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THEREPUBLICOFAERYSV. THESTATEOFRHAEGAR

REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE

SUBMITTEDBY: ZHANIKAMARIEO. CARBONELL

1. THEINTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICEANDITSJURISDICTION

The Statute of the Ite!at"oa# Cou!t of Ju$t"%e "$ ae&e' to the Cha!te!of the U"te' Nat"o$( of )h"%h "t fo!*$ a "te+!a# ,a!t. The *a" o-e%t of the

Statute "$ to o!+a"/e the %o*,o$"t"o a' the fu%t"o"+ of the Cou!t.1

The fo##o)"+ a!t"%#e$ ,!o0"'e fo! the %o*,ete%e of the ICJ u'e! "t$Statute:

2A!t"%#e 34

1. O#5 $tate$ *a5 -e ,a!t"e$ " %a$e$ -efo!e the Cou!t.

. The Cou!t( $u-e%t to a' " %ofo!*"t5 )"th "t$ Ru#e$( *a5 !e6ue$t of ,u-#"%

"te!at"oa# o!+a"/at"o$ "fo!*at"o !e#e0at to %a$e$ -efo!e "t( a' $ha##

!e%e"0e $u%h "fo!*at"o ,!e$ete' -5 $u%h o!+a"/at"o$ o the"! o) ""t"at"0e.

3. 7hee0e! the %o$t!u%t"o of the %o$t"tuet "$t!u*et of a ,u-#"%"te!at"oa# o!+a"/at"o o! of a "te!at"oa# %o0et"o a'o,te' the!eu'e!

"$ " 6ue$t"o " a %a$e -efo!e the Cou!t( the Re+"$t!a! $ha## $o ot"f5 the ,u-#"%

"te!at"oa# o!+a"/at"o %o%e!e' a' $ha## %o**u"%ate to "t %o,"e$ of a##

the )!"tte ,!o%ee'"+$.

Article 35

1. The Cou!t $ha## -e o,e to the $tate$ ,a!t"e$ to the ,!e$et Statute.

. The %o'"t"o$ u'e! )h"%h the Cou!t $ha## -e o,e to othe! $tate$ $ha##($u-e%t to the $,e%"a# ,!o0"$"o$ %ota"e' " t!eat"e$ " fo!%e( -e #a"' 'o) -5

the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#( -ut " o %a$e $ha## $u%h %o'"t"o$ ,#a%e the ,a!t"e$ " a

,o$"t"o of "e6ua#"t5 -efo!e the Cou!t.

3. 7he a $tate )h"%h "$ ot a Me*-e! of the U"te' Nat"o$ "$ a ,a!t5 to a %a$e(

the Cou!t $ha## f"& the a*out )h"%h that ,a!t5 "$ to %ot!"-ute to)a!'$ thee&,e$e$ of the Cou!t. Th"$ ,!o0"$"o $ha## ot a,,#5 "f $u%h $tate "$ -ea!"+ a

$ha!e of the e&,e$e$ of the Cou!t

Article 36

1. The u!"$'"%t"o of the Cou!t %o*,!"$e$ a## %a$e$ )h"%h the ,a!t"e$ !efe! to "t

a' a## *atte!$ $,e%"a##5 ,!o0"'e' fo! " the Cha!te! of the U"te' Nat"o$ o! "t!eat"e$ a' %o0et"o$ " fo!%e.

. The $tate$ ,a!t"e$ to the ,!e$et Statute *a5 at a5 t"*e 'e%#a!e that the5!e%o+"/e a$ %o*,u#$o!5 ",$o fa%to a' )"thout $,e%"a# a+!ee*et( " !e#at"o to

1Ite!at"oa# Cou!t of Ju$t"%e( Ba$"% Do%u*et$: Statute of the Cou!t( available at

htt,:88)))."%9%".o!+8'o%u*et$8,1;4.ht*# =#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >( >14?.

http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/?p1=4&p2=2http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/?p1=4&p2=2

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a5 othe! $tate a%%e,t"+ the $a*e o-#"+at"o( the u!"$'"%t"o of the Cou!t " a##

#e+a# '"$,ute$ %o%e!"+:

a. the "te!,!etat"o of a t!eat5

-. a5 6ue$t"o of "te!at"oa# #a)

%. the e&"$te%e of a5 fa%t )h"%h( "f e$ta-#"$he'( )ou#' %o$t"tute a -!ea%h of a

"te!at"oa# o-#"+at"o

'. the atu!e o! e&tet of the !e,a!at"o to -e *a'e fo! the -!ea%h of a

"te!at"oa# o-#"+at"o.

3. The 'e%#a!at"o$ !efe!!e' to a-o0e *a5 -e *a'e u%o'"t"oa##5 o! o

%o'"t"o of !e%",!o%"t5 o the ,a!t of $e0e!a# o! %e!ta" $tate$( o! fo! a %e!ta"

t"*e.

