RSM on lamb performance, pp. 1022-1031

Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium

Modern Trends in Livestock Production, October 2-4, 2013

EFFECTS OF RAPESEED MEAL AS PROTEIN SOURCE IN CEREAL-BASED DIETS ON LAMB PERFORMANCE M. R. Yossifov Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod, Bulgaria Corresponding author: [email protected] Original scientific paper

Abstract: This study investigates the potentional of using Bulgarian produced biodisel by-products as part of diets for lambs. The objective of the research was to evaluate the lambs� response on rapeseed (RSM) vs. sunflower meal (SFM) as protein supplements in cereal-based diets. Thirty lambs (Bulgarian Dairy Synthetic Population, 25-d of age, 10.8 kg initial body weight (IBW)) were allocated to one of two experimental diets in 92-d continuous trail. Diets were iso-nitrogenous (15 % CP and 7 % PDI), iso-caloric (0.7 FUG) and equal to calcium/phosphorus ratio. Final BW (FBW), total gain and average daily gain (ADG) were lower, but no significant � 24.5 and 25.8 kg (p=0.5), and 0.150 and 0.163 g/d (p=0.4) for cereal-based diets supplemented with SFM than RSM, respectively. Also, there were no significant differences in dry matter (DM) intake, varied between 719 � 737 g /d. Feed conversion and nutrient efficiency were more useful for lambs fed RSM, compared with SFM-based diet. In conclusion, replacing all SFM (30 %) and part of wheat (1.3 %) with RSM improved growth performance (FBW, ADG), feed conversion and nutrient efficiency.

Keywords: lamb, protein source, rapeseed meal, gain, feed conversion, performance Introduction

Bulgarian farmers have to identify profitable feeding systems that meet

consumer requirements. So, lamb producers had to meet a challenge of intensive indoor feeding systems for fattening lambs. Choicing suitable protein source, as a supplement of cereal-based diets, with high quality and low rumen degradability (Webster and Povey, 1990), has resulted in higher growth rates. Traditionally, sunflower meal (SFM) has been used as a protein supplement in Bulgarian lamb diets. The main factor for low-priced high-quality protein sources is usage of locally produced feeds as a counterpoise of imported protein sources.



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Rapeseed is reliable high-protein energy crop, used as raw material in biodiesel industry. An oil extraction by-product is rapeseed meal (RSM). It�s an eligible source of crude protein (30 � 40 %) with optimal amino acid profile (Mansour et al., 1993; Newkirk et al., 2003), especially methionine, lysine and cystine (www.canolacouncil.org). Additionally, protein degradability (RDP) varied 51 � 69 % (Kendall et al., 1991; Woods et al., 2003a). A few studies were conducted on the usage of RSM as a part of lamb� finishing diets (Liu et al., 1998; Wiese et al., 2003; Goopfert et al., 2006) and no anyone with young lambs. Moreover, most of them found negative effect on lamb consumption and performance. Recommended optimal RSM inclusion levels in lamb diets are less than 10 % (Goopfert et al., 2006). Therefore, we undertaked serries of investigates (Yossifov et al., 2011) needed to evaluate the potential of including higher levels locally produced RSM and to investigate the productive effects. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effects of 32 % rapeseed meal as protein supplement in cereal-based lamb diets, on the diet utilisation (dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion (G:F) and nutrient efficiency (dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), protein trully digestible in intestines (PDI) and net energy for gain (FUG) per 1 kg lamb gain) and growth performance (growth rate, final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), etc.). Material and Methods

Experimental animals. The 99-d feeding experiment (7 + 92-d) was carried out at the Institute of Animal Science, Kostinbrod, BG, with thirty lambs (IBW 10.80 ± 3.19 kg, 25-d) of Synthetic Bulgarian Dairy Population (SBDP) from our own farm. They were weaned and randomly allocated (by weight, sex, day of birth, type of litter) into two dietary treatments (n=15) � control diet (CD) with SFM and experimental diet (ED) with RSM. Lambs were weighed (with 12 h withdrawal of feed or water) prior to feeding twice a month throughout experimental period (92-d), and to obtain initial (days 0, 1) and final (days 91, 92) live weights � in two consecutive days. Based on weights obtained on day 0, lambs were sorted by weight for assignment to one of two treatment diets (n=15).

