRs La j ;d l ;K ña e TA vij e TAm kb : ue N ÑaH d , itG ñ kEd l Rs L aj ;d l ;e K e n aH ) an e F VIs e Rm ctam Rkitü vin ½y e hIy .

RBH e y s ‘UvR T g;) an man b n ÞÚl f a³ ´[ e s c kþIb Ba Ø tþ1 f µId l ;G ñ kr al ;K ña K W[ G ñkr a l ;K ñaRs L aj ;Kña e TAv ij e TAmk

RtÚ v[ Rs L a j;K ña d Uc Ca ´) an Rs L aj ;dl ;G ñkr a l ;K ñaEd r en aH e K n wgd wg fa G ñkr al ;K ña Ca s is S ´ ed ays a r es c kþIR s L aj ;e n H Ég KWEd l G ñkr a l ;K ñaman e s ckþIRs L aj ;d l; Kña e TA vij e TAm k ¬y : Uhan 1 3³34/ 3 5¦.

ka r Edl vie s s el Is C agG VITaM gG s ; K We F VI[ e Kd wg fa Ca s i s S r bs;RBH e y s U‘v e d ay s ar es c kþIRs L aj; Ed l BYke K man d l ;;K ñae TAv ij e TA mk .

- sisSénesckþIRsLaj; s is S r bs;RBH e y sU‘v K W CaG ñkEd l kan ;tamb Ba Øtþ ir b s ;RBHe y s U‘v . G ñke n aH

m in Rtwm E tC aRK Is Þa nm ñak;b :ue N ÑaH e T K WC aG ñk Edl man e s ckþIC Me n O n igkar s þab;b gÁa b; n igk MBugE tR tÚ v) an p øas ;ERb e T ACa n is S ½y én e sc kþIRs L aj; nigr Ub G gÁ én RBH e y s U‘v .

1 y :Uhan 4³7 BYks ¶Ün P ¶ae G Iy ey IgRtÚvRs L aj ;Kña e TAvij e TAm k d , i t e s c kþIRs L aj ;m kBIR BH ÉG s;G ñkNaEd l m an e s c kþIRs L aj ; e n aHe QµaH fa mkB I RBH e hIy k¾s Áal ;RT g;Edr .

mn us S fµIK WCa G s ;G ñkEd l C aG ñ krYm cMEN ke n Ak ñú gn is S ½y én RBH e Kn wge d Ir e n A kñú ge s c kþIRs L aj ; G ahÁa e b: r bs ;RBH .

r :Um 5³ 5x > >>> BIe RBa He s c kþIR s Laj ;r bs ;RBH ) an p S ay mks BVkñú gc itþe y Ig r al ;K ña e d ay s ar RBH viBa ØaNb r is uT§ Ed l RBH ) an RbTan mke y Ige hIy .

1 07

- Rkitüvin½ybgÁab;[RsLaj; Rki tü vin ½y e l akm :Ue s ) an b gÁa b;mkfa R tÚ v[ e y IgRs La j ;d l ;G ñkÉe To t .

e l vIvin ½y 1 9³1 8 min RtÚ v s gs wk b ¤cg ;K Mn u MKuM K Yn n wgBY kkUn e c As as n_Ég e L Iy K WRtÚvRs La j ;G ñkCi tx agdUc x ø Ün Ég vij >> > .

mn us S Edl m in RtÚv) an p øas ;ER b min G a cb Me Bj tamRki tü v i n ½y e n H) a ne T . e n Akñúg x øÜn e K BY ke K m in G ac Rs L a j;d l ;G ñkCi tx ag d Uc Ca xø Ün e K ) an e LIy .

RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an RbTan b Ba Ø tþ if µI éne s c kþIRs La j ;e n Hd l ;mn us S fµIr b s; RTg ; .

r ::Um 1 3 ³9 BIe RBa Hb TE dl fa {kuM[ p i t[ e s aH kuM[ s ML ab ;mn us S [e s aH kuM[ l Yc[ e s aH kuMM[ e l a P [e s a H} e hIy e b Iman b BaØt þN a e To t e na Hk¾r YmK ñamkkñú g Ba kü 1 m :a t;e n H Ég Ed l fa {c Ur Rs L aj ;G ñkC i txagd Ucx øÜn É g} .

- Rkitüvin½yRtÚv)ansMMerctamedaysaresckþIRsLaj; e s c kþIRs L aj ; KWC akar b Me Bj ta mRki tü vin ½y .

r U:m 1 3³1 0 e s c kþIRs L aj ;m in Ed l e FVIG aRk k;dl ;G ñkC i txa ge L Iy dUe c ñH e s c kþIRs L aj ; Ca kic © s e Rm ctam Rki tüvin ½y e hIy .

e l akb:ul s r es r e TAkan ;Rkum C MnuMR kú gkaL a TI/ ka La TI 5³1 4 d , itRk itü vin ½ yTaMgm Ul ) ans MMe r c mkkñ úgBakü E t1 m :a t;e n H

fa {c Ur Ég Rs L aj ; G ñkCi txa g d Uc xøÜn É g} . RsLaj;xµaMgsRtÚvrbs;eyIg

e n Akñúgn is S ½y én e sc kþIRs L aj ;d ¾F Mr bs ;RTg; RBH R Tg ;) an Rs L aj ;e yIg kñú g e Bl Ed l e yIge n AC ax µaM Mgs RtÚ vr b s ;RTg;e n Ae L Iy pg . Pa BC amn us S fµI e y IgRt ÚvE t man n is S½y én e s c kþIRs L aj ;r bs;RBH Ed r . ey IgRt ÚvE tR s Laj ;mn us S ) at;bg; én e l akiy e n H e hIy Ec kc ay dl ;BYke K n Uve s ckþIRs L a j;d ¾FM r b s;RBH nige s ckþIG aN it e mtþar bs ;RTg;p g .

BIe R BaH E te y IgC am n us S fµI e TIbe y IgC aG ñkr Ym cMEN ke n Akñ ú gn is S ½y én e s ckþI Rs L aj ;rb s;RBH ) an . e d ay s ar RBH viBa ØaNb r is uT § e n aHe y IgG ac Rs L aj ; n igRtÚv EtRs L aj ;d l ;G ñkNa Edl Ca x µaMM gs RtÚ vr b s ;e y Igpg Ed r .

m :afay 5³ 44 b : uEn þ x ¶úMR) ab; fa R tÚvRs L aj ;BY kx µaM Mgs R tÚv RtÚ v[ Br d l ;G ñk Ed l Rbe Tc p þas a RtÚvRbR Bw tþl ¥n w gG ñkNa Ed l s ¥b;G ñkr a l ;Kña e h Iy RtÚvG F is æan [ G ñkN aEd l e F VITuk çe bote b on d l ;G ñkr al ;K ñav ij .

1 08

RBH e y s U‘vm in Edl bg Áab;[ e yIge F VIG VI1 Ed l e y Ige FVIm in ) a n e n aHe LIy . e y IgG a c Rs L aj ; e hIy e yIgRt ÚvEtRs La j ;x µaMgs R tÚ vr b s ;e yIg Ca m Yy n wge s c kþI Rs L aj ;G ahÁae b :r bs ;RBH .

- karbgðajesckþIRsLaj;GahÁaeb : RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an be Rgon s is S r bs ;RTg; nUvr e b obb gða j BIe s c kþIRs Laj;

e n aH d l;G ñkÉe To t r YmTaM Mg xµa M gs RtÚ vr bs ;e y IgpgEd r . l Uka 6³2 7-3 0 b: uEn þ ´ R ) ab;G ñkr al ;Kña Edl kM Bu gs þab ; fa c Ur G ñkr al ;K ña

Rs L aj ;BYkx µaM gs RtÚ v e hIy RbRBw tþl ¥n w gB YkG ñ kEd l s ¥b;G ñkr al ;K ñav ij c Ur [ Br d l; G ñkN aEd l Rb e Tc p þas a G ñk e hIy G F isæan [ G ñkNaEd l e FVI TukçG ñk ÉG ñ kNaEd l TH kMe P øógG ñkm çag e n aH RtÚ vEb r m çage TA[ e Ke To t e hIy e bIG ñkNay kG avE vgrb s ;G ñk e n aH kuM[ X at;m in [ e K y kG a vtUc G ñ kp ge LIy cUr [ d l ;G ñkNa Edl sUmG ñk e hIy e bI G ñkN ay kG VIpgG ñ k e n aH kuM[ Tar vij e L Iy .

e l akb:ul ) an s re s r fa³ d Ue cñH e bIs in NaC ax µaM gs RtÚ v G ñkX øan e n aH c Ur [ e Kb rie P aKc uH e bIe K e Rs k

cUr [ p wke TA e b IRbRBw tþd Ue c ñaH e n aH dUc Ca G ñk) a n Rbm Ul r e gI ke P øIg d ak;e l Ik, al e K vij ¬ r :Um 1 2 ³2 0¦ .

- KMrUénesckþIRsLaj;GahÁaeb : e l ake sÞpan K WC a] Ta hr N _d ¾ G s © arü én e sc kþIR s L aj;e n H e n Akñúg kal Ed l x µaMgs R tÚ vr b s ;K at;) an Kb ;K a t;n w gd u Mfµ .

kic © kar 7³59/ 6 0 e K e c ale s Þpa nn wg fµ kM BugEd l K at ; TUl G gVr dl ;RBH fa »RBH e y sU‘ve G Iy s UmTTYl vi BaØaN TUl bgÁ Mpg e n aH Ka t; k¾ l utCg Ág;c uH r Uc ERs ke LIg Ca s e møgx øa MM gfa »R BH G m © as ;e G Iy s UmkuMr a b;) ab e n H dl ;e K e LIy kal Ka t;) a n e Ba l d Ue cña He h Iy e n aH k¾e dkl k;e T A .

e y IgC aG ñkr Ymc MEN ke n Akñ úgn i s S½y én RBH e d ay s ar RBHviBaØaN br is uT§ G ac n wgRs La j; e hIy RtÚ vE tR s Laj ;d l ;G ñkÉe To tEbb d Ue cña HEd r s Um , IEtx µa M gs RtÚ v e y Igk¾e d ay .

mn us S Edl rs ;e n Ae d ay G ar m µN _x øÜn Ég m in G ac Bie s aF n Uve s c kþIRs La j; Ebb e n H) a ne T . e s c kþIRs La j;G ac RtÚ v) an Bie s aF n igRtÚ v) an b gðaj d l ;G s ;G ñk Ed l man kar e b Iks Em þg [ sÁa l ;e s c kþIRs L aj ;r b s;RBH e n Akñú gB Yke K b: ue N ÑaH .