4. Su%h 'e%#a!at"o$ $ha## -e 'e,o$"te' )"th the Se%!eta!59ee!a# of the U"te'

Nat"o$( )ho $ha## t!a$*"t %o,"e$ the!eof to the ,a!t"e$ to the Statute a' to theRe+"$t!a! of the Cou!t.

. De%#a!at"o$ *a'e u'e! A!t"%#e 3 of the Statute of the e!*aet Cou!t of

Ite!at"oa# Ju$t"%e a' )h"%h a!e $t"## " fo!%e $ha## -e 'ee*e'( a$ -et)ee the

,a!t"e$ to the ,!e$et Statute( to -e a%%e,ta%e$ of the %o*,u#$o!5 u!"$'"%t"o ofthe Ite!at"oa# Cou!t of Ju$t"%e fo! the ,e!"o' )h"%h the5 $t"## ha0e to !u a'" a%%o!'a%e )"th the"! te!*$.

. I the e0et of a '"$,ute a$ to )hethe! the Cou!t ha$ u!"$'"%t"o( the *atte!

$ha## -e $ett#e' -5 the 'e%"$"o of the Cou!t.

Article 37

7hee0e! a t!eat5 o! %o0et"o " fo!%e ,!o0"'e$ fo! !efe!e%e of a *atte! to a

t!"-ua# to ha0e -ee "$t"tute' -5 the Lea+ue of Nat"o$( o! to the e!*aet

Cou!t of Ite!at"oa# Ju$t"%e( the *atte! $ha##( a$ -et)ee the ,a!t"e$ to the,!e$et Statute( -e !efe!!e' to the Ite!at"oa# Cou!t of Ju$t"%e.

Article 3

1. The Cou!t( )ho$e fu%t"o "$ to 'e%"'e " a%%o!'a%e )"th "te!at"oa# #a)

$u%h '"$,ute$ a$ a!e $u-*"tte' to "t( $ha## a,,#5:

a. "te!at"oa# %o0et"o$( )hethe! +ee!a# o! ,a!t"%u#a!( e$ta-#"$h"+ !u#e$

e&,!e$$#5 !e%o+"/e' -5 the %ote$t"+ $tate$

-. "te!at"oa# %u$to*( a$ e0"'e%e of a +ee!a# ,!a%t"%e a%%e,te' a$ #a)

%. the +ee!a# ,!"%",#e$ of #a) !e%o+"/e' -5 %"0"#"/e' at"o$

'. $u-e%t to the ,!o0"$"o$ of A!t"%#e @( u'"%"a# 'e%"$"o$ a' the tea%h"+$ ofthe *o$t h"+h#5 6ua#"f"e' ,u-#"%"$t$ of the 0a!"ou$ at"o$( a$ $u-$"'"a!5 *ea$

fo! the 'ete!*"at"o of !u#e$ of #a).

. Th"$ ,!o0"$"o $ha## ot ,!eu'"%e the ,o)e! of the Cou!t to 'e%"'e a %a$e ex

aequo et bono( "f the ,a!t"e$ a+!ee the!eto.

The Cou!t *a5 ete!ta" t)o t5,e$ of %a$e$: #e+a# '"$,ute$ -et)ee State$$u-*"tte' to "t -5 the* =%otet"ou$ %a$e$? a' !e6ue$t$ fo! a'0"$o!5 o,""o$ o

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#e+a# 6ue$t"o$ !efe!!e' to "t -5 U"te' Nat"o$ o!+a$ a' $,e%"a#"/e' a+e%"e$

=a'0"$o!5 ,!o%ee'"+$?.3

Cotet"ou$ %a$e$

O#5 State$ =State$ Me*-e!$ of the U"te' Nat"o$ a' othe! State$ )h"%hha0e -e%o*e ,a!t"e$ to the Statute of the Cou!t o! )h"%h ha0e a%%e,te' "t$

u!"$'"%t"o u'e! %e!ta" %o'"t"o$? *a5 -e ,a!t"e$ to %otet"ou$ %a$e$.4

The Cou!t "$ %o*,etet to ete!ta" a '"$,ute o#5 "f the State$ %o%e!e'

ha0e a%%e,te' "t$ u!"$'"%t"o " oe o! *o!e of the fo##o)"+ )a5$:

1. -5 ete!"+ "to a $,e%"a# a+!ee*et to $u-*"t the '"$,ute to the Cou!t

. -5 0"!tue of a u!"$'"%t"oa# %#au$e( ".e.( t5,"%a##5( )he the5 a!e ,a!t"e$ to

a t!eat5 %ota""+ a ,!o0"$"o )he!e-5( " the e0et of a '"$,ute of a

+"0e t5,e o! '"$a+!ee*et o0e! the "te!,!etat"o o! a,,#"%at"o of the

t!eat5( oe of the* *a5 !efe! the '"$,ute to the Cou!t3. th!ou+h the !e%",!o%a# effe%t of 'e%#a!at"o$ *a'e -5 the* u'e! the