Dietary Treatments. Experimental diets (table 1) were prepared using the ingredients described in table 2. The concentrate mixes containing SFM and RSM, as a protein source, were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous, iso-caloric and aligned in Ca, P and protein truly digestible in small intestines (PDI). Total rations (TR-s) were consisted of 29 % meadow hay (MH) and 71 % concentrate mix (as



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Table 1. Experimental scheme

CD /with SFM/ D /with RSM/ Forage (g) (%) (g) (%)

Roughage: Meadow hay 230.00 29.02 230.00 29.05

Concentrate mixture:

Protein source 240.00 30.29 250.00 31.58 Wheat 150.00 18.93 140.00 17.68 Corn 150.00 18.93 150.00 18.95

Vitamin-mineral mix*: 22.46 2.83 21.69 2.74 Roughage 230.00 29.02 230.00 28.77 Concentrate mix 562.46 70.98 561.69 71.23

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fed basis) and was formulated to meet and exceed all nutrient requirements of fattening lambs (NRC, 2007). Diets contained 3 % supplement, which provided Ca (limestone) and vitamin-mineral mix (manganese-60.0 mg, iron-1.3 mg, copper-1.0 mg, iodine-1.6 mg, zinc-60.0 mg, cobalt-1.0 mg.Vit.A-5000IU, Vit.D-2000 IU, Vit.E-10.0 mg). Feed was offered twice daily - concentrate mix (offered at 8.00 and 14.00 h) and roughage (offered at 10.00 and 16:00 h) were fed separately throughout the experimental period. Feed intake was adjusted weekly to allow an excess of 5 % of their anticipated intake expressed as fed basis. Animals were provided ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study.

Sample Collection and Analyses. Diet ingredients were sampled monthly and composited for analysis. Remainders were collected and weighed daily and analized twice a month. Samples were analyzed for DM by drying in a forced-air oven at 65oC for 48 h and then 105oC. Dried feed samples were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen and analyzed for Crude Protein (CP) (Kjeldahl Nx6.25), Ether Extract (EE), Crude Fibers (CF), Ash, Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) ( OAC, 2002).



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Table 2. Chemical composition of the feedstuffs used in the experiment*

Chemical composition (DM basis %) Feedstuffs DM CP EE CF Ash Ca P

Roughage: Meadow hay 80.68 6.63 1.65 30.66 6.34 0.38 0.09

Concentrate mixture*:

Sunflower meal 84.62 36.55 1.37 21.96 7.14 0.41 1.04 RSM 85.19 34.42 2.76 12.39 6.78 0.60 0.87 Wheat 86.88 11.70 2.35 2.62 1.96 0.07 0.33 Corn 86.29 9.28 3.42 3.84 1.47 0.06 0.24

1 kg total ration provide: FUG CP, % PDI, % Ca:P ratio CD 1.1 16 11 2.19 ED 1.1 15 10 2.19 *

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Parameters. Dry matter intake (DMI) was calculated as (feed delivered /remainders collected) x % DM of the diet fed. Average daily gain (ADG), DMI, feed efficiency rate and gain:feed (G:F) were determined in each 15-d period which animal weights were obtained (per group).

Statistical Analysis. Feed intake and DMI /average per lamb/, average daily gain, gain efficiency and other parameters were analyzed using MS Office 2007 and Student�s t-test. Results and Discussion

Diet composition. The chemical composition of the protein forages varied. Rapeseed meal is well-known protein source in many countries with high- productive animal husbandry, while there has been relatively little data on RSM as a feed in our country. Chemical analysis of rapeseed meal (RSM) was comparable with previous other our research (Yossifov et al., 2011). Content of CP varied from 38 � 46 %, EE from 1.0 - 3.0 %, CF from 10.0 - 24.0 %, phosphorus from 1.0 - 1.2 and calcium from 0.6 - 0.8 % (www.canolacouncil.org). In the current study, the nutrient content of the RSM was within the lower range of the reported values. SFM had similar content (as fed basis) with RSM (except for CF value). Approximately similar RSM�s characteristics were observed by NewkkirkPresntPpt.pdf. On the contrary, relatively higher % was found by Feedbase (2008). Also significantly lower values were published by NRC (2001).



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EE level (2.76 %) was in the range noted by www.countrywidefarmers.co.uk, but lower than the values by Feedbase (2008) and higher than NewkirkPresntPpt.pdf www.canolacouncil.org. CF (12.39 %) content corresponded to reported by Bell et al., (2001), but were lower than those found by Feedbase (2008).