- eRCIserIsnwgRsLaj;

1 09

e d ay e RBaH Etkar Rs La j ;x µaM gs RtÚ v p Þúy BIG a r m µN _ n ign is S ½y r b s;e y Ig d Ue cñH e y IgEd l ) an TTYl n Uv ka r e b Iks Em þgBIn is S ½y én RBH E d l RTg;Rs L aj ;d l ;e y Ig e n aH e yIgRt ÚvE te R CIs e r Is n igRs L aj ;d UcC aRBH RTg;Rs L a j ;d l;e y IgEd r .

1 e BRtús 1 ³2 2 G ñkr al ;K ña) an C RmH sm ¥a tc i tþ e d ay sþa b;tame s ckþI Bit s Rma b;[ ) an es c kþIRs Laj ;C abgb ¥Ún\ t Bu tmay a d Ue c ñH c Ur RsL aj;K ñae TA vij e TA mkCay :a gx øaM g e d a y citþd ¾s ¥a tc uH .

GñkRsLaj;dl;RBH G s;G ñkEd l ) a ns Áal ;kar e b Iks Em þgén kar e kItC amn us S fµ I e K d wgfaB Yke K e n A

kñú gRBHRK Is Þ e hIy ) an RtLb ;C aG ñkr Ym cMEN kC an is S ½y én RBH e l Is C agG VITaM gG s ; G ñke n a HK WC aG ñkRs L aj ;RBH .

BYke K n w ge F VI ka r TaMgG s ;e dIm , I Ka b;d l ;RBH hb£ T½y RBH e d ay s ar kar s þab; bgÁab ;RBH bn ÞÚl R Tg; . BYke K K WCa G ñkfVay b gÁMR BH .

mn us S Edl e kItC a fµI Ta MgG s ; n wigs r e sIr RBH C an ic© e d aye RBaH RT g;) an RbT an Br d ¾G s © ar ü e hIy BYke K n wg fV ay bgÁMRBHe d a y e RBa HR Tg ;Ca R BH . kar s re sIr d l ;RBH n wge n AC ab ;bb Ur ma t;e KC an ic © .

mn us S fµIn wgm an c MNgTa k; Tgén e s c kþIRs L aj;Ed l C its ñi T§ nigs ñi T§s ñal C a m Yy RBHC an ic © .

TMn u k te m áI g 42 ³1 /2 » RBHGgÁe G Iy RBl wg TUl bgÁ Md gð k;r kRTg ; d Uc C akþan ;jI d gðk ;r ke RC aH Tw k RBl w g TUl bgÁMe Rs kr kR BH K WRBH d ¾man RBH Cn µr s ;e nA e tId l ;kal Na ) an TUl bgÁMn wgmkQr c Me BaHR Tg ;?

mn us S fµIn wge dIr e n Akñ úge s c kþIR s L aj ; G ahÁae b: r bs ;RBH RKIs Þ Edl mane TA ka n;G ñke C Or YmK ñaÉe To t BY kx µ µaM gs RtÚ v n ige TAkan ;R BH pÞ al ; .

karrYmcMENkenAkñúgPaBl¥nigesckþIemtþakruNarbs;RTg ; RBHRTg;l ¥¥

Ca n is S½y r bs ;RTg; RBH R T g;l ¥ . TMn u k te m áI g 52 ³1 x e s c kþIs b, úr s én RBH sßite s ßr e n AC ad r ab .

e s c kþIs b, úr s r bs ;RBH K WC aP a BRK b;l kçN _d¾ \te x © aH bM Mp u t . e sc kþIs b , úr s r bs ;RTg; b gða j d l ;RK b;G s ;TaM gs ñaRBHh s þr bs ;RTg ; KWe d ay s are s c kþIe mt þakr uNa n igRBH K uN r bs ;RTg ; .

esckþIemtþa nigRBHKuNrbs;RBH

1 1 0

e s c kþIe mtþa r bs ;RBH c Me Ba Hm n u s S man) ab RtÚv) an b gða j [ e X Ij c,as ; e n A e Bl Ed l RTg;Rb Tan RBH r aC bu RtaR Tg ;mk e d Im , Is uK tC Mn Ys e y Igr a l ;K ña .

n iy mn ½y m Yy én Bakü fa G a N ite m tþa KW³ -ka r G t;F n ;R Ta MR Tr g TN Ð km µC Mn Yy G ñkEd l ) an Rb RBw tþr Ml g c ,ab;. -e s c kþIe mtþa kr uN ar bs ;RBH K W Ca e s c kþIs b, úr s r bs ;RBH Ed l) an s Emþg

e c jmk e da y yl ;d l ;e s ckþIR t Úvkar r b s ;e y Ig . RBHRTg ;man e Bj e d ay es ckþI e mtþakr uN a ¡

e G eP s Ur 2 ³4 b:uEn þ RBH Ed l RTg;ma ne s c kþIe m tþakr uNae l Is l b; e d ay e RBaHe s c kþIRs L aj ;C ax øaM g Ed l RTg;man d l ;e y Igr al ;K ña .

RBH RT g;R tÚ v) an e hAfa Ca RBH vr bita Ed l ma n e sc kþIe mtþ a kr u Na . 2 kUr in fUs 1³3 s Ums re s Ird l ;RBH d ¾CaR BH vr bi taénRBH e y sU‘vRK Is Þ Ca RBH

G m © as ;én e y Igr al ;K ña K WC aR BH vr bitad ¾ma ne s c kþIe m tþa kr u Na C aRBH d¾k Ms a nþc it þRK b; CMBU Uk .

- )anse®gÁaHedaysarRBHKuN RBH K uN K WC a ³ - e s ckþIRs L a j;Ed l m in G a ckat; ;éfø) an dl ;mn us S . e nH KW

Ca ka rs Em þg[ e X Ij n Uve s c kþIRs L aj ;r b s;RT g; . e G eP s Ur 2³5/8 kñúg kal Ed l e yIge n As øab ;kñ úg kar r Ml ge n Ae L Iy en aH RTg ;

) an e R) as [ ey Igr al ;K ña) an r s ;Ca m Yy n wgRBH RK Is Þ K We d ay RBH KuN Ed l G ñkr al ;K ña ) an se ® gÁa H d , itK We d ay RBH K uN Ed l G ñkr al ;K ña) an s e ®gÁaH e d ay s a r es c kþIC Me n O e hIy e sc kþIe n aH k¾m in Emn e kItB IG ñkr a l ;K ñaEd r K WC aG Me Nay Tan r b s ;RBH vij .

- blø½gáénRBHKuN \LÚve n H Ed l e yIg) an C amn us S fµI e n aH e yIgG ac n wgc Ul m kÉbl ø½gáén R BH

KuN e d ay køa han . e he RBIr 4³1 6 dUe c ñH RtÚv[ e y Igr al ;K ña m kd l ;b l ø½gá én RBH KuN e d ay

køa han e dIm , In wgT TYl e s c kþIe mtþa e hIy r k) a nR BH K uN s Rma b;n wgCYy d l ;e Bl RtÚ v ka r cuH .

GñkrYmcMENkenAkñúgkarGt;eTasrbs;RTg; RBHRTg;Gt;eTas

1 1 1

ka r bgðaj [ e X Ij én RBHK uN n ige s c kþIe m tþa kr uNar b s ;RB H K WRtÚ v) an e X Ij e n Akñúg ka r G t;e Tas r bs ;RTg; kar G t;e Ta s r bs ;RTg;R tÚ v) a n RbTan d l ;G ñkman ) a b e n Ae Bl Ed l BYke K T TYl RBHe y s U‘v mke F VI C aRBH G g Ás e ® gÁaH r b s;BY ke K K Wy kR Tg;e FV I Ca G ñks gé føe l aH C Mn Ys BY ke K e d ay p Þal ; .

e G eP s Ur 1 ³7 e hIy e yIg) an e s c kþIe R) as e l aHe n Akúñ gRBH r aC buR tae n aH e d ay s ar RBH e l a hitRT g; K WC ae s c kþIe R) as e l aH [ rYc BIe Tas tamR BH K uNd ¾F¶n ; éRkEl g énRT g; .

ka r G t;e Tas r bs ;RTg; RtÚv) an Rb Ta n dl ;G ñke COe l IRTg ; en Ae Bl Ed l BYke K l n ;tYs ar P a BG Me BI) a br b s;BY ke K .