Statute )he!e-5 ea%h ha$ a%%e,te' the u!"$'"%t"o of the Cou!t a$%o*,u#$o!5 " the e0et of a '"$,ute )"th aothe! State ha0"+ *a'e a

$"*"#a! 'e%#a!at"o. A u*-e! of the$e 'e%#a!at"o$( )h"%h *u$t -e

'e,o$"te' )"th the U"te' Nat"o$ Se%!eta!59ee!a#( %ota" !e$e!0at"o$e&%#u'"+ %e!ta" %ate+o!"e$ of '"$,ute.

B5 $"+"+ the Cha!te!( a State Me*-e! of the U"te' Nat"o$ u'e!taGe$ to

%o*,#5 )"th a5 'e%"$"o of the Cou!t " a %a$e to )h"%h "t "$ a ,a!t5. S"%e(

fu!the!*o!e( a %a$e %a o#5 -e $u-*"tte' to the Cou!t a' 'e%"'e' -5 "t "f the,a!t"e$ ha0e " oe )a5 o! aothe! %o$ete' to "t$ u!"$'"%t"o o0e! the %a$e( "t "$

!a!e fo! a 'e%"$"o ot to -e "*,#e*ete'. A State )h"%h %ote'$ that the othe!$"'e ha$ fa"#e' to ,e!fo!* the o-#"+at"o$ "%u*-et u,o "t u'e! a u'+*et

!e'e!e' -5 the Cou!t *a5 #a5 the *atte! -efo!e the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#( )h"%h "$

e*,o)e!e' to !e%o**e' o! 'e%"'e u,o the *ea$u!e$ to -e taGe to +"0e effe%t

to the u'+*et.

The ,!o%e'u!e 'e$%!"-e' a-o0e "$ the o!*a# ,!o%e'u!e. Ce!ta" *atte!$ %a

ho)e0e! affe%t the ,!o%ee'"+$. The *o$t %o**o %a$e "$ that of ,!e#"*"a!5o-e%t"o$ !a"$e' " o!'e! to ,!e0et the Cou!t f!o* 'e#"0e!"+ u'+*et o the

*e!"t$ of the %a$e =the !e$,o'et State *a5 %ote'( fo! e&a*,#e( that the Cou!t

#a%G$ u!"$'"%t"o o! that the a,,#"%at"o "$ "a'*"$$"-#e?. The *atte! "$ oe fo! theCou!t "t$e#f to 'e%"'e. The( the!e a!e ,!o0"$"oa# *ea$u!e$( )h"%h %a -e

3Ite!at"oa# Cou!t of Ju$t"%e( Ho) the Cou!t 7o!G$( available at htt,:88)))."%9

%".o!+8%ou!t8"'e&.,h,,1;1

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!e6ue$te' a$ "te!"* *ea$u!e$ -5 the a,,#"%at State "f the #atte! %o$"'e!$ that the

!"+ht$ )h"%h fo!* the $u-e%t of "t$ a,,#"%at"o a!e " "**e'"ate 'a+e!. It *a5

fu!the! o%%u! that a State $eeG$ to "te!0ee " a '"$,ute "0o#0"+ othe! State$-e%au$e "t %o$"'e!$ that "t ha$ a "te!e$t of a #e+a# atu!e )h"%h *a5 -e affe%te'

-5 the 'e%"$"o to -e taGe " the '"$,ute -et)ee tho$e State$. The Statute a#$o

*aGe$ ,!o0"$"o fo! %a$e$ )he!e the !e$,o'et State 'oe$ ot a,,ea! -efo!e theCou!t( e"the! -e%au$e "t tota##5 !ee%t$ the Cou!t$ u!"$'"%t"o o! fo! a5 othe!

!ea$o. He%e fa"#u!e -5 oe ,a!t5 to a,,ea! 'oe$ ot ,!e0et ,!o%ee'"+$ " a

%a$e f!o* taG"+ the"! %ou!$e. But " $u%h a %a$e the Cou!t *u$t f"!$t $at"$f5 "t$e#fthat "t ha$ u!"$'"%t"o. F"a##5( $hou#' the Cou!t f"' that ,a!t"e$ to $e,a!ate

,!o%ee'"+$ a!e $u-*"tt"+ the $a*e a!+u*et$ a' $u-*"$$"o$ a+a"$t a

%o**o o,,oet " !e#at"o to the $a*e "$$ue( "t *a5 o!'e! o"'e! of the

,!o%ee'"+$.