According to experimental design, diets was equal in energy (net energy as FUG) and protein concentration (table 2). So, feeding value of diets was equal in net energy (1.1 FUG), crude protein (15-16 %) and PDI (10-11 %). Calcium:phosphorus ratio of the total ration was formulated to meet and exceed requirements of fattening lambs (NRC, 2007). The content of PDI was high (table 2) as a result of high level of protein degradable in rumen (RUP).

Dry matter intake. The feed intake (table 3) reported as g.day-1 was negligible affected among SFM and RSM treatments (736.77 vs. 718.65 g.d-1) or 2.4 %. DMI of concentrate mix (C), roughage (R) and total ration (TR) presented as g.day-1 on DM basis (Fig. 1) were not different among the groups (CD vs. ED). Table 3. Average daily intake of DM and nutrientsa

Nutrients (DM basis %) Item DM P PDI BPR FUG

CD 528.49 111.00 67.59 17.26 0.69 Concentrate mixb: ED 500.56 103.03 53.96 22.62 0.62 CD 208.28 13.81 13.33 -3.58 0.12 Roughage: ED 218.09 14.46 13.96 -3.75 0.12 CD 736.77 124.80 80.92 13.70 0.81 Total ration: ED 718.65 117.49 67.92 18.87 0.74

CD ED DMI (g/kg BW0.75) 69.7 65.3 a All values are on dry matter basis except dry matter; b Without premix. DM- dry matter, CP- crude protein, PDI- protein, trully digestible in small intestines, BPR- balance of protien in rumen.

The hay (0.21 and 0.22 kg.d-1), concentrate mix (0.53 and 0.50 kg.d-1) and TR (0.74 and 0.72 kg.d-1) intake (as DM basis (fig. 1)) were within near range between groups. So, RSM at 32 % dietary inclusion was not high enough to depress DMI. There were no significant (p=0.4) effects of diets on DMI expressed on a metabolic BW (BW0.75) basis (table 3). The protein (CP, PDI, BPR) and net energy (FUG) intake from TR were differ in range between groups (6, 16, 38 and 9 %).



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0

200

400

600

800

1000

Concentrate mix Roughage TR0

200

400

600

800

1000

Concentrate mix Roughage TROn fed basisOn fed basis On DM basisOn DM basisCC--Concentrate; Concentrate; RR--Roughage; Roughage; TRTR--Total rationTotal ration

CC

RR

TRTR

CC

TRTR

RR

SFM-based dietRSM-based diet

Figure 1. Average daily intake (ADI) of concentrate mix, roughage and total ration on fed and

DM basis (g):

The intake of RSM-based diets in the current study agrees with the reported data by other authors (Liu et al., 1999; Mandiki et al., 2006) quite the contrary of Vincent et al. (1990a) and Wiese et al. (2003). First found lower and litter � significantly higher DMI in finishing lambs fed RSM, which replaced a portion of grain and protein source in the diet.

There were differences among treatments (Fig. 2) in values about intake of DM (4.94 vs. 4.42 kg), CP (0.84 vs. 0.72), PDI (0.54 vs. 0.42) and net energy as FUG (5.43 vs. 4.55) per 1 kg (PDI and FUG was calculated on literature data). It was observed benefits from ED in conversion of DMI, CP, PDI and FUG (- 11, 14, 22 and 16 %) per 1 kg gain compared with CD.

4.94

4.42

0.840.72 0.54

0.42

5.43

4.55

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

DM/kg gain CP/kg gain PDI/kg gain FUG/kg gain

SFM-based diet RSM-based diet

Figure 2. Nutrient efficiency (kg/kg gain) of fattening lambs fed SFM vs. RSM as protein source:



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Growth performance and gain efficiency. The initial BW (IBW) didn�t

differ (10.8 kg ± 3.2) among treatments (table 4). The final BW (FBW) was higher

Table 4. Average daily gain (ADG) and Gain efficiency (G:F) of fattening lambs fed different protein source (SFM vs. RSM) /n=15 x±SD/

Item Diet SFM RSM

Significance (P)

Initial BW (kg) 10.73 ± 3.23 10.87 ± 3.26 NS Final BW (kg) 24.47 ± 5.89 25.83 ± 6.37 0.5 ADG (g.day-1) 149 ± 36.6 163 ± 50.7 0.4 G:F ratio (ADG:DMI) 0.203 0.226 0.4

* Means within rows having superscript are significantly different at p<0.05. SFM- sunflower meal, DDGSw - dried distilers� wheat grains with solubles, BW- body weight, ADG- average daily gain, DMI- dry matter intake, G:F- gain/forage.