1 y U:han 1³9 e b Ie y Igl n ;tY) a bv ij e n aH RTg;m an RBH hb £T½y e s µaH Rtg ; e hIy suc r it Rb e y aC n _n wgG t;e Tas ) ab[ e yIg e hIy n igs m ¥ate y Ig B IRK b;G Me B I Tuc © r i tTa MgG s ;pg .

ka r G t;e Tas r bs ;RBH K WCa kar b gða j BIe s c kþIe m tþa n igR B HK uNr b s ;RBH d ¾FM mkBIn is S ½y én RBH.

e n Akñúgs Ba Øa fµI kar G t;e Tas m an n ½y fa³ -d ke c j [ q ¶ay BIva -e d aH El gbMN ul b ¤G Me BI) ab e d ay s ar kar l ube c al e cj TaMgRs ug . -pþl ;[ n Uve s c kþIRs La j ;\tl ½kçx ½N Ð e d ay s ar ka r e d aH[ r YcBI) ab b¤kar

l ube ca l GMe BI) ab b ¤kar r Ml ge p S g² . RBH RT g;G t;e Tas e hIy RTg; bMe P øc e c al ¡ kar G t;e Tas r b s ;RTg; K we d ay Bwg

e l Ikar e R) as e l aH én G gÁR BH e y sU‘v Ed l RTg;m inR twmE t) an b g;s gé føG Me BI) a br b s; e y Igb :ue N ÑaH e T b: uEn þE fm Ta Mgp Þú k y kn UvG Me B I) ab r bs ;e y Ige ) a He c al e TAkñ úgT IC e Rm A én Epn d I e hIy RT g;n w gm in n wkc aM b¤r MB£ km kTas ;nwge y Ige To te n aH e T .

e he RBIr 8³1 2 BIe RBaH G jn wgG aN ite m tþac Me Ba He s c kþIT uc © ritr b s ;e K e hIy G j nwgEl gn wkc aMMB IG Me BI) ab n ige s ckþIT Twgc ,ab ;r bs ;e K e T ote T .

eyIgRtÚvEtGt;eTas

1 1 2

kñú gn amC aG ñkr Ymc MEN ke n Akñú gn is S ½y én RBH e y IgEd l C amn us S fµI RtÚ ve d Ir e n Akñúg ka r G aN i te mt þa n igR BH K uNr b s ;RBHd l ;G ñkÉe To t . ey IgRt ÚvE tG t;e Ta s d UcC aRBH R Tg;G t;e Ta s Ed r .

e G eP s Ur 4³32 cUr man c itþ s b, úr s nwgK ñae TA vij e TAmk R BmTa Mgman c i tþ Tn ; s e nþas e hIy G t;e Ta s K ña d UcC aRBH R Tg;) an G t ;e Tas [ G ñkr al ;K ña e d ay RBH RK IsÞ Ed r .

- RtÚvbnþGt;eTasCanic© e Ta Hb IC amn us S N am ñak;e n AEt bn þe F VI) abTas ;n wge y I gk¾e da y ey IgRtÚ vE tbn þ

G t;e Tas C an ic© . m :afay 1 8 ³2 1/ 2 2 xN³e n aH e BRtus k¾mk ÉR Tg ;TUs fa RBH G m © as ;e GIy

e bIb gb ¥Ún e FVI) a bn w g´ e n aH RtÚ v[ ´ G t;e Tas [ e K d l ;b :un µan d g e tId l ;7d gb ¤G I? RBH e y sU‘vR Tg;ma n bn ÞÚl tb fa ´ m in fa[ G ñkG t;e Tas RtwmE t 7d ge T K Wd l ;7c i ts ibd g e TA e To t .

kñú gn amC amn us S fµI e y IgG ac G t;e Ta s ) an BIe RBa He yIgK W C a G ñkr Ymc MENke n A kñú gn is S ½y én RBH . ey IgG ac G t;e Tas e hIy e yIgR tÚ vE tG t;e Tas BIe RBa HRBH e y s U‘v RTg ;) an G t;e Tas Ed r .

- eRCIserIsnwgGt;eTas ka r G t;e Tas KWC aC e Rm Is m Yy . kar e nHK WC as km µP aBén kar s þa b;b gÁab ;d l ;

RBH . e yIgm in Rt Úvr g;c aM Ta l ;Ete y Igman G ar m µN _fa cg; G t;e Ta s e TIbe y Ign wgG t ; e Ta s e n aH e LIy . ey IgRt Ú vEts þab ;b gÁab ;RBH e hIy e FVI kar s e Rmc citþG t;e Tas BI e RBaH e da y s are s c kþIG a N i te m tþa n igRBH K uN én RT g; R Tg;) a nG t;e Tas [ e y Ig .

RBH e y s U‘vR T g;R tÚ v) an Bü Ür e n Ae l Ie QIqáa g e n Am uxBY kx µa MM gs RtÚ vr bs ;RT g; . BYke K ) an vay d MR T g; e s þaH Twk mat;d a k;R Tg; c MG k[ R Tg; n i y ay b gáa c;G MBIR T g; Ba k;P Yg bn øae l IRBH s irs aRTg; e hIy Efm Ta Mg) a nq áa gs m øa b;R Tg;e To t . b:uEn þ s Um , IEte n A e Bl Ed l RTg;e n AC ab ;e n Ae l Ie QIq áa g RTg;) an G t ;e Tas ) abd l ;BYke K TaM gG s ;Ed r .

l Uka 2 3³34k ÉRBHe ys U‘vRTg;man b n ÞÚl fa » RBH vr bitae G Iy s UmG t; e Ta s d l ;G ñkTa Mge n Hpg d , i te Km in d wgC ae K e FVIG V Ie T > >> .

RBH e y s U‘vR T g;Ca K MMr Ur b s ;e y Ig . BIe RBaH RTg;) a nG t;e Tas e hIy RTg; Kg ;e n A kñú ge y Ig d Ue c ñHe y Igk ¾G ac n wgG t;e T as ) a n Edr .

RtÚvGt;eTasedIm,I)anGt;eTas[Edr

1 1 3

RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an man b n ÞÚl f a³ e hIy ka l Na G ñkG F is æan e b IG ñkman e ht uG VIn w gG ñkNa e n aHRtÚvG t;e Ta s

[ e Ks in e d Im , I[ RBH vr b ita én G ñkr al ;K ña Edl Kg;e n As ßan s YK ’ ) an G t;e Tas RK b ;TaM g e s c kþIkMhus r bs ;G ñkr al ;Kña E dr ¬m :akus 1 1³2 5¦ .

Ca mn us S fµIe n Akñú gRBH e y s U‘vR KIs Þ Ed l ) a n TTYl n Uvn is S ½y C aRBH én e s ckþI Rs L aj ; e sc kþIe mtþ a kr uNa n igRBH K uN e n aH e yIgk¾G a c n wgG t;e Tas d l ;G ñkNa Ed l ) an e FVI) ab Ta s ;n wge y Ig b ¤n wgG ñkEd l e y IgRs L a j ; . ey IgRtÚv) a nb gÁab ;f a [ G t;e Tas e TIbe yIgG ac n w g RtÚ v) an G t;e Tas [ pgEdr .

esckþIsnñidæan kñú gn amC amn us S fµI e y Igm an CI vi t n ign is S ½y én RBH e n Akñ úg viBa ØaNr bs ;e yIg.

RBl wg n igr Ub kay r b s ;e y IgRtL b ;Ca G ñ kr Ym cMEN kkñ úgn is S ½y én RBH xN³e Bl Ed l e y IgkM BugRt Úv) an pø a s ;ERb [) an d Ucr Ub G gÁén RBH ra Cb u Rta RTg; .

cMEN kr b s ;e y Ig KWRtÚ vfVay r U b ka y Tu kCa y Ba ØbUC ar s ;d l ;R BH KWRtÚ vc MNay e Bl e vl ar bs ;e yIge n Akñú gRB Hb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH e hIy sþab ;R KUb e Rgon r bs ;RTg ; e TIb RBl wge y Ign w gRtÚ v) an p øas ;ER b e d ay s ar RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH ) an .

e y IgRt ÚvE tR tL b;m kC aG ñkr Y mc MMENke n Akñ úge s c kþIs uc ri t e sc kþIbr is uT § e s c kþIRs L aj ; n ige s c kþIs b, úr s r bs ;RBH . e y IgRtÚ v EtcUl r Ymkñ úge s ckþIG aN i t e mtþa n igRBHK uNr b s ;R Tg; Ta l ;Ete y Ig) a n d UcC aR Tg; K Wkøa y C aG ñkG t;e Ta s d l ;G ñk Ée To tEd r .

kñú gn amC amn us S fµI viBaØa Nr b s ;e yIg) a n TTYl kar d a k;[ ma n n is S½y én RBH . RBl wg n igr Ub kay r b s ;e yIgR tLb ;C aG ñ kr Ym cMEN kC an is S ½y én RBH ta mr y³G MNac én kar p øas ;ERb BIén R BHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH e n AkñúgC Iivi tr bs ;e y Ig .

sMNYr 1 > cUr BN ’n a BId Me N Ir Ed l e y IgG a c) a n RtL b ;Ca G ñkr Ymc MEN kkñú gn is S ½y én RBH.

2 > e n Ae Bl Ed l el akG ñkRtL b ; C aG ñkr YmcME Nkkñ úgn is S ½y én RBH e tI kar p øas ;b þ Úr G VIx øH Ed l e l akG ñkr MBw gfa man e n A kñú g G akb,kir iy a T Mn ak; TMn g n ig Te gVIr bs ;e l a kG ñke T Akan ;G ñ kÉ e Tot ?

3> e tIe htuG VI) a n Ca man s a r³s Mxan ; Ed l e yIgR tÚvG t;e Tas d l ;G s ;G ñkN aEd l ) an e F VI) ab Ta s ;n wge y Ig?