The $ou!%e$ of #a) that the Cou!t *u$t a,,#5 a!e: "te!at"oa# t!eat"e$ a'

%o0et"o$ " fo!%e "te!at"oa# %u$to* the +ee!a# ,!"%",#e$ of #a) a'

u'"%"a# 'e%"$"o$ a' the tea%h"+$ of the *o$t h"+h#5 6ua#"f"e' ,u-#"%"$t$.Mo!eo0e!( "f the ,a!t"e$ a+!ee( the Cou!t %a 'e%"'e a %a$e ex aequo et bono( ".e.(

)"thout #"*"t"+ "t$e#f to e&"$t"+ !u#e$ of "te!at"oa# #a).

. MEMBERSHITOTHEUNITEDNATIONS

The ,!o0"$"o$ !e+a!'"+ *e*-e!$h", to the U"te' Nat"o$ u'e! "t$ %ha!te! $tate

that:@2A!t"%#e 3

The o!"+"a# Me*-e!$ of the U"te' Nat"o$ $ha## -e the $tate$ )h"%h( ha0"+

,a!t"%",ate' " the U"te' Nat"o$ Cofe!e%e o Ite!at"oa# O!+a"/at"o atSa F!a%"$%o( o! ha0"+ ,!e0"ou$#5 $"+e' the De%#a!at"o -5 U"te' Nat"o$ of

1 Jaua!5 1@4( $"+ the ,!e$et Cha!te! a' !at"f5 "t " a%%o!'a%e )"th A!t"%#e11>.

A!t"%#e 4

Me*-e!$h", " the U"te' Nat"o$ "$ o,e to a## othe! ,ea%e9#o0"+ $tate$ )h"%h

a%%e,t the o-#"+at"o$ %ota"e' " the ,!e$et Cha!te! a'( " the u'+*et of

the O!+a"/at"o( a!e a-#e a' )"##"+ to %a!!5 out the$e o-#"+at"o$.The a'*"$$"o of a5 $u%h $tate to *e*-e!$h", " the U"te' Nat"o$ )"## -e

effe%te' -5 a 'e%"$"o of the ee!a# A$$e*-#5 u,o the !e%o**e'at"o of the

Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#.

A!t"%#e

A Me*-e! of the U"te' Nat"o$ a+a"$t )h"%h ,!e0et"0e o! efo!%e*et

a%t"o ha$ -ee taGe -5 the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"# *a5 -e $u$,e'e' f!o* the

EERCISE of the !"+ht$ a' ,!"0"#e+e$ of *e*-e!$h", -5 the ee!a# A$$e*-#5u,o the !e%o**e'at"o of the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#. The e&e!%"$e of the$e !"+ht$

a' ,!"0"#e+e$ *a5 -e !e$to!e' -5 the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#.

7Id.

8Id.

9U"te' Nat"o$( Cha!te! of the U"te' Nat"o$: Me*-e!$h",( available at

htt,:88))).u.o!+8e8'o%u*et$8%ha!te!8%ha,te!.$ht*#=#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >( >14?.

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A!t"%#e

A Me*-e! of the U"te' Nat"o$ )h"%h ha$ ,e!$"$tet#5 0"o#ate' the !"%",#e$

%ota"e' " the ,!e$et Cha!te! *a5 -e e&,e##e' f!o* the O!+a"/at"o -5 the

ee!a# A$$e*-#5 u,o the !e%o**e'at"o of the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#.

3. RESOLUTIONSOFTHEUN SECURITYCOUNCIL

U"te' Nat"o$ !e$o#ut"o$ a!e fo!*a# e&,!e$$"o$ of the o,""o o! )"## of U"te'

Nat"o$ o!+a$. The5 +ee!a##5 %o$"$t of t)o %#ea!#5 'ef"e' $e%t"o$: a

,!ea*-#e a' a o,e!at"0e ,a!t. The ,!ea*-#e +ee!a##5 ,!e$et$ the%o$"'e!at"o$ o the -a$"$ of )h"%h a%t"o "$ taGe( a o,""o e&,!e$$e' o! a

'"!e%t"0e +"0e. The o,e!at"0e ,a!t $tate$ the o,""o of the o!+a o! the a%t"o to

-e taGe.1>

The Me*-e!$ of the U"te' Nat"o$ a+!ee to a%%e,t a' %a!!5 out the 'e%"$"o$ of

the Se%u!"t5 Cou%"# " a%%o!'a%e )"th the ,!e$et Cha!te!.11

U'e! the U"te' Nat"o$ Cha!te!( the fu%t"o$ a' ,o)e!$ of the Se%u!"t5Cou%"# a!e:1

to *a"ta" "te!at"oa# ,ea%e a' $e%u!"t5 " a%%o!'a%e )"th the

,!"%",#e$ a' ,u!,o$e$ of the U"te' Nat"o$

to "0e$t"+ate a5 '"$,ute o! $"tuat"o )h"%h *"+ht#ea' to "te!at"oa#

f!"%t"o

to !e%o**e' *etho'$ of a'u$t"+ $u%h '"$,ute$ o! the te!*$ of

$ett#e*et

to fo!*u#ate ,#a$ fo! the e$ta-#"$h*et of a $5$te* to !e+u#ate

a!*a*et$

to 'ete!*"e the e&"$te%e of a th!eat to the ,ea%e o! a%t of a++!e$$"o a'

