A presentation on :1. Research Methodology

2. Power system Reliability

Prepared by :Upadhyay Rakshita R. Div : ME-1(power system )

Er no : 140370707018

1. Research MethodologyIntroductionStructure and process of research Types of researchResearch method vs research methodology

IntroductionResearch…

the application of the scientific methoda systematic process of collecting and logically

analyzing information (data)Research Methods (Methodology)…

the ways one collects and analyzes datamethods developed for acquiring trustworthy

knowledge via reliable and valid procedures

Structure of Research

begin with broad questions

narrow down, focus in

operationalize

OBSERVE

analyze data

reach conclusions

generalize back to questions

The "hourglass" notion of research

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The Process of Research

Types of research

Descriptive vs analyticalApplied vs fundamentalQuantitative vs qualitativeConceptual vs empirical

Research method vs research methodologyFirst group : collection of dataSecond group : statistical techniqueThird group : method use for evaluating accuracy

Research Process (Methodology)Initial IdeaBackground InvestigationRefinement of IdeaCore Work

Investigation and DevelopmentDocumentationPrototype (if appropriate)

EvaluationIdentification of Future WorkPresentation

Scope of ResearchVaries by level of work

Ph.D. students – contribution expected at world level; e.g.background investigation on all past workmake meaningful addition to world

knowledgeUndergraduate students – contribution can be

at local to national to world level; e.g.background investigation at university up to

world levelmake meaningful addition to university up to

world level of knowledge

2. Power system ReliabilityIntroductionAnalysis of reliability….hierarchial levelsReliability IndicesLoss of Load Probability (LOLP)Optimal value of reliability

Introduction

A measure of the ability of a system, generally given as numerical indices, to deliver power to all points of utilizasation within acceptable standards and in amounts desired. Power system reliability (comprising generation and transmission & distribution facilities) can be described by two basic functional attributes: adequacy and security. (Cigré definition)

Reliability is the probability of a device or a system performing its function adequately, for the period of time intended, under the operating conditions intended. (IEEE PES definition)

ReliabilityReliability

SecurityAdequacy

• Adequacy relates to the existence of sufficient facilities within the system to satisfy the consumer load demand at all times.

• Security relates to the ability to withstand sudden disturbances

Analysis of reliability…. hierarchial levels1. Generation only (Level 1)2. Generation + Transmission (Level 2)3. Generation + Transmission+ Distribution (Level 3)

Analysis involving level 3 are not generally done due to enormity of the problem.

Most of the probabilistic techniques for reliability assessment are with respect to adequacy assessment.

Reliability of a systemA system composed of large number of

components connected in series and parallel. Each component would have its own reliability. Reliability of the system would depend on the

reliability of individual component.A chain’s strength would be governed by the

weakest link.

Reliability Indices (1) SAIFI =System Average Interruption Frequency Index (int/yr.

cust)= Total number of customer interruptions / Total number of customers served

SAIDI = System Average Interruption Duration Index (h/yr. cust) = Customer interruption durations / Total number of customers served

CAIFI = Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (int./yr. cust) = Total number of customer interruptions / Total number of customers interrupted

CAIDI = Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (h/y. cust.) = Customer interruption durations/ Total number of customer interruptions = SAIDI/SAIFI

CTAIDI = Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (h/ y. cust)= Customer interruption durations / Total number of customers interrupted

Reliability Indices (2)

ENS = Energy Not Supplied = (kwh/y.) = Total energy not supplied = UE = Unserved Energy

AENS = Average Energy Not Supplied = (kwh/y. Cust.) = Total energy not supplied / Total number of customers served

LOLP = Loss of Load Probability =The probability that the total production in system cannot meet the load demand

Reliability Indices (3)

Protection systemSelectability: should operate for the conditions

intended and should not for which not intended. Dependability: Number of correct operation

devided by number of incorrect operations

Other Equipments, high reliability would mean In repeated operations – probability that the out

would be within a narrow range. Low variance or standard deviation of output

Loss of Load Probability (LOLP)

Optimal value of reliability

Optimal value of reliability (2)

The costs of the producer = CR

The costs of the consumers = CIC

CIC = Customer Interruption Costs (= VOLL = Value of Lost Load)

At the optimum : ∆CR = - ∆ CIC (= -∆ VOLL)

Conclusion

From these we can conclude that how the research is done and what is research methodology and we can now easily do research in a appropriate manner and also we have studied the basic concept of power system reliability and its indices.

References• http://

www.cs.indiana.edu/mit.research.how.to/mit.research.how.to.html

• http://www.honors.ucr.edu/research.htm• http://www.utexas.edu/research/eureka/resources

/why/index.php• Roy Billinton and Ronald N Allan, ‘Reliability

Assessment of Large Electric Power Systems’, Kluwer Academic Publishers

• Roy Billinton and w.li , reliability assesment of power system using monetocarlo method , plenum press , new york,USA,1994