1 1 4

emeronTI10 RBHbnÞÚlénRBH nigkarekItCafµI

RBHbnÞÚlRBH esckþIepþIm

ka r e bIks Em þgénm n us S fµI Rt Ú v) an r ke X Ij e n AkñúgRBHb n Þ Úl r bs ;RBH . RBH bn ÞÚl r b s;RT g;b gðaj [ e X IjRBH e y s‘Uv n igT Mn ak; TMn gr b s ;e yIge n Akñ úgR T g; . kar pøa s ;ERbRBl w g n igrUb ka y r bs ;e yIg G a ce kI tmkBI kar EkC afµI én K Mn i trb s ;e y Ig t am r y ³RBH bn ÞÚl r bs ;RBH .

ka r pøas ;ERbe n H e kI tmk e n Ae Bl Ed l e yIgs Ba¢w gK i tR BH b n ÞÚl r b s;RBH e m Il e X Ij x øÜn e yIg tamEb bEd l R Tg ; Tte X Ij . e nAe Bl Edl e yIgca b;e p þ ImRbkas RBH bn ÞÚl r b s;RBH m þge h Iy m þge Tot mk ka n;x øÜn e y Ig e n aH ka r K itr bs ;e y Ign wgc ab ;e p þIm bgán UvP aBd UcC ar Ub G gÁ én RBH . es c kþICMe n Or b s ;e yIg n wgR tÚv) an s Em þge c j mk e hIy e yIgn wgc ab ;e pþIme XIj xøÜ n Ég kMB ugE Rb C a kM Buge FV I n ig kMB ugm an G VI Ta MgG s ; Ed l RTg ;man b n ÞÚl c g;[ e y Ig) an C ay :agNa kñ úgn am Cam n us S fµIe n A kñú gRBHr aC b uRtaRT g; .

RBHeys‘UvCaRBHbnÞÚld¾rs ; RBH e y s U‘v n igR BH bn ÞÚl K WE t 1 e T . sÁa l ;RBHb n ÞÚl RT g; KWm an n ½y fa s Áa l;

RTg ; . y :Uhan 1 ³1 / 1 4 ka l e dImd MbUgma nRBH bn Þ Úl RBH bn ÞÚl k¾K g;e n AC am Yy nwg

RBH e hIy RBH b nÞÚl e n aH ÉgC aRBH RBH b n ÞÚl k¾R tL b;C as ac ;Qa m e hIy ) ans ñak;e n A Ca m Yy n wge y Igr al ;Kña e y Igr al ;Kña ) an e X Ijs ir Il ¥RTg; K WC a s ir Il ¥¥én RBHr aC b uR taE t1 Ed l mkBIRBH vr bi ta ma n e Bj Ca RBH K uN n igs c kþ IBi t .

RBH e y s U‘vK WC aRBHb n Þ Úl én RBH e hIy RBH bn ÞÚl K WC akar e bIks Em þgm k[ e X Ij RBHe ys U‘v . RBHe y s U‘ vRtÚv) an e b Iks Em þgm k e n Akñú gRK b; kN Ð TaM gG s ;e n Akñú g RBH K m <Ir . Ed le yIgs Ba¢w gKi te l IRBH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH K We Rb óbd Uc Ca ka r e TA C Ybs Yr s ux Tu kç C am YyR BH e y s U‘vEd r .

e n Ae Bl Ed l RBH e ysU‘v R tÚ v ) an e bIks Em þgm ke y Ig e n aH e y Ign wg) a nd Uc C a RTg ;Ed r ¡

1 y:Uh an 3³2 BYks ¶Ün P ¶ae G Iy \LÚve n H e y IgCa kUn RBHe hIy EtEd l e y Ig r al ;K ñan wg) an e TAC ay :a gNae To t e n aH m in Tan ;s Em þgm ke n Ae L Iy b:uEn þe y Igd w gf a

1 1 5

ka l NaRT g;e l c mk e na He y Ign wg) an d Uc Ca RTg ; d, itEd l RTg ;y :agNa e n aH e y Ignwg e X Ij RTg;y :age n aH É g .

ta mr y ³kar y l ;RBH b n ÞÚl RBH e n aH ey IgG ac r ke X Ij nUv kar pøa s ;b þ ÚrC Iv itén mn us S fµI .

RtÚv)anRbTanmknUvkarbNþalcitþ RBH K m <Ir K WCa RBH C aG ñ kn iBn § m in Emn RKa n ;EtC aK m <Ir Ed l Rt Ú v) an s r es re d ay

s ar m nus S xus ² K ñaC ae Rc In na k; r ab;q ñaMb :ue N ÑaH e T K WC aRBH Ed l RTg;be Ba© j RBH viBa ØaN bN þa l [ Etg .

2 FIm :Ue f 3³1 6/ 1 7 RK b ;Ta Mgb TK m <Ir K WC aR BH RT g;) an be Ba© j RBH viBa ØaN bN þa l [ Etge T k¾man Rb e y aC n _s Rmab ;kar be Rgon kar r MB£k[ d wgx øÜn ka r Rbe d A tRm g;; n igka r b gða t; xagÉe s c kþIs uc r it e d Im , I[ G ñks MN b;r b s ;RBH) an RKb ;l kçN _ e hIy man RK b;TaM gc Me NH s Rma b;n wge FVI kar l ¥RK b ;m u x .

Ba kü e d ImEd l b kERb mk fa {b N þal c itþmk BIR BH } e n aH KWman n ½y fa {be Ba© j RBH viBa Øa N} .

e n Ae Bl Ed l RBH RTg;) an p ø úMR BH viBa Ø aNr b s ;RTg; ¬ xü l ;d e gð I m¦ e TAk ñú gG ½d am e n aH ) an G½d amk¾R tLb ;C aman RBl wgr s ;e L Ig . G½d am man C Ivi t K WC aR BHC n µén RBH Ed l e n AkñúgK a t; .

d UcK ñae n H Ed r RBH RTg;b e Ba© j viBaØaNén C Ivi tr bs ;R Tg;c Ul kñúgRBH bn Þ Úl r b s; RTg ;. R BH bn ÞÚl r bs;RT g;K W m ine cHP a n ;RcL M e hIyRK b ;l kçN _\ te x © aH BIe RBaH RBH viBa Øa Nbr is uT§K WC aG ñ kbN þa l [ Etg.

2 e BRtús 1 ³2 0/2 1 e d ay dwge s ckþIe n H Cam un dMb Ug fa K µan Bakü TMMn ay Nakñú gRBH K m < Ir Ed l Rs ay) an tamE tc itþe n a He L Iy . d, ite s c kþI TMn ay m in Ed l mk e d ay bMN gc itþmn us S e T K WC amn us S b ris uT§r bs ;RBH Ed l ) an Ta y e d ays a r RBH viBa Øa Nbr is uT§RT g;bN þa l vij .

rs;ehIymaneBjedayGMNac RBH b nÞÚl RBHe n Ar s ;e d ay nUvRBH C nµén RBH . RBH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH KWma n G MNac

pøa s ;bþÚr C I vi tr b s ;e y Ig e d ay s ar GMNa cén RBHvi BaØaN br is u T§r bs ;RBH . e he RBIr 4³1 2 BIe RBa H ÉRBHb n ÞÚÚl én RBH e n aH r s ;e n A ehIy BUE kpg k¾m u t

Ca gd avNa man m ux2 Ta MgF ø úH c Ul e TA Tal ;E tka t;RBl w g n i gvi Ba ØaN e hIy s n øak; n ig x Yrq ¥w gda c;BI K ña Ta Mg Bica r NaG s ;Ta MgK MMn i tEd l ci tþK i t e hIy Ed l s e Rm cEd r .

1 1 6

manRBHCnµénRBH

RBH C n µén RBH Ed l ) an b e Ba © jRBHvi BaØaN mkkñ úgR BH bn ÞÚl én RBH Kwe n AEte n A r s;e d ay m an vtþma n n igG M Nac d Ed l d Uc taMgE te Bl Ed l ) ans r es r Tukm ke n aH . RBH C n µµén R BH Ed l e n AkñúgRBH bn ÞÚl r bs ;RTg; e n AEtbn þhU r c Ul m kkñú gC I vi tén G s ;G ñk Na Edl cMNay e Bl e n AkñúgR BH bn ÞÚl e na H .

s uP as it 4³2 0- 2 2 kUne G Iy c Ur Rbugs þa b;G s ;TaMg Ba kü r b s;G j e hIy e pÞógR te coks þa b;e s ckþIEd l G j e Ba l TaMgG MM) al m :a n kuM [ e s ckþI TaM ge na H Xøat) a t; BIEP ñkÉ ge LIy Rt Úv[ r kS ae n Akñú gd Y gc i tþÉ gv ij d , ite s ckþI Ta Mge n aH C aC Ivi t d l ;G s ; G ñkN aEd l Es Vgr k) an k¾C ae s c kþIs uxRs Yl d l;x øÜn R) aN TaM gm Ul pg .

rs;enAedayRBHbnÞÚl mn us S fµIr s ;e n Ae d a ys ar EtRBHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH .

m :afay 4³4 Et RTg;man b n ÞÚl fa man e s c kþIEc g Tukm kdU e cñH {mnus S min Emn r s;e d ay s ar Etn Mbu½gbu :e N Ña He T K Wr s ;e da y s ar RK b;TaMgRBH bn Þ Úl E dl e cj BIRBH »s æRBHmkEd r .

mn us S fµIRtÚ vE tr s ;e n Akñú gRBH bn ÞÚl e d Im , I[ ) a n Ca b;e n Akñú gRBH bn ÞÚl TaM géf ¶ Ta M gy b ;pg.

y :Ue s V 1³8 kuM[ K m <Ir Rki tü v in ½ ye nH eP øc) at;B Ima t;É ge L Iy K WRt Úv[ n w kC Ba ¢w g Ta M gy b ; Ta M gé f¶v ij e d Im , I[ ) an kan ; e h IyRb RBw tþ tamG s ;Ta Mge s c kþI Ed l kt; Tu k kñú g Km <Ir e n HÉg d , itK Wy :a ge n a H Ed l Égn wg) an e kI tkar e n ARK b;Ta Mgp øÚ vÉ g e hIy n wg) an ce Rm In e LIgp g .