to !e%o**e' )hat a%t"o $hou#' -e taGe

to %a## o Me*-e!$ to a,,#5 e%oo*"% $a%t"o$ a' othe! *ea$u!e$ ot

"0o#0"+ the u$e of fo!%e to ,!e0et o! $to, a++!e$$"o

to taGe *"#"ta!5 a%t"o a+a"$t a a++!e$$o!

to !e%o**e' the a'*"$$"o of e) Me*-e!$

to e&e!%"$e the t!u$tee$h", fu%t"o$ of the U"te' Nat"o$ " $t!ate+"%

a!ea$

to !e%o**e' to the ee!a# A$$e*-#5 the a,,o"t*et of the Se%!eta!59

ee!a# a'( to+ethe! )"th the A$$e*-#5( to e#e%t the Ju'+e$ of theIte!at"oa# Cou!t of Ju$t"%e.

4. MOST9FAORED9NATIONRELATIONSHI

10U"te' Nat"o$( Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#: Do%u*et$( available at

htt,:88))).u.o!+8e8$%8'o%u*et$8!e$o#ut"o$8 =#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >( >14?.

11U.N. Cha!te! a!t. .

12U"te' Nat"o$( Se%u!"t5 Cou%"#: o)e!$ a' Fu%t"o$( available at

htt,:88))).u.o!+8e8$%8a-out8fu%t"o$.$ht*# =#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >( >14?.

http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/

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U'e! the 7TO a+!ee*et$( %out!"e$ %aot o!*a##5 '"$%!"*"ate

-et)ee the"! t!a'"+ ,a!te!$. !at $o*eoe a $,e%"a# fa0ou! =$u%h a$ a #o)e!

%u$to*$ 'ut5 !ate fo! oe of the"! ,!o'u%t$? a' 5ou ha0e to 'o the $a*e fo! a##othe! 7TO *e*-e!$.13

Th"$ ,!"%",#e "$ Go) a$ *o$t9fa0ou!e'9at"o =MFN? t!eat*et. It "$ $o"*,o!tat that "t "$ the f"!$t a!t"%#e of the ee!a# A+!ee*et o Ta!"ff$ a' T!a'e

=ATT?( )h"%h +o0e!$ t!a'e " +oo'$. MFN "$ a#$o a ,!"o!"t5 " the ee!a#

A+!ee*et o T!a'e " Se!0"%e$ =ATS? =A!t"%#e ? a' the A+!ee*et o T!a'e9Re#ate' A$,e%t$ of Ite##e%tua# !o,e!t5 R"+ht$ =TRIS? =A!t"%#e 4?( a#thou+h "

ea%h a+!ee*et the ,!"%",#e "$ ha'#e' $#"+ht#5 '"ffe!et#5. To+ethe!( tho$e th!ee

a+!ee*et$ %o0e! a## th!ee *a" a!ea$ of t!a'e ha'#e' -5 the 7TO.14

So*e e&%e,t"o$ a!e a##o)e'. Fo! e&a*,#e( %out!"e$ %a $et u, a f!ee

t!a'e a+!ee*et that a,,#"e$ o#5 to +oo'$ t!a'e' )"th" the +!ou,

'"$%!"*"at"+ a+a"$t +oo'$ f!o* out$"'e. O! the5 %a +"0e 'e0e#o,"+ %out!"e$

$,e%"a# a%%e$$ to the"! *a!Get$. O! a %out!5 %a !a"$e -a!!"e!$ a+a"$t ,!o'u%t$that a!e %o$"'e!e' to -e t!a'e' ufa"!#5 f!o* $,e%"f"% %out!"e$. A' " $e!0"%e$(

%out!"e$ a!e a##o)e'( " #"*"te' %"!%u*$ta%e$( to '"$%!"*"ate. But thea+!ee*et$ o#5 ,e!*"t the$e e&%e,t"o$ u'e! $t!"%t %o'"t"o$. I +ee!a#( MFN

*ea$ that e0e!5 t"*e a %out!5 #o)e!$ a t!a'e -a!!"e! o! o,e$ u, a *a!Get( "t ha$

to 'o $o fo! the $a*e +oo'$ o! $e!0"%e$ f!o* a## "t$ t!a'"+ ,a!te!$ )hethe!!"%h o! ,oo!( )eaG o! $t!o+.1

