(r~r85 =26349-------- I 1111111111111111111111111111111111 · IIITB.ODOCTIOIl The purpose of this...
Transcript of (r~r85 =26349-------- I 1111111111111111111111111111111111 · IIITB.ODOCTIOIl The purpose of this...
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DES 1GB OF A VARTABLE-FOCAL-LEBGTB OPTICAL SYSTEM
FINAL REPORT
by
Douglas Ricks and Robert R. Shannon
September 15, 1984
Contract 955678, Work Order 20
Optical Sciences Center University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona B5721
This work. was performed for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract 955678.
REPRODUCED BY: ~ u.s. Department or Commerce
Nalional Technicallnformalion Service SpringfIeld, Virginia 21161
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850018038 2020-03-28T00:28:19+00:00Z
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ••••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Comput~r Study .••...•. . ' ••••••••..•.....•.•...••.•••••.••••••. 6
Patents. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 11
Correspondence. . . . • . • . • • . . • • • • • • • . . • . • • • . . • • • . . . . • . . . • . . • . .. 12
Conclusions and Recommendations • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Litera ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Appendix A; Optical Sys tem Pa tents. • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 21
Appendix B: Ray Fan Plots. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 39
Appendix C: Company lnf orma tion. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 44
Appendix D:
Appendix E:
Preliminary Refractive Design ••••••••••••••••••••••• 58
Preliminary Catadioptric Design. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 70
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IIITB.ODOCTIOIl
The purpose of this study was to exam the possibility of designing
a zoom lens appropriate for use on a comet explorer. The system
requirements were as follows:
Variable focal length
Image size
Resolution KTF
Spectral range
Volume
Back focal distance
Object focal distance
200 to 2000 mm
18.6 )C 18.6 mm
50% at 28 line pairs/mm
500 to 1000 nm
30 )C 30 )C 70 cm
90 mm
10 mm to infinity
The general requirements were to design a system with a variable focal
length ranging from 20 to 200 cm with an overall length somewhat less
than 100 cm. The requirement to place the entire system within a length
less than the maximum focal length placed severe restrictions upon the
design. The requirement of a wavelength range of 0.4 to 1.0 ~m produced
an even greater limitation upon the possibilities for a design that
included a catadioptric front end followed by a zooming refractive
portion.
There were other requirements relating to the range of focal
distances needed and the weight and specific package within which the
lens would fi t • These requirements were considered of secondary
importance to the major question of whether a lens could be designed to
fit within the length constraints •
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To examine the possibility of such an optical system, some
potential designs were examined by Mr. Douglas Ricks. He began the
project as a class exercise and continued it through the summer period,
but had to stop work and return to his employer in mid summer.
Therefore, a successful design meeting all of the space and wavelength
requirements was not completed. Some of the designs investigated have
the potential of being carried on toward a final design, but meeting the
space, wavelength, and zoom range requirements does not seem to be
possible. It may be necessary to make some compromises in the
specifications or the operational approach in order to obtain a useful
system.
A survey was carried out of presently available zoom systems. One
approach showed the possibility of meeting the requirements and should
be followed up.
The requirement for the wide wavelength range necessitates the use
of a catadioptric front end for the system. As a consequence, there are
some limitations on what can be accomplished. To estimate the effect of
the wavelength range on the design, some simple examples were
considered. For a refractive system, the amount of aberration blur in
the paraxial focal plane resulting from secondary residual color is
given by about d/2400, where d is the diameter of the aperture of the
lens, for a wavelength range of 0.48 to 0.66 um, or a spectral width of
about 0.2 um. The requirement for this lens is a spectral width of
about 0.6 ~m. Since the amount of the blur is related to the square of
the wavelength range, this leads to a blur of about d/400. Refocusing
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• should lead to a reduction of the blur by about a factor of 2, leading
to a factor of d/l000 as reasonable for an estimate. Table 1 shows the
estimated effect of this aberration on the system at various focal
lengths for a relative aperture of f/8.
Table 1. Approximate Effect of Seeondary Chromatic Aberration on an f/8 Refractive Lens System.
Focal Aperture Color blur length diameter (mm) (mm) lp/mm
200 25 0.025 40.000
400 50 0.050 20.000
800 100 0.100 10.000
1200 150 0.150 6.667
• 1800 225 0.225 4.444
2000 250 0.250 4.000
This table indicates that, if no other aberrations are present, the
spectral width limits the resolution as shown. Since the likely
detector will have a sample distance of about 0.02 mm, a required level
of resolution at this stage is 1.04 or 25 lines per millimeter. This
system would be acceptable only at short focal lengths.
If a reflective front end were to be used, the size of the blur
would be reduced in direct proportion to the de magnification of the
aperture entering the refractive zoom system. If a reduction of 3 times
• 3
• is used, then the effective multiplier in the determination of the
residual color blur becomes d/3000. Table 2 shows some values for this
case.
Table 2. Approximate Effect of Secondary Color on a Catadioptric.
Focal Aperture Color blur length diameter (mm) (mm) lp/mm
200 25 0.008 20.000
400 50 0.017 60.000
800 100 0.033 30.000
1200 150 0.050 20.000
1800 225 0.075 13.333
• 2000 250 0.083 12.000
The limiting resolution for this case can now be used as a starting
point. Therefore, we can see that the color requirements lead to a
catadioptric system.
There is another problem to be considered. The requirement for a
central obstruction means that there will be an obstruction of variable
size in the system, with a proportately larger obstruction for the
shorter focal lengths. This needs to be worked out as a compromise in
the final design, and might be inappropriate for this set of
requirements. In addition, if an object is at a finite distance, the
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centrally obscured aperture will produce a normally undesirable "donut"
effect from out-of-focus glints.
The above discussion is only an initial one. The use of special
glasse"s and clever trading of space versus number of elements change
the results somewhat. However, these do represent material limits upon
image quality and will influence the design.
In the following sections, Mr. Ricks discusses his design work on
the refractive and catadioptric system. A brief survey of the state of
the art follows, at least as far as could be ascertained during the time
available.