RBHbnÞÚlEdlQñH e n Ae Bl Ed l ey IgG an s Ba¢w gK i t e C O l n ;tY n ige F VI ta mR BHb n ÞÚl d ¾r s ;r b s;

RBH e na Hnwg) an QñH Ta MgG s ; d Uc Ed l ) an e kIte LIge n Akñ úgT I Rkú ge G e P sUr . e l akb:ul be Rgon RBHb n ÞÚl RB Hr a l ;éf¶e n Ak ñúgs al a TIr :an us . kic © kar 1 9³1 0-1 2 Ka t;e F VId Ue c ñaH G s ;2 q ñaM d l ;e m ø:H ) anC aG s ;G ñEd l e n A

Rs ukG as uI ) an B¤RBHb n ÞÚl én R BH G m © as ; Ta MMgs a s n _y Ud a nigs a s n_e Rkkpg e hIy RBH RT g;e FVI kar b£ T§ i) ar m Iy :a gE b øk² e d a ys ar éd b:ul dl ;e m ø:H ) an C ae K RK an ;Etyk kEn S g b¤RkmaBI x øÜn Ka t; e TA d ak;e l Imn us S m an CMgW e n aH e K k¾) a n Ca e h Iy man G ar kS G ae s ac¾e cj BIm n us S Ed r .

1 1 7

e n Ae Bl Ed l el aks avkb :ul b n þbe Rgon n igG Fib, ay RBH b n ÞÚl e n Ae G eP s Ur e n aH kar G s© ar ü C ae RcIn ) an e kItma n e LIg .

kic © kar 1 9³1 7 - 2 0 ÉG s ;mn us S e n ARkúge G e P s Ur TaM gs as n_yUd a nig s as n _e Rkkpg ) an d wge r Oge n aH k¾e kItm an ci tþ iP ½y x øac Ta M gG s ;K ña e hIy RBH n am RBH G m © as ;e y sU‘vk¾) an e fáI ge L Ig m an mnus S C ae RcIn Ed l ) an eC O e K mkl n ;tY RBm TaM Mg s Em þgR) ab ;BIkar Ed l x øÜn ) a nRb RBw tþ pg Ém n us S Ed l ) a nRbRBw tþ viC ¢a Ebøk ² e n aH k¾man e Rc Inn a k; ) a n y kk, Ün s Rmab;x øÜn mkd u te c al e n AcMMe BaH m uxmn us S Ta MgG s ;K ña e K ) an Kit éføk, Ün Ta M ge n a He m Il eX Ij man tém øG s ;5m uWn e r ol KWy :agd Ue cña HÉg Ed l RBH bn ÞÚl én RBHG m © as ;) a n ce Rm Ine L Ig e hIy ) an QñHe d a y GMNac .

e bIe y Ign wge nAC ab ;e n Akñú gRBH b n ÞÚl én RBH G an e hIy s Ba¢wgKi t Ta M gé f¶ Ta Mg y b; e C O niya y e hIy G n uvtþ tame d ay køaha n e na HRBH bn ÞÚl RBH n wgce Rm Ine LIg e hIy QñHe d a yG MNac e n Akñúg C Ivitr b s ;e y Ig n igTIR kú gr bs ;e yIg d UcEd l ) an e kIt e L Ige n Akñú gRk úge G e P s Ur n igRs ukG as ‘Ípg .

sar³sMxan;énRBHbnÞÚlenAkñúgCIvitrbs;eyIg ciBa©wmviBaØaNrbs;eyIg

RBH b nÞÚl én RBH p þl ;mk n Uv e s c kþICMe n Od l ;viBa ØaNr b s ;e y Ig e hIy s ¥ag e s c kþIRs L aj ;r b s;e y Igc Me Ba HRBH n igc Me Ba HG ñkÉe To t . RBH bnÞÚl RBH c iBa© wm viBa Øa Nr bs ;mn us S fµI Edl sMxan ;e l Is C ag kar br ie P aK G aha r Rbc aMéf¶ e d Im , Ic i Ba© wm r Ubkay e y Ige TAe To t .

y :Ub 2 3 ³12 ´ m in Ed l e K cfy e c j BIbgÁab ;énR BH r wmRT g;e T ´ ) an x MRbm Ul Tu kRBHb n Þ Úl én RBH » s æRT g; C a Ca gG a har Ed l ´ RtÚ vkar pg .

e y e r ma 1 5³1 6 TUl bgÁM) a n e X Ij RBH bnÞÚl RTg; T TYl b gÁM Mk¾) a n TTYl Tan e l b cUl Ta M gG s ;e hIy RBH bn ÞÚl RTg ;Ca e s c kþIG MN r e hIy C aTIr I kr a yd l ;cit þ TUl bgÁ M >> >> .

m :afay 4³4 Et RTg;man b n ÞÚl fa man e s c kþIEc g Tukm kdU e cñH {mnus S min Emn r s; e da y s ar Etn Mbu½gbu :e N ÑaH e T KWr s ;e d ay s a rRK b ;Ta M gRBH bn ÞÚl Edl e c j BIRBH »s æRBHmkEd r } .

naMmknUvkarl,glCab;

1 1 8

RBH RT g;s BVRBH T ½y cg;[ e y I gs ikS a e hIy s Áal ;R BH b n ÞÚl r bs ;RTg; d UcC ae l akb:ul ) a n bgÁab;d l ; e l a kF Im :Ue f[ e FVId Ue c ñaH Ed r .

2 FIm :Ue f 2³1 5 c Ur x MRbw gn w gf Vay x øÜn d l ;RBH Tu kC am n us S Edl ) a nl ,gl Ca b;e hIy C aG ñke FVI kar Ed l m inRtÚ vx µas e L Iy e d ay kat;R s ay RBH bn ÞÚl én e sc kþIIBi t y :agR twmR tÚv .

s¥agesckþICMenOrbs;eyIg e s c kþICMe n O) an mktamr y ³k ar G an nigkar s þab ;R BHb n ÞÚl R BH.

r U:m 1 0³1 7 d Ue c ñHe s c kþIC Me n Oe kI te L Ige da y B¤ e hIy Ed l B¤e n aH e d ays ar RBH b nÞÚl én RBH .

e n Ae Bl Ed l es ckþIC Me n Oe kI te L Ige d ay s ar kar B¤RBH bn ÞÚl es c kþICMe n Oe n aH n wgc ab ;e pþ Im niy a y l n;tY n i g Efø gn UvR BH bn ÞÚl r bs ;RBH faCa e s c kþIBi tEmn .

karsBa¢wgKitRBHbnÞÚlrbs;RBH KWC akar s Mxa n ;Nas ; Ed l e y Igs Ba¢w gK i tR BH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH m in Em nK itd l ;

Rbvt þir bs ;e y Ig P aBxVH c e n øaH nigkar x VH s mtßP a B sßan kar N _ b ¤bBaða rb s ;e y Ig e n aH e LIy . e bIe y Igbn þd ak ; KMn i tr bs ;e y Ige l Ika r Edl G viC¢m an e n a HKMn itr bs ;e y Ig n wgm in G a cEkC a fµIe L Ig) an e T .

P IlIB 4³8 / 9 m Yy e Tot bg b¥Ún e G Iy Ée s c kþIN aEd l Bit e sc kþIN aEd l KYr r a b;G an e s c kþINa Ed l suc r it e s c kþINaEd l b r is uT§ e s c kþINaEd l KYr [ Rs Laj; e s c kþINaEd l ma n e Qµa Hl ¥ e b Iman s KuNN a b ¤e s c kþIs r e sIr Na e n aH cUr Bic ar N a BIe s c kþI TaM ge n aH cuH e hIy es c kþIEd l G ñkr al ;Kñ a ) an e r on ) an TTYl ) an B¤ e hIy e X Ij kñú g´ e n a Hc Ur [ Rb RBwt þ ta me sc kþI Ta M ge n aH c uH d Ue c ñH RBH én es c kþIs uxs an þ RTg;n w gKg ; e n ACa m Yy n wgG ñkr al ;Kña .

ka r s Ba¢wgK i tRBH b nÞ Úl r bs ;RBH K WCa Kn ø wH e TA ka n;kar p øas ;ER b e d a yK Mn it) an EkC a fµIe L I g .

TMn u k te m áI g 1 ³1 -3 ma nBr e hIiy G ñkNa Edl m in e d Ir ta md MbUn µan r b s ; mn us S G a Rkk; k¾m in Qr e n Akñ ú gp ø Úvr bs ;m n us S man ) a b b¤G gÁúye nA Cam Yy n wgBY km nus S Ed l e mIl ga y G ñke n aH e RtkG r Etn w gRk i tü vin ½y r bs ;RBH e y hUv:avij k¾r MBw gKi t kñ úg Rki tü vin ½y RT g; TaM gy b; TaMM géf¶Ed r G ñke n aH n wgd Uc C ae d Ime QI Ed l d uH e n AEk, r pøÚ vT wk Ed l be gáIt pl tam r d Uvkal e hIy s øwkk ¾m in e c HRs e Ba n e LIy Éka r G VIEd l G ñke na He FVI e n aH nwg) a n ce Rm Ine LIgTaM gG s ; .

1 1 9

e n Ae Bl Ed l mnus S fµIs Ba ¢wgK i tRBH bn Þ Úl r bs ;RBH Ta Mgéf¶ TaM gy b; e n aH kar pøa s ;ERbn wge kIte L Ige n Akñú gC Ivi tG ñke na H .

x 3 p þl ;mkn Uvl T§pl b Yn y : ag Ed l n wge kI te L I g e n Ae Bl Ed l m nus S mña k; e n AEtb n þs Ba¢w gKi te l IRBH bn Þ Ú l r b s;RTg; .

- P aBsßite n ACa b ;C an ic ©³ b£s r bs;e Kn wg) an Rs Ub y kTw kr s ;mkpÁ t; pÁ g;C an ic © .