. IERCINTHEEILOFCORORATEFICTION

It "$ the a%t of h"'"+ -eh"' the $e,a!ate a' '"$t"%t ,e!$oa#"t"e$ of

u!"'"%a# et"t"e$ to ,e!,etuate f!au'( %o**"t "##e+a# a%t$( e0a'e oe$ o-#"+at"o$

that the e6u"ta-#e ,"e!%"+ 'o%t!"e )a$ fo!*u#ate' to a''!e$$ a' ,!e0et. 1

A $ett#e' fo!*u#at"o of the 'o%t!"e of ,"e!%"+ the %o!,o!ate 0e"# "$ that

)he t)o -u$"e$$ ete!,!"$e$ a!e o)e'( %o'u%te' a' %ot!o##e' -5 the $a*e,a!t"e$( -oth #a) a' e6u"t5 )"##( )he e%e$$a!5 to ,!ote%t the !"+ht$ of th"!'

,a!t"e$( '"$!e+a!' the #e+a# f"%t"o that the$e t)o et"t"e$ a!e '"$t"%t a' t!eat the*

a$ "'et"%a# o! a$ oe a' the $a*e.1

. SUBJECTSOFINTERNATIONALLA7

137o!#' T!a'e O!+a"/at"o( T!a'e 7"thout D"$%!"*"at"o( available at

htt,:88))).)to.o!+8e+#"$h8the)toe8)hat"$e8t"fe8fa%te.ht* =#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >(>14?.

14Id.

15Id.

16Sa!oa 0. NLRC( .R. No. 1> =>1?.

17Id.

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Ite!at"oa# #a) "$ %o$t"tute' -5 State$ a' "t "$ +ee!a##5 %o%e!"+ the

a%t"0"t"e$ a' the t!a$a%t"o$ of State$. A$ 7a!-!"%G $a5$ 2Ite!at"oa# #a).....

ha$ $o*eth"+ to 'o )"th State$ F"ft5 5ea!$ a+o "t )a$ +ee!a##5 a'*"tte' that2State$ a!e the o#5 #e+a# ,e!$o$ of the "te!at"oa# #a)( -ut to'a5 %o%e,t"o

"$ !athe! '"ffe!et( the ,a!t"%",at$ %a -e !e+a!'e' a$ $tate$( "te!at"oa#

o!+a"/at"o$( !e+"oa# o!+a"/at"o$( o9+o0e!*eta# o!+a"/at"o$( ,u-#"%%o*,a"e$( ,!"0ate %o*,a"e$ a' "'"0"'ua#$.1

Ite!at"oa# #a) $tate$ that( a et"t5 )h"%h *eet$ the "te!at"oa# #e+a#%!"te!"a of $tatehoo' "$ a-#e to -e a State. A' the A!t"%#e 1 of the Mote0"'eo

Co0et"o o R"+ht$ a' Dut"e$ of State$ ,!o0"'e$ the %!"te!"a of the $tatehoo'.

A%%o!'"+ the Co0et"o a $tate $hou#' ha0e a? a ,e!*aet ,o,u#at"o -? a

'ef"e' te!!"to!5 %? +o0e!*et a' '? %a,a%"t5 to ete! "to !e#at"o$ )"th othe!$tate$. S"*"#a!#5( the A!-"t!at"o Co**"$$"o of the Eu!o,ea Cofe!e%e o

Yu+o$#a0"a " O,""o No. 1 'e%#a!e' that 2 the State "$ %o**o#5 'ef"e' a$ a

%o**u"t5 )h"%h %o$"$t$ of a te!!"to!5 a' a ,o,u#at"o $u-e%t to a o!+a"/e'

,o#"t"%a# autho!"t5 a' that 2$u%h a State "$ %ha!a%te!"/e' -5 $o0e!e"+t5.

1@

2Re%o+"t"o "$ a u"#ate!a# a%t of a State a' oe that ha$ "te!at"oa# #e+a#%o$e6ue%e$( fo! "$ta%e )he!e State +!at !e%o+"t"o to a et"t5( "t a%%e,t$

that the5 )"## ha0e !e#at"o$ $u-e%t to "te!at"oa# #a) o -a$"$ of State8State. I

,!a%t"%e( #"Ge %#a"*e' -5 'e%#a!ato!5 theo!5( the ,o#"t"%a# e&"$te%e of a State "$ot -ou' to the !e%o+"t"o of othe! State$( the!efo!e a u!e%o+"/e' State ha$

to a%t %o*,#5 )"th the "te!at"oa# #a) !u#e$. It *ea$ that( )he the State$ $"+

a "te!at"oa# a+!ee*et )h"%h "$ $"+e' -5 a State the5 ha0e ot !e%o+"/e'(

the5 )"## ha0e the !"+ht to a$G f!o* that $tate to fu#f"## the !e$,o$"-"#"t"e$ +!o)out of the a+!ee*et.>