The final conclusion is to look at the possible modification of an
existing design before proceeding to the full design of a new type of
system.
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COItPUTEI. STUDY
The investigation of zoom lenses began with a three-lens system
based on design formulas from Modern Optical Engineering.
formulas can be expressed as:
R = ,I M,
where M is the zoom ratio,
(R-i)/R 'flA = L-(3R-1 )(R+ 1)/4 QR
is the power of the first lens,
is the power of the second lens,
These
is the power of the third lens, and L is the length from the first lens
to the image plane.
It can be seen that for a zoom ratio of 10, the power of the second
lens is more than four times the power of the first lens. When the
length L is small, the denominator of the expression for the power of
lens A is near zero, hence the power of lens A is large. A short zoom
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lens with large zoom ratio causes the powers of all the lens elements
to be large. Large powers mean large aberrations that usually require
splitting each lens into a number of lenses so that the power per lens
is reduced. Furthermore. higher refractive indices are necessary so that
higher powers can be achieved for the same surface curvature.
The three-lens system required too much power per element and was
difficult to make continuous. Therefore a four-lens system was decided
upon.
The function of the first lens. when positive. is to collect the
light and begin to focus it. If the second lens is negative. it can
create a telephoto effect. When the second lens is close to the first
lens, the focal length is at a minimum. Increasing the separation of the
lenses increases the focal length.
The third lens moves to keep the image plane stationary. The
fourth lens balances the powers and provides control of the aberrations.
In Zoom Lenses by A. D. Clark. various types of zoom lenses are
categorized according to whether the image plane is held stationary by a
nonlinear movement of a lens (the mechanically compensated type) or
allowed to vary slightly (as in the optically compensated type). Clark
lists five types of mechanically compensated zoom lenses and three types
of optically compensated lenses. When the first and fourth lenses are
held fixed, the second lens is negative and the third lens is positive we
have a Type-2 lens; if the third lens is negative, we have a Type-3 lens.
The Type-2 design was used with the variation of having the fourth
lens negative instead of positive • Later. as the lens was optimized, the
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last lens became positive. In the Type-4 lens there are three moving
lenses between stationary lenses, though the second and fourth lenses
usually move together. The Type-5 lens has negative lenses in place of
the positive lenses of Type 4 and vice versa. Types 4 and 5 combine the
virtues of optically and mechanically compensated lenses, but appear to
be more difficult to design.
com plica ted.
Mechanically, they are also more
After finding a solution for the powers and positions of each lens
to provide a 10:1 zoom ratio of focal lengths from 200 mm to 2000 mm in
a space less than 70 cm, an attempt to reduce the extremely large
aberrations was made by making each lens into three elements. Each
positive lens was split into two positive elements and a negative
element, each negative lens into two negative elements and a positive
element. The purpose of adding a negative element to a positive lens
group is to better control aberrations. It is also necessary to make
the positive and negative elements of different glass types. The
positive elements are crown glasses with low dispersion, the negative
elements are flint glasses of high dispersion.
While the addition of a negative lens of high dispersion will help
to control aberrations, it does require that the positive lens have even
greater lens power. An increase in lens surfaces and glass types as
variables creates a gain, but the stronger curvatures cause a loss. To
increase the correction available during computer optimization, one
surface in each lens group was made an aspheric surface.
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This lens design was faced with too many problems to promise a
good solution. The chromatic aberrations were very large and
troublesome. The large apertures and high curvatures meant aberration
control could be achieved only by balancing high-order aberrations such
.that a little change somewhere immediately made everything worse. Of
course it is impossible to know for certain, but it began to look like
the design would require more than 20 lens elements and would be very
slow to correct. When the paraxial aberrations do not provide good
approximations (as when the apertures are large and powers are high as
in this case) real rays mus t be traced. When there are a 10 t of
surfaces and several zoom configurations, the optimization becomes
extremely slow. Furthermore, it becomes important to choose carefully
which variables to use in the optimization and how much weight should be
placed on them. Improvements do not snap into place •
The catadioptric system offers several attractive advantages.
There are no chromatic aberrations in a mirror. The aberrations are
generally reduced because a mirror can provide greater lens power for a
given curvature than a glass element can. Furthermore, a mirror system
will fold a system that would be much longer if realized with glass
optics alone. On the other hand, there are difficulties with providing
an iris for relative aperture control.
When the catadioptric system was designed to keep the size of the
lens elements reasonable, an intermediate focal plane was needed. A
lens was placed in this focal plane to "relay" the image. The mirror
surfaces were aspheric and a corrector plate was placed in front •
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Basically the mirror system concept seems to work well. The
mirrors do most of the light collection and focusing without introducing
a lot of aberrations. With the relay lens the glass elements can be
kept small, so the entire system should be rather lightweight.
In the mirror system the wide angles of the shorter focal lengths
becomes a problem. It was decided to concentrate on the focal range of
360 mm to 2000 mm. The extreme wavelength range made it difficult to
obtain good aberration correction, so the range was reduced to 0.435 ~m
to 0.70 ~m. This was a great improvement.
In the catadioptric design selected, the zooming is accomplished by
moving glass elements after the mirror elements. The room available
here 1s not great (about 40 cm) and the lens powers were still high. A
zoom system of all positive lenses significantly reduces the powers
necessary. It also presents other problems, i.e., "it was necessary to
add a "field flattener" just before the focal plane to reduce the field
curvature.
Because of the central obscuration (from the secondary mirror) the
clear aperture necessary to obtain a constant light intensity on the
image plane throughout the zoom range is more complicated. At the
shorter focal lengths only a small ring of aperture is available, thus
reducing the MTF values.
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PATEIiTS
Three zoom lens patents were received from the U. S. Patent Office
(see Appendix A). The patent numbers were found in the book Zoom Lenses
by A. D. Clark. The most recent of these patents is, unfortunately,
more than 20 years old. A great deal of progress has been made in zoom
lenses since then. These patents describe useful general design
considerations. Two of the patents give refractive index and Abbli
numbers for a representative system.
The ACCOSV zoom system described by Takeno' s patent was put on.