- P aBman pl Epø³

G ñke n a Hn wgbe gá It pl Ep ø tamr d Uvka l . - P aBG ac BwgBa k;) an³ s øwke Kn wgm in e c H Rs e Ban e LIy . - P aBce Rm In e L Ig³ ka r G VIEd l G ñke na He FVI e n a Hn wg) an c e RmIn e L IgTa M gG s ; .

sRmab;KMMniteyIg)anEkCafµI e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igs Ba¢wgK i te l IRBH bn ÞÚl rb s ;RBH e yIg {) an p øas ;ERb e d ay

KMn i te y Ig) an EkC a fµI } r :Um 1 2 ³2 k kuMM[ Rtab ; tam s m½y e n H e LIy cUr [ G ñkr a l ;K ña) an p øas ;ERb vij

e d ay K Mnit) a nEkC a f µIe L Ig >> > > . e d ay s ar kar s Ba ¢wgK i te l IRBH b n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH e n aH ka r pøas ;E Rbn wge kI te L I g.

RBl wgr b s ;e y Ig ¬bBa Øa G ar m µN _ nigb MN g¦ RtÚ v) an pøa s ;mk[ d Ucn w g GVI Ed l viBa ØaNr b s ;e y Ig) an Rt Lb ;e TACa y :a gN ae n aH e n AeBl Ed l kar T TYl nUve s ck þI s e ® gÁaH .

e sþc s a LÚm :Un ) an sr es r fa³ d , ite KK i tkñú gci tþy :a gNa e Kk¾y :a ge n aH Ed r >>> >> ¬ s uP a s it 2 3³7k ¦ .

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igs Ba¢wgK i tk ñúgRBH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH e n aH ka r pøas ;ERbn wge kI t e L Ig . P aBC ad gáÚv én nis S ½y c as;r b s ;e y Ig RtÚv) a np øas ;ER be TAC ae mG Me ) A ) an pøas; [ d UcC ar Ub G gÁén R BHRK Is Þp Þa l ; .

karsBa¢wgKitmann½yfa³ - epþatkarykcitþTukdak;

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e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igs Ba¢wgK i tk ñúgRBH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH e n aH mann ½y fa e y Ige pþa t e l Ikar y kc it þTukd a k;r bs ;e y Ig e TAkñ úgR BH bn ÞÚl Ed l RBH R Tg;) a n man bn ÞÚl . e yIg fa Ba kü e n aH s ar e LIgvij m þge hIy m þge To t mk ka n ;x øÜn e y Ig .

1 FIm :Ue f 4³1 5 c Ur ] s S ah_R bRBw tþ tame s c kþI TaM ge n aH e hIy kan ;x ¢ab ;pg e d Im , I[ mn us S Ta MgL ay ) an eX Ij es ckþIC MMe n Orb s ;G ñk .

- emIleXIj e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igbn þs Ba¢wgK i tk ñú gRBH bn Þ Úl r b s;RBH e y Igc ab ;e pþIme m Il

e X Ij Ebb C amnus S fµI . ey Igc ab;e p þIme m Il e X Ij x øÜn e y Ig dUc C aRBHR Tg ;Tte X Ij C a y :agNae n aH Ed r .

e FVIC amn us S Ebb NaEd l RBH RTg;ma n bn ÞÚl fa e y IgC amn us S y :age n aH e FVIG VIEd l RTg;man b n ÞÚl fa e y IgG ac e FVI) an man G VIEd l RTg ;man b nÞÚl fa e y IgG ac man kar e n aH e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r e s re TAka n;e l akFIm : Ue f fa e b IK at; s Ba ¢wgK it kñ úgR BH

bn ÞÚl r b s;RBH e n aH kar c e Rm In l Utl as ;r bs ;Ka t; n wg) a nC aP s þúta gd l ;mn us S TaMg G s; .

1 FIm :Ue f 4³1 5 c Ur ] s S ah_R bRBw tþ tame s c kþI TaM ge n aH e hIy ka n;x ¢ab ;pg e d Im , I[ mn us S Ta MgL ay ) an eX Ij es ckþIC MMe n Orb s ;G ñk .

e l aky :Ue s V) a ns r es r fa dMb Uge y IgR tÚvs Ba ¢w gK i tk ñú gRBH b n ÞÚl r b s;RBH TaM g éf¶ Ta Mgy b ; b n Þab ;mk e y I gRtÚve F V IG VIEd l RBH bn Þ Úl s Em þgm k e n a Hkar Ta MM gG s ;r b s; e y Ign wg) an c e Rm In e L Ig e hIy e yIg n wgman e C aK C ½y Ca n ic © .

y :Ue s V 1³8 kuM[ K m <Ir Rki tü vi n ½y e n H ePøc ) at;B Ima t;Ége L I y KWRtÚv[ C Ba¢ wg Ta M gy b ; Ta M gé f¶v ij e d Im , I[ ) an kan ; e h Iy RbRBw tþ tamG s ;Ta MMge s c kþI Ed l kt ;Tuk kñúg Km <Ir e n Hpg d , itKWy :a ge n a H Ed l Égn wg) an e kI tkar e n ARK b;Ta Mgp øÚ vÉ g e hIy n ig) an ce Rm In e LIgp g .

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igc ab;e p þIme X Ij RBH e ys U‘v taml kçN ³Bi tr bs ;RTg;e hIy e d ay y l;c ,as ;fa e y IgKWC a mn us S fµIe n Akñú gR Tg; e n aH e y Ign wgc ab ;e p þIm e XIj x øÜne y Ig d UcC aRT g;Ed r . e l aks avky :Uhan ) an s r es r fa RtÚv [ e y Ig) a n dUc C aRTg;Ed r . e n HK WC ae s ckþIs n ü aEdl G s © ar ü ¡

1 y :Uhan 3³2 BYks ¶Ün P ¶ae G Iy \LÚve n H e yIgr a l ;K ñaC akUn RBH e hIy Et Ed l e yIgr al ;K ñan w g) an e TACa y :agNae To t e n aH m in Tan ; s Em þgmke n Ae L Iy b:uEn þ

1 2 1

e y Igd wg fa kal N aRT g;e l cm k e n aH ey Ign wg) an d Uc C aR Tg; d, itEd l R Tg;y : agNa e n aH e yIgn wge X Ij RT g;y :a ge n aH Ég .

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igs Ba¢wgK i t e y Ign wgca b;e p þ Imn iy ay n UvG VIEd l RBHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH s Em þgm kG M BIx øÜne y Igr hU t Tal ;Et ka r e n aH ) an RtLb ;mkC a kar B i t e n Akñúg CIvi tr bs ;e y Ig .

- niyayhuwm² Ba kü C aP a s ae he RBIr Ed lfa s Ba© wgK it man n ½y fa {niy a y huwm² }.

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ign iy ay huwm² b¤fat amn UvR BHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH m þge hIy m þge To t mk ka n;x ø Ün e y Ig e n aH nwgbe Ba© j n UvG MNa c én RBH bn ÞÚl r b s ;RBH [ e FVIkar e n Akñ úgC Iv i tr b s; e y Ig .

e G s ay 59³2 1 RBH e y hUv:a RTg;m an bn ÞÚl fa ÉG j e na HÉgCa e s c kþIs BaØa Ed l G j) a n ta Mgn w ge K K Wfa vi BaØaN r bs ;G j Edl s N æite n Ae l IÉg e hIy Bakü Gj Ed l G j) a n da k;e n Akñúgma t ;Ég e n aH nwgm in Ed l X øate c j BIma t;É g b¤B Ima t;én BUC BgS Ég b¤ BIma t;én kUn e c Ae K c ab ;taM gB I\L Ú ve n H d r abd l ;G s ;kl ,e r oge TA e n H e hIy Ca RBH b nÞÚl én RBH e y hUv :a .

e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ign iy ay huwm² b¤Efø gn UvR BHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBHmkkan ;x øÜne y Ig e n aH e yIgn wge X Ij fa Bakü e na Hnwge n AC ab ;nw gK Mn itr b s ;e y Ig Ed l n wgl ubm in RCH d Ue cñH e TIbe y Ign w ge nA Etc gca M Cab ;C an ic © .

- Rsémdl; e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igbn þs Ba¢wgK i tk ñú ge s c kþIB itén RBHb n ÞÚl r b s ;RBH e na Hn wg

be Ba© j m kn Uvka r Rs émr bs ;ey Ig tamEb bl kçN ³r b s ;RBH . ey Igc ab ;e p þImK it e d ay e RbIKMn i tr bs ;R BH e n aH n wg) an e X Ij x øÜn e y IgC amn us SfµI e d ay e RbIkar T te m Il e X Ij r bs ;RBH .

e G s ay 55³8 / 9 BIe RBa HRBH e y hUv:aRT g;ma n bn Þ Úl fa KMn i tG j m in Emn d Uc Ca KMn i tr bs ;Égr al ;K ñae T Épø Úvr b s ;Égr al ;Kña k¾m inEm n Ca p øÚ vr bs ;G j Ed r . d ,it Ed l épÞe mX x <s ;CagEpn d Iy :a gNa e n aHG s;TaM gpø Úvr bs ; G j x<s ;C agpø Úvr bs ;Ég e hIy K Mnitr b s ;G j k¾x <s ;C a gK Mn i tr b s ;Égy :a ge n aH Ed r .

e y Ign wgc ab;e p þ ImK i t b¤y l ;ta m R) aC Ja n igkar e bIks Em þgr b s ;RBH . e G eP s Ur 1 ³1 7/ 1 8 e d Im ,In wgs Um[ RBH én RBH e y s U‘vRK I s Þ Ca RBH G m © a s;

én e y Ig K WCa RBH vr bi tad ¾ma n s ir Il ¥ ) a nRb Tan [ G ñkr a l ;K ña ) an RBHviBaØ aN Ed l e R) as

1 2 2

[ man R) aC Ja e hIy k¾e b Iks E m þg[ d wgBId Me N Ir s Áa l ;RTg; e d Im , I[ EP ñkcitþr bs ;G ñ kr a l; Kña ) an P øWe L Ig Rbe y a Cn_[ ) a nd wgfa Ed l RT g;e hA G ñ kr al ;Kña e na Hm an es c kþIs gÇ wm y :agNa e hIy fa s ir Il ¥d ¾Rbe sIr éRkEl gén mr tkRT g; k ñú gBY kG ñ kb r is uT §Ca y :agNa pg .