Afte! !e%o+"t"o( the !e%o+"/"+ State$ )ou#' !e$,e%t to the !"+ht$ of the e)State )h"%h "'"%ate' " the Ite!at"oa# La) Co**"$$"o D!aft De%#a!at"o o

R"+ht$ a' Dut"e$ of State$( 1@4@( $u%h a$ 2!"+ht to "'e,e'e%e a' he%e to

e&e!%"$e f!ee#5( !"+ht to e&e!%"$e u!"$'"%t"o o0e! "t$ te!!"to!5 a' o0e! a## ,e!$o$(!"+ht to e6ua#"t5 " #a) )"th e0e!5 othe! State( !"+ht of "'"0"'ua# o! %o##e%t"0e

$e#f9'efe$e a+a"$t a!*e' atta%G1

The ,a!t"%",at"o " the "te!at"oa# ,!o%e$$ "$ ot the o#5 !e$u#t of!e%o+"t"o( at the $a*e t"*e the !e%o+"$e' State )"## -e a-#e to eo5 u$ua# #e+a#

%o$e6ue%e$ of !e%o+"t"o $u%h a$ ,!"0"#e+e$ a' "**u"t"e$ )"th" the

'o*e$t"% #e+a# o!'e!.

18Nu!u##ah Ya*a#"( 7hat "$ Meat -5 State Re%o+"t"o " Ite!at"oa# La) =A U,u-#"$he'

a,e! Su-*"tte' to M""$t!5 of Ju$t"%e " Tu!Ge5? 3( available at ))).u$t"%e.+o0.t!8e9ou!a#8,'f8L7>1.,'f =#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >( >14?.

19 Id.

20Ya*a#"(supra ote 1( at 1.

21 Id.

22 Ya*a#"(supra ote 1( at 13.

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. STATEIMMUNITY

A%%o!'"+ to a +ee!a# !u#e of%u$to*a!5 "te!at"oa# #a)( $tate$ eo5

"**u"t5 f!o* the u!"$'"%t"o of othe! $tate$. The Ite!at"oa# Cou!t of

Ju$t"%eha$ he#' that $tate "**u"t5'e!"0e$ f!o* the ,!"%",#e of $o0e!e"+e6ua#"t5 of $tate$( )h"%h( a$ P.1 of the Cha!te! of the U"te' Nat"o$ *aGe$ %#ea!(

"$ oe of the fu'a*eta# ,!"%",#e$ of the "te!at"oa# #e+a# o!'e!.3

I the %a$e of "te!at"oa# o!+a"/at"o$( u#"Ge that of $tate$( the

,!e0a"#"+ 0"e) at ,!e$et "$ that o !u#e of %u$to*a!5 "te!at"oa# #a) %ofe!$

"**u"t5 o the*.4

. 1@4 UNIERSALDECLARATIONOFHUMANRIHTS

The ,e!t"et ,!o0"$"o$ of the UDHR that *a5 -e a,,#"%a-#e to th"$ %a$e a!e the

fo##o)"+:

2A!t"%#e 4.

No oe $ha## -e he#' " $#a0e!5 o! $e!0"tu'e $#a0e!5 a' the $#a0et!a'e $ha## -e ,!oh"-"te' " a## the"! fo!*$.

A!t"%#e .E0e!5oe ha$ the !"+ht to a effe%t"0e !e*e'5 -5 the %o*,etet

at"oa# t!"-ua#$ fo! a%t$ 0"o#at"+ the fu'a*eta# !"+ht$ +!ate'

h"* -5 the %o$t"tut"o o! -5 #a).

A!t"%#e 3.

=1? E0e!5oe ha$ the !"+ht to )o!G( to f!ee %ho"%e of e*,#o5*et(

to u$t a' fa0o!a-#e %o'"t"o$ of )o!G a' to ,!ote%t"o a+a"$tue*,#o5*et.

=? E0e!5oe( )"thout a5 '"$%!"*"at"o( ha$ the !"+ht to e6ua#

,a5 fo! e6ua# )o!G.=3? E0e!5oe )ho )o!G$ ha$ the !"+ht to u$t a' fa0o!a-#e

!e*ue!at"o e$u!"+ fo! h"*$e#f a' h"$ fa*"#5 a e&"$te%e

)o!th5 of hu*a '"+"t5( a' $u,,#e*ete'( "f e%e$$a!5( -5 othe!

*ea$ of $o%"a# ,!ote%t"o.=4? E0e!5oe ha$ the !"+ht to fo!* a' to o" t!a'e u"o$ fo! the

,!ote%t"o of h"$ "te!e$t$.