The system has 32 independent glass surfaces, and uses 13 different
types of glasses--many of them exotic. Since only the refractive index
and Abbe number were given, the exact glasses used were not known.
Although described as compact, when scaled up to the 200- to 2000-mm
focal length requirements, the system became extremely long (2878 mm).
Furthermore, the corree tion at 0.4 Ilm and 1.0 Ilm was terrible, al though
this may be due to an error made in glass selection. Ray fan plots are
shown in Appendix B. The lens was rescaled to conform to the length
requirements, but the aberrations were tremendous with the increased
element powers to achieve the desired focal lengths. No doubt further
computer optimization could reduce aberrations and maintain physical
length and focal lengths.
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COUESPOIiDEIiCE
Letters were sent to seven companies that manufacture zoom lenses.
The names and addresses are given in Appendix C. Of these companies,
replies were received from three: Celestron, Angenieux, and Zoomar. In
fact, Angenieux sent two replies from separate branch offices.
The first from Angenieux said that their zoom 10x18-T2 lens might
work, although the back focal length was only 50 mm. To reach a longer
back focal length, the zoom 10 x 4O-Tl was needed. These lenses have a
maximum focal length of only 180 mm and 400 mm. The f/number varies
with the focal length.
The second reply from Angenieux was from a different office that
had received the inquiry via Arriflex. They claimed to be able to meet
the requirements with one of their 42x zoom lenses. Table 3 lists the
requirements and how well the various commercial products meet those
requirements. Further information is provided in Appendix C.
Celestron did not have what was required. They do sell telescopes
of the appropriate focal length and zoom oculars, but these zoom oculars
would allow a zoom ratio of only about 2x and are for visual and not
camera or photographic use.
The Zoo mar Universal Tracker combination is a system that can be
adapted to various cameras, vidicons, or other instruments. The basic
unit has a maximum focal length of 900 mm, but Zoomar can provide a 2'x
extender to increase this to 1800 mm. Frequently Zoomar modifies their
products to meet customer requirements. The Universal Tracker comes
with a 4-post filter wheel and has little room otherwise between lens
and image plane.
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Table 3. Comparison of Some Commercial Zoom Lenses.
Focal length (mm)
Minimum Maximum
Relative aperture
Image size diam. (mm)
Minimum obj ect distance
Size Height (mm) Width (mm) Length (mm) Weight (lb)
Resolution 50% MTF at center (l/mm)
25% MTF at corner (l/mm)
10xlS-T2
lS lS0
"'f/2.5
Angenieux
10x40-Tl 42x24
40 400
",f/l. 5
13
24 1000
f / 1. 7-f/5.7
16
4 m
190 220
"'700 "'75
42x 32
32 1350
f/2.3-f/7 .6
21.4
4 m
190 220
"'700 "'75
Zoomar with 2X extender universal tracking
lSO lS00
fill
25.4
SOO ft
300 200
700-S00 60-90
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One requirement not specifically addressed by the commercial
suppliers of zoom lenses is the performance of the lens at wavelengths
other than the primary design wavelength. Angenieux shows that the
transmission drops off to about 15 % and 25 % at 0.4 lim and 1.0 lim·
respectively. Neither Angenieux nor Zoo mar shows how the MTF depends on
wavele~gth.
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CONCLOSIONS AND RECOKMEBDATIOHS
The refractive-optics zoom lens design created for this project
must be improved before the aberrations can be reduced sufficiently for
the required resolution. While improvements could be made with further
computer optimization, an' additional six or more elements would probably
be required. Several of these would be large and utilize expensive,
exotic glasses. Probably several aspheric components would also be
necessary. It is possible that no reasonable amount of effort nor
addition of lens elements would improve the lens performance
sufficiently. The basic problems include too much variation of focal
length, too large a focal length, too wide a spectral range, and too
compact a space requirement. The present preliminary design is given in
Appendix D •
A catadioptric system, that is, a system with both mirror and glass
components, was also investigated. The degree of aberration control is
much greater in this system. To some extent this is because more time
was spent optimizing this system than was spent optimizing the
refractive optics system. The catadioptric system started out with
lower aberrations. Furthermore, the spectral width and the zoom ratio
were reduced so further progress could easily be made. Furtl:ler
optimization would certainly be possible, but meeting the resolution and
spectral range requirements would very likely require several more
components. The catadioptric system has good chromatic aberration
control and low light loss, but stray light control and relative
aperture control are not as good. Details of this preliminary design are
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found in Appendix E.
In conclusion, the refractive optics design would be heavy, require
numerous elements, be difficult and time consuming to perfect, and may
be unsuitable for near-ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths. The
catadioptric system would also require more optimization, possibly a few
more elements, and would have a restricted zoom range of about 360 to
2000 mm. Of the two designs, the catadioptric system probably has the
best chance of success, as long as the shortest focal lengths are not
really needed.
Zoomar Corporation has an existing catadioptric with zoom that
begins to approach the requirements. A suggested approach is to
determine 1£ Zoomar can modify their present lens to fit the space and
weight requirements. The extent to which this can be done can be
estimated from the current design work.
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LITEJlATUllE
The following is a list of some interesting sources of information
on zoom lenses. A brief description of some useful ideas in each
reference is included.
1. Monographs in Applied Optics No.7. Zoom Lenses. by A. D. Clark.
American Elsevier Publishing Company. Inc., New York. 1973.
An excellent source of information on zoom lenses. The small book
includes a brief history. descriptions of mechanically and
optically compensated zoom lenses, design formulas, information on
focusing, and mechanical factors. There are a couple of dozen
patent numbers given, drawings, and information on usage of
various types of zoom lenses.
There are descriptions of five types of mechanically compensated
lenses (our refractive lens design is Type 2) and three types of
optically compensated lenses. Curvatures and glass types are not
given.
2. Photographic Optics by Arthur Cox. Focal Press, London and New
York. 1966.
This book contains a good introduction to zoom lenses and some
helpful ideas for mirror lens systems. There are descriptions of
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four types of mechanically compensated zoom lenses. There are
three . pages of tables listing zoom lenses and 38 drawings. The
longest focal length given is 40 inches. Specific lens curvatures
or glass types are not given.