RBHbnÞÚÚlénRBH man Baküs Mxan ;BIr e n A kñú gK m I<r s BaØa fµIC aP a s aRkik Ed l RtÚv) an e Rb Is Me d A

d l ;RBHb n ÞÚl én RBH . TI1 K W L ÚhÁÚ Edl man n ½y fa C aR BH bn ÞÚl én RBH Ed l Rt Úv) an s r es r Tuk . TI2 KW e r:m :a Ed l man n ½y fa C aRBH bn ÞÚl én RBHEd l ) an man b nÞÚl e c jmk .

- LÚhÁÚ L ÚhÁÚKWC a Ba küE dl RtÚ v) an e Rb IT UTa MgR BHK m <Ir TaM gm Ul . en HK WC aRBHb n ÞÚl C a

TUe TAr b s ;RBH Ed l RtÚv) an R b Ta nm kd l ;r a Rs þr bs ;RTg; TaMM gG s ;K ña . - er:m:a

e r :m :aK WC aRBHb n Þ Úl r bs ;RBH Ed l RtÚv) a n man bn ÞÚl mkkan ; e d ay p Þal ; . e r :m :aK WC akar e bI kbMP øWEbb én ka r G s © arü Edl ) an RbTan mkd l ;e y Ig e d ay

pÞa l ;² xø Ün tamr y ³ ka r e bIks Em þgén R BH vi Ba ØaNb r is u T§ e n A e Bl Ed l e yIgkM Bugs Ba¢w g Kitc Me BaH LÚh ÁÚ .

e n Ae Bl Ed l rIm :a e kI tmk K W hak;bId Uc Ca Bn ø Wm Yy Ed l c a Mge TA kñúgv iBa ØaNr b s ; e y Ig . e yIgd wg fa e n a HK WC aG VIEd l RBH RTg;) an ma n bn ÞÚl mkkan ;e y Igp Þal ; . RBH bn ÞÚl TaM ge r :m :a nigL Ú hÁÚ b M MP øW d l ;e y Ige d ay s ar RBH viBa ØaN b ris uT§ e d Im , I[ e y Igman e c j C ae s c kþICMe n Omk .

GMNacénkarRbkasRBHbnÞÚlRBH e l aks a vkb:ul ) an s r es r fa e s c kþICMe n Oe k I te L Ige d ay B¤ e hIy Ed l B¤ KWB ¤

RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH . e yIgB£RBHb n Þ Úl r bs ;RBH K Wta mr y ³ka r G an s ar e LIgv ij n ig ta mr y ³e s c kþIb e Rgon Edl l ¥RtwmR tÚ v .

e bIma n e sc kþIR tÚv ka r ca M) ac ;N am Yy e n Akñúg CIv i tr bs ;e y Ig e na He yIgK Yr E tr k e m Il xNa e n AkñúgR BHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH Ed l nwge qøIy tb tam e s ckþIRtÚ vkar e n aH e hIy G an xe n aH e cj mkmþge hIy m þ ge To t . e s ckþIC Me n Oe kI tm kBIkar B¤ KW B¤R BHb n ÞÚl e r :m :a r bs ;RBH . e n Ae Bl E dl e yIgG an b¤d kRs g;xTa Mge n H m þge hIy m þge To t ka r e n aH nwg

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) an e kIte L IgC a Bi td l ;e y Ig m in faE ts ßan P aBEd l e yIgkM Bugs ßi te n Ae na HEb bN ae T. e s c kþICMe n Ok¾e kI tman e L Ig .

RBH b nÞÚl L ÚhÁÚ R tL b; C aRBH bn ÞÚl e r :m :a pÞal ;r bs ;RBH e n Ae Bl Ed l RBH bnÞÚl ) an e bIks Em þg e hIy man b n ÞÚl e TAkan ;v iBa ØaNr b s ;e y Ig e d ay s ar RBH viBa ØaN b r is uT§ . e n Ae Bl Edl ey IgT T Yl kar e bIks Em þgP øam e n aH es c kþICMe n On wge kI te L Ig kan ;E tx øa Mge n Akñú gviBaØa Nr bs ; e y Ig .

r :Um 1 0³1 7 dUe c ñHe s c kþIC Me n Oe kI te L Ige d ay B¤ e hIy Ed l B¤e n aH KWe d ay s ar RBH bn ÞÚl én RBH .

e n Ae Bl Ed l kar y l;r b s;e y IgRtÚv) a nb MP øWmke d ay s ar e r :m :a r bs ;RBH e n aH e y Ign wg) an mkkan ;kar s Áal ; x øÜn e y IgBi tC ay :agNae n A kñú gRBH e y sU‘v . e yIgn w gRtÚv ) an p øas ;ERb [ e TA Cam n us S fµµI Bi t .

karEføgRBHbnÞÚlénRBH ka r EføgR BH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH RtÚ v) a n e hAfa Ca ka r Rbkas RB H bn ÞÚl r b s;RBH .

P as ae RkkEd l ) an b kE Rbmks Rma b;Bakü fa Rbkas K W {hUm :U L ÚhÁ IG U}. Rbkas RBH bn ÞÚÚl RBH m an n ½y fa³

n iy ay ka r dUc K ñae n aH y l ;RBmC am Yy man kar RBme RBógC am Yy e n HK WC aG VIEd l e kIte L I gc Me BaH e y Igm ñak;² e n Ae Bl Ed l e yIgT TYl dMN wgl ¥.

e y Ige C O n igEføgR) ab ; fa RBH e ys U‘vC aRBH r aC buR ta én RBH RTg;) an s uK tC Mn Ys e y Ig e hIy fa RT g;) an r s ;BIs uK te LIgvij .

r :Um 1 0³9/ 1 0 e b Imat;G ñ kn w gT TYl Efø øgR) ab ; BIR BH G m © as ;e y sU‘v e hIy G ñk e COkñú gc i tþ fa RBH ) an e R) a s[ RTg;r s ;BIs øab;e LIg vij e n aH G ñkn wg) an s e ® gÁa HBi t d , it e y Ig) an suc r it e d ay man c itþ e CO e hIy k¾) an s e® gÁaH e d ayma t; T TYl Ef øgR) a b; .

- ´eCO)anCa´niyay e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ige C OP øam e na He yIgR tÚ vEtn iy ay e d Im , IRbkas R) ab;BIG IV

Ed l RtÚv) an e bIks Em þgd l ;e y Ig . ma n viBaØa NEd l ma ne s c kþIC Me n O e hIy vi Ba ØaN e n aH niy ay fa e d ay s ar ´e CO ) an C a ´ niy ay ¡

2 kUr in fUs 4³1 3 e hIy Ed l man es c kþIC Me n Oe COd Uc K ña RtÚ vn wge s c kþI Ed l EcgT ukm kfa {´ ) an e C O) an C a´ n iy ay } e n aH ey Ig´ k¾e C OE d r ) an C aey Ig´ n iy ay .

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- karEføgR)ab;Edlmankaryl;RcLMM man mn us S Ca e RcIny l ;Rc LMe s c kþIBi te nH e hIy ) an Bü ay amn iy ay EtG VI

Ed l e K cg;) an m þge hIy m þge T ot . e K ) an r ke mIl e nA kñúgb TK m <Ir e d Im , IG H G ag fa kar e n aH Ka MRTkar c g;) an r bs ;e K ed ay x MRbwgb gçMR BH[ b Me Bj c itþEd l c g;) an r bs ;BY ke K .

e r :m :a Ed l RBH G gÁ) an ma nbn ÞÚl nig) an e b Iks Em þge d ay pÞa l ;mk kan ;e y Ig e n aH e TIb e y Igman C Me n O e dIm , IEfø gR) ab ; e hIy G H G agTam T ar e d ay køahan e d Im , I) an n UvG VIEd l Ca r bs ;e yIge Bj s iT§ i . K W e r:m :a Ed l e yIgk ñú gn am Ca mn us S fµI G ac n wgman e s c kþIkøah an Rbk as R) a b;e cj m k . e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ig n iy ay e cj m kn UvRBHb n ÞÚl én RBH Ed l ) an Rb Ta nm k e n aH kar Ed l man e Bj e d ay GMMN a c n wge kI te L Igm k .

RBHRTg;)anbegáItsBVsareBImkedaysarkarmanbnÞÚl e y IgRt Úv) an b e gáI tm k[ ) an d UcC ar Ub G gÁRTg; . RBH RTg;C a G ñkbe gá It e hIy

RTg ;) an b e gáI tRK b ;Ta MgG s ;m k e d a ys ar kar man b nÞÚl e cj mk . e he RBIr 1 1³3 ey Igr al ;Kña k¾y l ;e d a y s ar es ckþIC Me n Oe n aHfa e l akiy ) an

e kItm k e d ay s a rR BH bnÞÚl én RBH ) an C ar bs ;Ed l e m Il eX Ij TaMgb : un µan e n aH m in Emn e kItG MBIr bs ;Edl e m Il e X Ij eT .

e y Iy e XIj GMNa cr b s ;RBH Ed l e FVIkar e n AkñúgC MBUk TI1 én Km <Ir e l akub,t þi Ed l man Xøafa {e hIy RBHR T g;m an bn ÞÚl } RtÚv) a ne RbIC ae R c In d g .

eyIgeFVIGVImYyedaysarkarniyay P aBC amn us S fµI e yIgk ¾e FVIG V Im Y y e d ays ar Ba kü sMd IEd l e y Ign iy ay pgEdr

s uP as it 1 8³2 0 m nus S nwg) an Eq¥te BaH e da y pl én ma t;x øÜn KWn wg) an s áb ;citþ e d a y pl c e Rm In én bb Ur mat; .