@. >>> UIDELINESFORMULTINATIONALENTERRISES

23Duha"*e$ Ite!at"oa# La) D"%t"oa!5( State I**u"t5( available at

htt,:88))).'uha"*e.o!+8Le+a#D"%t"oa!58S8StateI**u"t5.a$,& =#a$t a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >(

>14?.

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25U"0e!$a# De%#a!at"o of Hu*a R"+ht$( a!t$. 4( < 3( 1> De%e*-e! 1@4( 1 A =III?.

http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/C/CustomaryInternationalLaw.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/C/CustomaryInternationalLaw.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/State.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/State.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalResources/InternationalLaw/LawArticle-136/International-Court-of-Justice--ICJ.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalResources/InternationalLaw/LawArticle-136/International-Court-of-Justice--ICJ.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/State.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/C/CustomaryInternationalLaw.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/State.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalResources/InternationalLaw/LawArticle-136/International-Court-of-Justice--ICJ.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalResources/InternationalLaw/LawArticle-136/International-Court-of-Justice--ICJ.aspxhttp://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/State.aspx

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The OECD u"'e#"e$ fo! Mu#t"at"oa# Ete!,!"$e$ =the u"'e#"e$? a!e

!e%o**e'at"o$ a''!e$$e' -5 +o0e!*et$ to *u#t"at"oa# ete!,!"$e$. The5

,!o0"'e 0o#uta!5 ,!"%",#e$ a' $ta'a!'$ fo! !e$,o$"-#e -u$"e$$ %o'u%t%o$"$tet )"th a,,#"%a-#e #a)$.

Ete!,!"$e$ $hou#'( )"th" the f!a*e)o!G of a,,#"%a-#e #a)( !e+u#at"o$a' ,!e0a"#"+ #a-o! !e#at"o$ a' e*,#o5*et ,!a%t"%e$:

1. =%? Cot!"-ute to the e#"*"at"o of a## fo!*$ of fo!%e' o! %o*,u#$o!5

#a-o!.4. =a? O-$e!0e $ta'a!'$ of e*,#o5*et a' "'u$t!"a# !e#at"o$ ot #e$$

fa0o!a-#e tha tho$e o-$e!0e' -5 %o*,a!a-#e e*,#o5e!$ " the ho$t

%out!5.

Ete!,!"$e$ $hou#'( )"th" the f!a*e)o!G of #a)$( !e+u#at"o$ a' a'*""$t!at"0e

,!a%t"%e$ " the %out!"e$ " )h"%h the5 o,e!ate( a' " %o$"'e!at"o of !e#e0at

"te!at"oa# a+!ee*et$( ,!"%",#e$( o-e%t"0e$( a' $ta'a!'$( taGe 'ue a%%out

of the ee' to ,!ote%t the e0"!o*et( ,u-#"% hea#th a' $afet5( a' +ee!a##5 to%o'u%t the"! a%t"0"t"e$ " a *ae! %ot!"-ut"+ to the )"'e! +oa# of $u$ta"a-#e

'e0e#o,*et. I ,a!t"%u#a!( ete!,!"$e$ $hou#':

3. A$$e$$( a' a''!e$$ " 'e%"$"o9*aG"+( the fo!e$eea-#e e0"!o*eta#(

hea#th( a' $afet59!e#ate' "*,a%t$ a$$o%"ate' )"th the ,!o%e$$e$( +oo'$ a'

$e!0"%e$ of the ete!,!"$e o0e! the"! fu## #"fe %5%#e. 7he!e the$e ,!o,o$e'a%t"0"t"e$ *a5 ha0e $"+"f"%at e0"!o*eta#( hea#th( o! $afet5 "*,a%t$(

a' )he!e the5 a!e $u-e%t to a 'e%"$"o of a %o*,etet autho!"t5( ,!e,a!e

a a,,!o,!"ate e0"!o*eta# "*,a%t a$$e$$*et.

4. Co$"$tet )"th the $%"et"f"% a' te%h"%a# u'e!$ta'"+ of the !"$G$()he!e the!e a!e th!eat$ of $e!"ou$ 'a*a+e to the e0"!o*et( taG"+ a#$o

"to a%%out hu*a hea#th a' $afet5( ot u$e the #a%G of fu## $%"et"f"%

%e!ta"t5 a$ a !ea$o fo! ,o$t,o"+ %o$t9effe%t"0e *ea$u!e$ to ,!e0et o!*""*"/e $u%h 'a*a+e.

26O!+a"$at"o fo! E%oo*"% Co9o,e!at"o a' De0e#o,*et( OECD u"'e#"e$ fo!

Mu#t"at"oa# Ete!,!"$e$( available at htt,:88))).oe%'.o!+8%o!,o!ate8*e81@4.,'f=#a$t

a%%e$$e' No0e*-e! >( >14?.

27Id.

28Id.

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