3. Lens Mechanism Technology by D. F. Horne. Adam Hilger, London.
1975.
There is a wealth of useful information on the mechanical aspects
of zoom lenses in this book (the details of cam movements and so
forth). Several of the systems described have zoom ratios of 10:1
or more. The zoom lenses illustrated have between 14 and 31
elements. Again, no specific design information for optical
design.
The book also points out some of the advantages and disadvantages
of mirror or catadioptric systems: freedom from chromatic
aberration, low-light absorption, wide range of wavelengths,
support of optical surfaces from the back. It mentions that
adjustments to relative aperture are "impossible."
4. Photographic Lenses by C. B. Neblette.
In many mirror systems there are glass elements that optically
come after the secondary mirror but physically come between the
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two mirrors. Apparently with the proper baffles, you can get away
with this. It might help to provide room for the movement of the
glass zoom components thus reducing element powers and improving
aberration control.
Another interesting point was that the last'lens group frequently
contains six or more elements to reduce system aberrations.
])istortion is always a problem in a zoom lens.
5. The Photographic Lens, by Hans Martin Brandt. The Focal Press.
1968.
There is a rather good discussion on methods of design for close
focusing. There are about 20 pages of a table listing zoom
lenses. There are a few 10: 1 zoom ratio lenses, one made by
FUjinon goes from 80 to 800 mm for a TV format.
6. Physical Optics in Photography, by Georg Franke. Focal Press.
1966.
Some help for the design of mirror lenses and for first-order zoom
lenses.
19,
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8.
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Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 30. "Recent trends and development s of
zoom lenses," by G. H. Cook and F. R. Laurent. August 1971.
This article describes some ways to achieve close focusing.
Basically, one uses a positive and a negative lens of equal but
opposite power. Moving them apart affects the distance the object
must be from the lens to be in focus. There is a description of a
zoom lens which is somewhat between an optically compensated and
a mechanically compensated lens.
Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 77. "The surveyor variable and fixed
focal-length lenses," by Carvyn Ellman. April, 1968.
It was found that special glasses were not necessary for use in
space. The design did avoid cemented doublets to make sure
outgassing would not be a problem.
Modern Optical Engineering. by Warren J. Smith.
1966.
McGraw-Hill.
Contains a good discussion of catadioptric systems. There are also
some useful formulas for the design of a Type-1 (Clark's
categories) zoom lens.
.' APPEHDIX A
opnCAL SYSTEM PATEIITS
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The L"\':~lic:-: ~!'o\'id=s .:! • .. :)':-i~:r.!;! m.api:~ ... ~t';'.oD cr:i:::! !="".~~~i.'I ':'''::.::-:-::::~~ TWO :~<:;".': (=Qr.\~~;;:-.'7,') ;~:~" :..::.~
"l.,", b~,t~q Patented feb. 2G, 1957
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Furthermore ~h:: >}"s:.:m is prefer.:.:'1~' Jcsig.:led :.~. 15 u:;eu ,.0 iZ:;.! the m~~:1;r.C4J.jt·r;s of .r.~ I"'" mC,"~iJle ~;:,,
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r.1entinn~rt r:-r.~J~~i.:-~ ~;::!"::". =~ t.:::: :J::~':;i .::i;w.n",c J:J, 1!1~ fron! (n('l\'';'~!;,"' ['OSj;j'iC !C'~." ';"';ld u~ lrn:t:= di~~ih:~ H.l {or !~t:' ,~:.~ ml~\ ..:r-!:: p:.!,-~\ eo ;r:~~ 41ft b., .... :h fi:-:;~ .. ~J con ... elwucr.;~:~· t.1;: ~oc!~\"U1u..J m::~i.&iJ[i:jn), J:'TU\.l!.!.i:tJ o~'
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~u;ll l;at the m:!."'Iil:l1:~ ::.nd mir.i.~u:"!"l :::3~'[::t::-=s oj t!Je 5V':~M are ret"i~TocGl; one d the o-;ber. Th:s is :.d· vanl~re:J~ in co::eC"licg the abt:T:lt.on~ of til: S)·sten,. The IWI> ~o\"at".e 1'0!'ili,·e 1~:,.5es .. :-:::-:<!b!y bye ~:J.::l fool le~;t.h~ 3m! !be me- :m~n15 t'f tb= I~ree !"::C""~r-~e Irns~ .. re p~it";""~'lr 51]:h I.!!al dl..:-'c~ Iheir r...1;e :>£ mrwe",c.lts I~ po:.itio!l of ~ ner..;til·e lens T::";~:i\: to the 111,·0 pos:li\"c JeI!St's ch2.n~es fr"::1 tle:r O:le oi tile
L: .. ~i~ c ~ i7'l~ f;i.:.i.! ;:·,:;i.;, c ~~r..~ cia..::::-:~ ~~ ,~,~ r.c:.:ti\J!h of Ihe'" lo!:--o i1.U ~hdn;~d !->y Ii':, cp~~;lIiQQ OJ ,h·: ~.;:;. t:U;\lD \':lr;-ic~ meal:>'
It .'.']j be ap=ilIted wt .. ~n lA= system ioclu';". ,,"l or m-:~: Ic!!"..~ in:erpoo;ed .~ ~ tilt rtar ODe 01 lAo!
rry pO!i!~"e !e::~'!s (to give C!~e li:::.:t ":!!~: o~ Inapi.f:lt:O":l) to :1L:.r the o:..l-Jer of the i'~:i\·e k'l~ (1(\ ~,·c a.tl:1t!Jerhmil VIIlue of maguili:.aW"oll, wb:clJ li'Ui' value is til: R-
24 OR~G~'\~AL IP~G\E ~:B O~ ~IDOR QUAU1i1f
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3 ci~' or lJ1: o;hcr H,'Tlit \'~lue). The f~ :"~llbs of th .. !~~ of 'he <"'~le:n an: p~(t~bh' s!lei! as 10 ~i,·.: ilP; rc:'tirn~lely ~~~al 'H'I'\\)U'lts of ~osim'e and ne~4-ri,c p~'~'~ ir. Ibe S\":iI::!'1.