(p=0.50) for lambs fed RSM-based diet (25.83 kg) vs. control diet (24.47 kg). Lambs fed RSM-based diet had unsignificantly higher ADG for whole experimental period. The ADG (table 4) was higher (p=0.40) for ED (163 g.d-1) compared with CD (149 g.d-1). Our data corresponded to these reported by Wiese et al. (2003).

The feed conversion (DMI/ADG) was also more effeicient for lambs from ED (0.23) vs. CD (0.2). Nevertheless, the corresponding values (+ 11 %) for gain efficiency among treatments were not significant (p= 0.4). In agreement with our previous work (Yossifov et al., 2011) and findings by Wiese et al. (2003), rapeseed meal seem to be a good protein forage in lamb diets, by reason of its high content of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Conclusion

Supplementing cereal-based lamb�s diets with rapeseed meal improved growth performance, feed conversion and nutrient efficiency. Inclusion of RSM has no impact effect on DMI (+ 2.4 %) but improve performance (p=0.5) when included at 32 % of diet DM. It was amended the ADG by 9 % and feed conversion by 11 %. The results of this study indicate that RSM can completely replace sunflower meal (30 %) and a portion of wheat (1.3 %) from the diet when feeding fattening lambs without any compromise to performance (FBW, ADG), feed conversion and nutrient efficiency.



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Acknowledgments

Research was financed by the Agricultural Academy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Republic of Bulgaria, project 82.

The author would like to thank to barn (Marieta Kupandolska) and laboratory (Galabena Borisova) stuff in the research (Depart. Animal nutrition & Feed technologies, Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod), for the assistance during the experiment. Efekti kori� enja sa me uljane repice kao izvora proteina u obroku na bazi �itarica na proizvodne rezultate jagnjadi M. R. Yossifov Rezime

Ova studija istra�uje potencijal kori� enja nusproizvoda iz proizvodnje biodizela u Bugarskoj, kao dela obroka za ishranu jagnjadi. Cilj istra�ivanja bio je da se proceni reakcija jagnjadi na obrok sa uljanom repicom (RSM) prema suncokretovoj sa mi (SFM) kao i proteinskim dodacima u ishrani na bazi �itarica. Trideset jagnjadi (bugarska mle na sinteti ka populacija, 25-D starosti, 10.8 kg po etne te�ine (ibv)) izdvojeno je za jedan od dva eksperimentalna tretmana ishrane u 92-dnevnom kontinuiranom ogledu. Obroci su IzO-azotni (15% CP i 7% PIO), IzO-kalorijski (FUG 0.7) i jednaka je odnos kalcijum/fosfor. Zavr�na TM (FBV), ukupan prirast i prose an dnevni prirast (ADG) su bili ni�i, ali ne zna ajno - 24,5 i 25,8 kg (p = 0,5), i 0,150 i 0,163 g / d (p = 0.4) za obroke na bazi �itarica dopunjenih sa SFM nego RSM, respektivno. Tako e, nije bilo zna ajne razlike u suvoj materiji (DM), unos je varirao izme u 719 - 737 g / d. Konverzija hrane i efikasnost nutrijenata su bili korisni za jagnjad hranjena RSM, u pore enju sa SFM-obrokom. U zaklju ku, potpuna zamena SFM (30%) i dela p�enice (1,3%) sa RSM pobolj�ala je performanse rasta (FBV, ADG), konverziju hrane i efikasnost kori� enja hranljivih materija.



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References

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WIESE S., WHITE C., MASTERS D., MILTON J., DAVIDSON R. (2003): Growth and carcass characteristics of prime lambs fed diets containing urea, lupins or canola meal as a crude protein source, Austr. J. of Exp. Agr. 43 (10):1193-1197. WOODS V., O�MARA F., MOLONEY A. (2003a): The nutritive value of concentrate feedstuffs for ruminant animals. Part I. In situ ruminal degradability of dry matter and organic matter. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 110, 111�130. YOSSIFOV M., KOZELOV L. (2011): stimation of Rapeseed meal (RSM) as protein source in small ruminant�s diets. ISC, �250 years- Traditions and modernity in Veterinary Medicine", 24-25.11.11, Sofia, Bulgaria, University of Forestry, Proceedings.

RSM on lamb performance, pp. 1022-1031

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