- GMNacénGNþat Ba kü s Md Ir b s ;e y Ig G ac C aBaküEd l na Mmkn Uvb N þas a d l ;x ø Ü n e yIg b ¤G ac C a

Ba kü Ed l n aMm kn U vCI vi tpgEd r . s uP as it 1 8³21 e TaH TaM ge s c kþIs øab ; e hIy n igC Iv i tk¾e n Ak ñúgG MNa cén

G N þatEd r G ñkNaEd l cUl citþe Rb I e n aH n wgs uIpl én G N þa te n a HÉg . kñú gn amC amn us S fµI Ed l RtÚv ) an b e gáItm k[ d UcC ar Ub G gÁ é n RBH e y Igk¾e FVIG VI

e c jmke d ay s ar Bakü sMd Ip gEd r . e d ays ar GMNac én G N þat e y Igb e Ba© j mk e bIm in Bakü én C Ivi te T k¾C a Ba kü énb N þas aEd r .

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kñú gn amC amn us S fµI e y IgR tÚ vEtr vaM gmat ;r bs ;e y Ig e hIy RtÚvRb y ½ tñn UvG V I Ed l e yIgn iy ay . e yIg G ac RbEh l C aRtÚvkar p øas ;b þ Úr kar G VIE dl RtÚvn iy ay . e y Igm inK Yr G n uBaØa t[ B akü G viC ¢man Ed l G a Rkk; e c j BImat;r bs ;e y Ige LIy .

karRbkasRBHbnÞÚlecjmk e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Igs Ba¢wgK i tBI RBH b nÞÚl r bs ;RBH e n aH es ckþIC Me n On w ge l at ke Baä ge L Ige nA kñúg vi BaØa Nr b s ;e yIg e hIy RBH RTg;n w ge bI ks Em þgRBHb n Þ Úl r bs ;RTg; d l ;e y Ig . e n aHe yIgn wgG a cn iy ay e d a y køah an e d aye RbIRBHb n ÞÚl r b s ;RBH Ed l RTg ;) an ma n bn ÞÚl m ke n aH .

1 e BR tus 4³1 1 k e bIG ñkNa G Fib, ay e na HRtÚvE tG Fib ,a y dUc C aG ñkEd l be Ba© j RBH bn ÞÚl én RBH >> >> .

- niyayeTAkan;PñM RBH e y s U‘vR T g;) an e bIks Em þg[ e X Ij n Uvs ar ³s Mxa n;én e s c kþICMe nO Ed l n iy ay Eføge c j n UvRBHb n ÞÚl r bs ;RBH .

m :akus 1 1³22 -2 4 RBH ey sU‘vR T g;e q øIy fa c Ur ma n e sc kþIC Me n Od l ;R BHc uH d , it´ R) a b;G ñ kr al ;K ñaC aR) akd fa e bIG ñkNan iy a y e TAP ñMe n Hfa c Ur e rIe c j BITIe n H e TA Føak; kñúgs uR Tc uH e d ay \ts gS ½y kñúgc i tþ K We C OC ak ; fae s c kþIG VIEd l x øÜn fa n wg) an e kIt e L IgmkB it e n aH n wg) a n dUc R) a fñaR Kb ;CM BU kTa MgG s ; e d ay ehtue n aH ) an Ca ´ R) ab;G ñk r al ;K ñaC aR) a kd fa R Kb ; Ta M ge s ckþIEd l G ñkr al ;K ñaG F is æa ns Um cUre COfa ) an e hIy e n aH nwg) a nE mn .

- eCOfaeyIg)an e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ig) an TTYl ka re bIks Em þgénRBH bn ÞÚl e r :m :a rb s;RBH e n Akñú g

viBa Øa Nénm n us S fµIr bs ;e y Ig e n aH e yIgnwge C O fa e y Ign wg) an G VIEd l RBHR T g;man bn ÞÚl d l ;e y Ige hIy . e yIgn wgc ab;e p þ Im n iy ay e TAka;n ;P ñM én ka l³e Ts ³e n Akñ úgC Iv it r bs ;e y Ig) a n . mn usS fµIn wg) an n UvG VIE dl G ñke n a Hfa) a n .

karRbkasrs;enACamnusSfµI

G s;G ñkNaEd l ) an T TYl nUvkar e b Iks Em þ gén P aBC amn u s S fµI n wgca b;e p þIm Rbkas fa x øÜn) an r s ;e n AC am Yy mans iT§iG MNa cén mn us S fµI n igma nÉks iT §ipg .

Rbkasedaykøahan

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´s Áal ;fa´ C aG ñkNae n A kñú gR BH e y sU‘vRK Is Þ¡ ´ Ca mn us S fµI¡ kar c as ;) an knøg e TA ¡ RK b; TaM MgG s ;) an RtL b; C afµ Ivij ¡

´C ae s c kþIs ucr itr bs ;RBH e n Akñú gRBH e y s U‘vRK Is Þ¡ e d ay e htue n H e hIy \L Úv e n H \tma n e sc kþIC Mn u MC RmH d l ; e T BIe RBa H´ e n Ak ñú gRBH RKI s Þe ys U‘v .

´C aBUC xa gÉe s ckþIC Me n Oén e l a kG ½R) a haM . RK b ;Ta MMgRB H Br Ed l ) ans n ü a d l ;e l a kG ½R) a haM K WCa rb s; Ed r .

RBH RT g;m in ) an RbT an [ ´ n Uvv i BaØaN Edl EtgE txøa ce na He L Iy K WC aviBa ØaN Ed l man GMN ac e s ckþIRs L aj ; nigR) aC Jan w gF w gvij ¡

´G ac e FVIRK b;Ta MgG s ;) a n ed ay s ar RBHRK IsÞEd l RTg ;c e Rm In kMLa M gd l ; ¡ ka r gar Ed l RBH e y s U‘v) a n e FVI ´ k¾G ac e FVI) an Ed r ¡ GMN rb s ;RBH G m © as ;Ca kML aM gén´ ¡ RBH b nÞÚl s Em þgfa {c Ur [ BY k G ñke x S a y e Ba l fa x øÜn xøa MMg. } e htud Ue c ñH e hIy ) an C a´ x øaMg¡

R) akd Nas ; RBH e y sU‘vR T g;) a n pÞú kRKb ;G s ;Ta MgC MgWr b s ; kar QWc ab ;r b s ; e n aH ´m in RtÚv pÞú kvae To te T ¡ e d a ys ars ñamr MBa t;r bs ;RBH e y sU‘v ´ ) an C a¡ CM gW Ta M ge n H n wgm in e kI tdl ; e T¡ e n H KWC a b MNgRBH hb £ T½y RBH Ed l e l Is Gs ;TaMgG VI² ´ n w g) an ce Rm In e LIg n ig) a ns uxs b ,ay pg¡

RBH én ´n wg pÁ t; p Á g;RK b; Ta Mge s c kþIR tÚ vkar r bs ; tame P aK s m ,tþir bs ;RTg ; kñú gs ir Il ¥¡ K WCaR BH Ed l ) an Rb Tan [ ´n UvG MNa c e d Im , Ima nRTBü s m ,tþid ¾br ib Ur ¡

´) an fVa y dl ;RBH e hIy RT g; nwgc e Rm In pl K uNEpñ khir BaØv tß úc e Rm In e L Igd l ; ´y :a ge Bj e hIy hUr e hor pg¡ G VIEd l ´ ) an e RBaH e n aH ´n wgRcÚt) an vij ¡

´m an BrTaM ge n Ae Bl Ed l ´ c Ul mk e h IyTaMge Bl Ed l ´ ec j e TApg¡ G s ; Ta M gkar Ed l ´ d ak ;éd e F VI e n aH RBHn wgRb Tan Br [ Ta M gG s ;¡ ´ n wgm inR tÚvc aj ;e L Iy ¡ ´ KWC am nus S fµIe n Akñ úgR BH RK Is Þ¡

esckþIsniñdæansrub e n Ae Bl Ed l ey IgG an s þab ; s ikS a nigs Ba ¢w gK i tBIR BH bn ÞÚ l r b s;RBH e s ckþI

CMe n On wg) an s ¥a ge L Ige n Akñ úg c itþr b s ;e y Ig . P aBCa mn us S fµI e y Igc ab;e pþImb e Ba© j e RbIn UvG MNa cén RBHb n ÞÚl énR BH . e d ays ar es c kþICMe n O e y IgEf øgRb ka s n UvRBH bn ÞÚl e n Ae Bl Ed le yIgn iy a y m þg² .

RBH b nÞÚ l énRBH r s ;e n A e h Iyman G MNa c . RBH bn ÞÚl m an RBH C n µr bs ;RBH e n A kñú ge n aH . e n Ae Bl Edl e yIgRb kas r s ;e n AC amn us S fµI e y IgRtL b ;Ca G ñkr Ymc MENk r s;e n AC an is S ½y én RBH .

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e n Ae Bl Ed l ey Ige n AEtbn þR bkas e cj kar e bIks Em þgénR BH bn ÞÚl RBH e y Ig n wge X Ij x øÜn e y IgCa mn us S fµI .

e FVIC amn us S Ed l RBHm an bnÞÚl [e y Ige F VICa y :age n aH e FVIG VI TaM gG s ;Ed l RBH man b n ÞÚl fae y IgG ac e FVI) a n man G VITaM gG s ;Ed l RBH man b n ÞÚl fae y IgG ac man . ka r e bIks Em þgénm n us S fµI ) a n RtL b;mkC a ka r Bi te n AkñúgC I vi tr bs ;e y Ig .

sMNYr 1 > cUr BN ’n a re bobE dl e yIgR tÚv s Ba¢wgK it kñ úgR BH bn ÞÚl én RBH .

2 > cUr BN ’n a BIP aBx us Kña r va g LÚ h ÁÚ n ig e r :m :a .

3> e htuG VI) an C aman s ar ³s Mxan ;kñú gkar Rb kas n iy ay b¤Efø gR) a b;RBH bn ÞÚl én RBH e c j BImat;r b s ;e y Ig?

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