I"bc m:~.l:~\l:=: :':"1;;nce 1t:IOU;:r. wbicb it IS JieCe5SJT)' 5 ~or the r.e;~.!i\':: k;.~ :::- t-~ mOI'!,i ha~ Oet~ iound !O de~.md l:,~ inc "'tlu~ of ,tl<: ~;,:d ';OilSlllill axial Cisian.:~ bc!_'~r, l~': I ...... !,c~ilive kn,es, 11 h:L,'; t-:::::t foun::! thiU the nt'c.e~ry d:~J1!;,et'mrnr of !r.e neg'll!iYc Ie!"!'. Tel~tNc ra ;3 IhCll ;:0:1:[ ~'!1 ,r,e b:ose. i; in ODe ;I::l';C lor STT1i111 )tJ
.;,!1i~S of :~~ ::on'l~nl ;:;.~ial di!:znc:e !:t'l .... ~en tbe Iwo ~,jLi,c !-::-~~~ ... ::](i i, in !i:J,~ {';,;"",-.,ite seose (0. suit .. ~le la..T-' \'.:.1:::5 c, :hal cons ... ! di!i .. nce. To llmpiify the rnec:b"~,:;:.: J.:~i~r. cf the mJp:::;:a:ioD \'ar:--::-:~ meatls r~e .\.Giu~ OJf I":e :'_r.~:::.nt .:lxial ,j:5l3n:e ~:"eeD tbe \"'0 \:, PU:::I"~ IC::;~~ ~y be ;;,(':;eo ~o ~!rlt tb: c.iS"..a~:e throu::~ "hic!1 Io.!c :l~£~:;\'~ f~r.~ h~5 10 t-c moved il' :1r :: minimu-:n or J! lc~! ~ ~r:'1;;:1. _-(I !~I!sfy othe~ et'OOit!o .. s, ~owever. (e, ;. ,0rre::!iCll (If aben-.. tiJos) i! rnJ\' be ce5i.-::I!l!e to emp!:.) a ;!i~: ,eDt ccr:sl:.nl oxial di'~r.=c bc;~-een :0 It,'- ;"h~\i::"! le;;\l'S ~n:i :cr:scqL!~:l:l\' 10 ml"': :,.11: C:-:Ative
• I~ lh~·:.:;h ;,. 1ar;::r di,t~nce. 1i h~s bee:! fC!r:nd thaI a::I illC."rea,e in the ,·:.!l;e of til: :on,;tant Axill t!istance ['c!wten :n .. IWO :'("ISil:"C lenst'S r!suh; in it ~dn:! ne<:e;. !2~' !O 17:0\ e t.bc~"! ler:~es L;,rou;:n a sr.al::r dist.;!~ce ~.j r:l:~~\"~ t~ !~e b~~: 1("1 ~h.:!lk·\'e :lrV ::::iver. ! .. :::e C'f :"n(.!cnifi· c:rit'n. c.l'·j iniir. i11Irrn:Hi\'(.~Jy, 'n;:Jvemen: . cf :be pori:;\.;: Ln·,; [hr".l';~ .\.he ,:me dis::nee pr"\'ijes 2 ~~tCT r-r:;e of ~1'::'~!"H[:~4tiCI~.
l::i C'L~;I;;;:1i~i1 \',i:h ::ny '!=i"~'n focal :~::!;'~" ft'r the :10 ne,;!Jli,'c !~:l', the po,:riq,' kn~~s may b,; ar:y of a ran;" cf roc::l le::';!~15. A:: incre;;.~e In 1/;" n!:.:e cf Ihc !o~i le:1:;:~s ci lh~ p~'5ili' e len!:) cnables a gr-...aICr ran~~ of m~~r::~::"",'n Ie he ii;hi~vec1.
In l!l.: ~:lI;t=~ 0; the !"re~lI!nt i~Yt"n!io~ tr.e iD~i\"~du~! s..; map\;A~Ii0n, C'lf ~ll of tnt' l!.r,,'_ I'lo ... ~rlc le;'!.S~~ cn"f'cc' in olle ""J the '''r.le c(rec1,(\f' ,,·il~t. !he rr.3!:'n:Ii=~ti;n '·r.~yi::J£, r.'ic~n<i: a-,; ('Ip.e-~7ed to c~a~;~t' 1::: ij'J~i~=:ltio:"l cw; th·" Ci1!"":'i"If"I~ !'yc:te~ C.oos~c ~~;tlv the ~h~ee Jt~~~ 21i c~~:~:--·;:c i., the 5~:ne ..en5-!· t!:: ~e'!:-t: ~r.~nf:': m ~d D'l4~nifj :;;,t;r.n. Th~ 11"'I:':"lior: l'n:'~:<" ""r)' hrrc va(J!ivr.s of ma~
niiC:;:lion 10 be (".~ .a:r.e.i wi:hc..:! - the oV<:':1 :~;J:::b of !!1f '~'~:e:Tl c.eir.l e~'~~\·t, -
Th~ ~~'~;cm rr-:dY i:lcil'ck 1" U ri:-.e·:' (lr S\.idilln~rv Ien!~ ~:; P<',,:t~:;-:::j t'n the cr :;:",1 3'1:!:S. r(~~ecrive!y or-:i:;.11y be· Ie:: ~:l j :[Itr The Ihr." r,.o,';;cJ: Jen~~. Th~ ru):ion:lT\' :;['!><) m;,~ t-c !-ell', or tht ~~me 5i!!n and are rrefer:::-l;' l'<:'lh :>,,'~:Iive lcr!ses, Thev are ;'I~der2bh' of eaual fe>::il 1~:l;I:: ~!':I s)l!';:-!l~:ric~ II\' posi:i~ned "bJ;! :~= 'mid-pcsi- ;>l!
I'~~ c f !!:~ l!1rct' m()v~t-l~ If''''~s. The ir::u~icr, c.f ~lIc!t a p:' c-i li~e.1 T'(,.<jli,·:: Ir~,e, ill:rea.e~ the o\'e~l1 lenZlh =f Ih~ <~>Iel!l Cl'! f::::::,I',:cs Ih~ rorreCliNi 0: a1:'C:-r2llon,. n,~ cfT~.;, c.f :he r.~"J iCc'cI i'. to in;:-rc~\ I"e ar.':Ie of r..Y> f" It: :.~.i"J p~:l:i!. Ttlcre!oy ?~ordi'1.~ :he rOHib;!iT\' ,j;. ... f ~n i"::-eJ~ed rcl~!i\'c ,-,pcrt'.:re lIe ..... er }' n'Jr.,b~r) ":ilh Ibe ,:~" !in(,Jf J~n' di:J::,er~r'. In thi! r-,e ~" a:73n~-in~ :r:..:! :~~ ~()~ ~r o~ :he r.;;:;- fl,ed 'PO(l!!\'( ler.:5 -i5 e!eat;r &.~n '~,2: of ihe frC':l1 f.\~(! pC';i!i\'e Ie!'!' t~.e e-c:lIiv"lc~: ioc:.i 1:::.~!!1 cf Ihe 5"',;::"11 i; reduced !J,' a f .. ~!or which GI}
!s ;r."~IC~ ti::"~ !he r~C!!·~;ic., \of t~e o"~r::!' 1~"!..." an:!. m C~7:·...ect:~n~e. 2S ~t~·. " .=bl""vc the 2d\"at::!r~ of ~:::u T~!I~'ri,,~ of overa!! ler,~"!h is lost. It rCmJin c . ho .... e\·er 'hI \I '"en ~ 111';: r;>,r'f!e -d rD=:;ni!icatio'"1 i. C'(I1",!er.;:la:ed dr.! ;:':!I ar:;:.~ is o~t:!.inable 2nd (his is of consicieraJ:.!: ~:; 3~'~-1'~ 10 It:.: de<iL"O"r.
"fl..' ~oi1O,!e~ ('If Iro: .. :r:.:nl of the mO\'Jble len5:S are :>refe~r-'y ,"';~ :.IJt ~I one. c·, ~"eh, Ii'!'!i! of their mC've~ "'er:I' :.,~ ~: '·;J~·'e ne~~ti\'r lem lies ve~' clC'S: 10 one of t'1: ~ .1\'::'1-:- r;~:ri "C Ins. :he eriteric:: of cJO!~cCS! 71> ~~il";l: ;~3: lh~ tlr;n~;~~: p~~ne~ (f the mo\ .. bl~ nCor.It:I·c k:-:\ ~~j th~ :\:,:, .... ;-: nO"ar;e positi"e ;:;'5 shis1l" ha\'e :I k;;;, ali:::: '" :11 :1' .) "cry small in compa':<.On "'jih their j~.:i' l=:!::t.!I~. .'_ f.-o:~d or nor:n~ly muc;;':r\' los, -prcfcrahr a nep:;ve leos. mar be positioaed 'ortit:alJy ill 'i:i
25
4 fro:It of %be IIF..'QDIe Ic5a A:!II II!2Y be adjun;. Nc al 0;; g 1M z.n.. :0 f<'C!:! :a ~ f% oej~ Z1 y;;;-i;lU! disCUlCO fram tbe ~<.e.. Tbc nDnna.'!r sLitiO;'l;lT\' r.=~at;ve 1<::)5 ma~ lit ~ "lid! focal ~ tb.aI wb~., it 'n fo-ruse:! '{lr an iD~ cbjl:I::! ~ ~ ",",::':0":1 cf tr.e norm.:lIy St4!i.:c:r: ~tiTc !ens is s::::: ~!::;.: il j:: '.! ~l1"\:t~ l~: full f3::gz: o~ II'C'Y='~ .". :1-.: mC"::l~k ~ti"e ~nes, "'ith a cic-:L-.u:,;: ~~nai crl} M' rr.u:1l~ C'J~!ldeidUca:.. A QiGrt".;.::m ~ ... ,,!, fer !be 'i!':C:: ;nay 1:': p:acrd ir. CP!1K1 ";1..'1 :be :nnv-~ N!:l'li\"C ~ ar.d .. 'I-en th~ ",bole '!S:= e. ~ki::::" il' j!s- ,..jek ~~ ~I::ln the sep::r.::i~ b:Tv= l!le I_._T!;· =::ol::I~' Y;:J.m·e !c::s ;.r.d the !roll: ~ CJf me mO'lo,,:-'e ~~cili':; Je::!'e.5 m::\' No l-.f tJ:.: ~ C1t :be focz.j ~h rl the no~lI\" SliT?OJn:!T! ~7Ne ~ If t.'Ie ~", ... c-~ 11e-=;,;iv: ';ns is ir. CC"Il1it:1 .. ilh !he ~i.;,.;"e ~ t:e2J'est ... ,'1',: nnr!'!, .. r:y !latior.ary :x~it..ii\C i::m. u.:a ti.c Sil'!' po<:;i,:\:l s::' d~l~r- . zrJned ~!:':~ the ail pt!pIl folr tbe r.o:maJ,v St3-~ry ~?-::.e b a.l. ill cnl!Sem:.cnce. lbe d.i~t;lD:::t Dt" lb~ e!'tr.~~ ;t:;"J !!.T ±~ !::l! "it: !-"! ar d ciis:z",: m!1"",an!ly cf. iI of iht orCer cf half iT5 f~! I:n;-.h, and th!! ~ VI.!! tlie :!lciden:e ~i;:.';~ f"" the pri::l':ip! f3Ys lire ~ iC'r a L=s r-f' Ci; ;J"d ;;in..! he~ce pemtit the uee ~ a Ja..~ :It:;!e field.. This is M importaoce in alrreain! tte abcrni.tiom.
_-\ ~ c"ta:I!;>!e "r a ~ ClTh>:'~"~~ the in""nlion '>oj" !!.Ow be ULS>:!lbd ~. ",,~' of e.'!."I!',~e ;:r.d aith ~~'fCI;% TO 1M ~~~iOb m'~-:~;5, L'1 Vi'hi=~:
Fi~ure J i'!: i1 ~~~~~tic !~;~r.l==:J ~~iC7! !iou-. ill£: I; ~ ~ z.'T"~ of !he ~!=::
F~;-J~ ~ is ;.. L.~;::-;'~!:~ ~e:~~~ ~~ cf ~'":: system. LJ.;:.u on ;.",;: :;.:~ :-: at !"i~~ ~:
Fi;J:T 3 i~ ;,. ~I no' rate::: C:I .. 'Ie E!I~ 3-3 Df F:~~ 1:
Fi~:.:;-: ... i ... :I. ~;-h jnmr; ~~~ m~ .. ::n=-::r rf the l!Io·,-:;t-l~ ~.: b !rlz:j~e tt' me base..
fj;-tl~ ~ ,rl~':\'~ !:y ~i..t.; !bro' .. ;b It! ~:.";:~!:l, Jnd Fi~t.:.:e ~ ~hc~ • nrttili.~ S~"'tLr.1 i:E::l!:':-~ ["'~' ~St
live ~~ m~:y o;:::c-.:;y b::!c:: ;!..",c1 ::.!:er I!]" [~r::e C1O!"'Q.;';~~ k=~~~
;n tt~ c-~t:"!";::- Inc- C~!-::::: cr:r.::~:-:~~ ~ ~:·J:r:J~,j::. ::.~touU'"':' ~:...:,,;: 'M!::: lj. ~rr,""'~~k ~:-;\e '.ll(eS 1%. 13 .:.I:d a ~O\·~lc !If:;a::.·c ~ 14. A.."l ;,":.,.:.: t .~e:' er. e. ~ a f!rt.. ~ ~j :u '!.£. 1b: r..~ ~~~ ;:.o-sit!\ ~ leD~ ~ U lJ = npd1" D'_"",:;:;:;ec ;:':' :! C::::-:-:::f'~ Ie, ~ .. hj:h ~:li~Wr.~ 1ha :1.1 oil. COIIS:.3.: a.J:i::.! .-!i.<u.~;.,; ,,?:"-:_
The ~ om !-.;:)C.-e! i:c J =L::;; 17 ha\~n:; 3 b~se IS. The ~ hi ~ ~s ~ ... ~:h nr.: (''1 ra.:1s ZI ~ :c ~ c::::si=; ]7, ~ :.h: c.~c£!" j~ pr0-~j;.:d akI!:; t!"Ie ::::'b ~ c taDl e:-;.i~~ .... ~e :2 ... hie!l t"~, ia ods ;-.---1 -- "Cl: c:..."7iA'" - .... .,~ "'.. ·l~ ... ? ;-e n Pa!,o 0\C7' end.: -~~'! !s=~'j ;;':;~T1d '~\~~r ~ aJ~nU a ~~ ~ ~ J..-~ ~: .. ~ :;::::::.::.~ ~ cnbr. di.~ ~ ;;, c-:r.:!t!1 t:.m:-~ r. L~{""'~Y Ie' dr; •. ~ lhe ~~ ::.!::~g rl:Ie nih W >0 mO'·t ;:~cJ.!y Lbc I""
~nl\'e kmes il. 11 0\ l:okd. n SI:C:1:d ~ 10 tLc t-..se 1~ ;l,O\'lc!e5 a
5Uti~-v bc:;,.;:: f~ a YC.i::::! !!-'af: 32 c:...-:\'ir'" for rctalit'a t:!~ ~ i; a ~ .... het": 33 ~-..J' a -= J.4, TI!e t;e3r ~ J3.!;-~ 'IIim a r.!d 35 Ql'';eC I:'j' the cani2~ 16 a..-d ~'. ~ bene..!& il b\' h":ldc:s lL i-luD. ~ ~ ~ m..""es ii..~~ \be' r-..iis :t-e en~ ~ CI:II the :::z ... !le:.I JJ ~.d t!lc r..d 3 S C3"1I'5e< ~ alii J.i TO ~ ~ ~ ~t.i00 at any i2:.c=":: b::i.c; d::~ b!' IIic jXl-:ltiDn of th: carriolge aiO!T!; me ~ Lime r.i!s.
TIle za:or-~ ~ Ic:'. I" is carric:::I ~ ..... li<Ie 37 1I1lidI is ~ b 1LlJWGd:'o0il rara.!J.c.i Ul ttl. :..~al di~ of ~ a.es ~ 5I:C;-.blc s:.o:;x:d p:r'.s 35 iormed AI !he ~ ~ of. !!Ie tScl _:1 'T'I1o: slide 3i b:.s a ~~ jJy ~ pm )9 .. L~ c..cp~ v.itb tfI: pe~!!T;' 0( t-..: C!::> l4. .!Ii: slide J7 ~"'!;; l..~ed t-y a sp=m; (lIN ~,~) at ma~·- the riD 39 iT! a:.."!'"..a.:t wiQ ~ =' _~1b;: CI&!I~:be ~ 37, wOld.:-on~'j ~ ~ m 16, ~ 18C'I'ed unny ill .e-
- OR!G'!;'\I~'!L . PP'G~ \i~ . OF POOR Qu~un
•
•
5 c:ort!~ -uh !he requir=S law. 111115 manDaI rut.DOll of &he cxmn-oI. kDol> ., mD\"Q Ibe Ibree Icmc.s ll, 13, I' .in jJf. RGui!'l:d IZWUIC:.
The law of m<)\;c:me:lt of thc morable lenses in t!W ~:e is as inJjc"tc.i ill t!: e foUa,," lDg table v.-b.!c.b shOW'S 5 lbe qri.oltio:J in tDc axial c:!i~cs dl, Ii:. til and dt:
• " ~, 40 " ~+"
GI.:1II I.:m: .. 0 !!,n 1:.= s. ~l:n 10 Sl.:!I! e..~I:.:..1IIIot ~.~ !i'; I.,ell Ill. ,, __ "'"
Ct :~ 1.::',':1 ~.O LD 16.f'J1 2!1 r.J,J .... i...s i_"-.~ i5 L,; ii.,iloO ;, "<-4 ::-.("(1 !..~~ 1.0 :,u I:" ;10 7. !4~::4 :!.'. PIf;~ 14~"3 :"5 15 1;"I:'Ii :-.~~ u !fJ!C :. "7.1 .!LD 10 ,~ ~ o.u.;':-
6 for e~ic, as a nriabIe focal lc:Jt1h ~ Icm for a film projdor.
The ~c:ticm is net rcstri:"-=! ., * det:!iIs of the foregom g example. Fa:- insz2::Iee the Or= mo' .. a ole let! iC:S
iT"y be rrnt:loy~ aJ.a.o~. or \0 ilb :l pair of ~tiODary ;.>09-nyc or uepLi-.e lenses op:ic-.Jlj bc.i~ and aiu::r L,em, to provide a symmeLoical ~~= cl ~riatoie POWeT .or.l;· "'1g a~olIt a ~..ll ma£I1i!iC.1I!;):1 0{ mi:l:.b 1 .... Il.;a system is iIliuble !Dr Ja:xs of the ~ru! loown as pr~ 1."1I:SeS.
I claim: 1. A varia~1e m.gnifica:lO:! ortiaJ sy!f.::n compris·
Cb :...;,. r:::7: (=-::;:=~ !:-aUW ~ • u:.!=A~f '.!inr!!e11l) lCDs, aD amtlged OD a tomtnOlI op::ic:al uis -iLb the two p"sitive )C-;!S::i sp.1:ed ~ 2JId tile De:; ... ·
:f).~ 3. Fir.! "-~ .. r.~~ to :>13 "-0 "~J", ~ Y7t 3.5 5..";':5 ~S .. .r~ .,0 .i.~15 1.1:'11 %.6 1.''-''(. I. ;"l.~ %.~ %.1"110 ;.1'9' I,; 1.!~ ~.Cll 1.0
3.5 1l,P7~ l.U u.m .. ~ t:!.N: 5.0 J2ui:.' i. ~ 1I,~ ". .. to.~,.:l" .U JO,+.;" .. j ':'.11 III t.3Q
80 1~'2 ~.;'''l Ii 4;·1 ~, f,,·,", .... t",:,\ ~, ;"l!.
S, "''!I S-r.l:
l~ rive lens bcrw'eeD Ih~ tv.-o pcr.;itive 1cnses ~d ~ac:ed from at least one of :!Ita, the s.o.id lCDs:.s all being mov:a bie ax;ally and the positro~ lenses beQg CI)QStr"..i;::d 10 main· tain a c~!ari1 txia.J dis= be:ween th~ turin!! !b:ii axia I moYc:r.t:::. iUld, in COI:;~!.:a tiOD vn:!l the ie.:1Ses.
LI:I~ i.r14 O,S U !l., .... ~ ~ .',H L::J.!r.: LJ:.l 11.11 800 IL~ p,::":':
The kDse b&\le the foUo~iDg fo.:a1 leugths (I):
20 maPlific:ati.."," 'lazying me2l!S for c::tCtimu:Cl!Y and si· muJrancouy)' mariIlg the two positive bes and the negative ler.· a10:l~ the lr,lo=<J :!Xis nei.:ive to a surionary suppon accordiDg to a jaw such tbOl! L'le distance {rom a fl.led po:m t'l: the ~?OI1 31 ... ~ :be i:nage
~ of an o~ied at a ~ed ci.<ta.t::e from the said ~ed poiQ[ -----------------i----- 012 thc ~"'T. is a==1c'~~' foc:nsscd re::1;.ins ct'n.~::t ;1-.. _.___ _ __ .. __ ... 1 /:: - -9 .'rule the si::: of lhe s:lid i::::;!~ is comj:::;C':lsly \'arid
Lm.
1:<.--------.. ---.. ----... -.-.. --.: .I,'-"'~ d!l::il~ the: l''--.cioa 0: the Cl,,""';;c. con \'lU"'.,u,_.,. !T.~c.s. ~ : /u-+;; b ,..--, ~ lL::--=--====-_-::::-_-====:_-::-::11 ",,--~ Ih- disra= I>e: ... ecn !be in'~g~ ~ .. for;he ~ar on~
:0 of lhe ~;d j)O'5!ri\'e )t1:~es a:..::! llIe .::t.'r.es~ndi:l; WD-
The abo"e dir=~~ico!l; ~ I:Apres>ed in inches. "The f...~ t..t-l~ ci\';:Jl ai-ave iI!clll.j~ the ~a!ue oi the
foc:;.: le:!.;!.b \ F) ~f tbe sys:e:n, exp'e~ in ir.cbes, for each 0: !.b~ b:.;,d j'C',;'i"r.~ iD the :!"I('\'c.mcr,t~ of m<'ul:!e kllY..... It 'II"!!.! be sec., t.~2r t!le rauo of t.'le rna:.:lIllUOl l.i 10 th~ r.-illim·.:m fe::al lcq:.n (t..,d cO!Jseq:Jl:n:.!y lhe rallo of the 1n"J..i:rll:n 1::1 the t:':timu:n r1"~if;:a.t:or: 1 is a~;,;[ 50; 1. The ov::Al! le:;~ ~! the !Yrt:m is o~y of [h~ c~d..~ of C!!'.e third (>f tile ma'timUrl focal ler.~~ :ilereof.
It :"!";~y be ,,~ !! ::r...u :=~ ~bc"e It:b!e L~~t i:: ~'1is ex. 4(' ar.".~!e :::.c mC',"cmen: of 11::: mv';Q;bl~ !le~~:\·c. :::::15 :ela .. Ol.': tv G fi\:-d .,o;~! un :1...: !::.s~, ~rli~~ mo\'em~!::tt is. detcm.iaed tv 1'1e Ya.~io:; it! :..": 1Il!!ll~ricai sum of t~ ~es IiI a."ld d2 is <"1:;.1. '{~of: nriation of rh~ so.!.'!:
(Cl+lf:) ",iIi: t..'l.! d;sU!n::~ -:', 1.s :;L(\""'1l in rh~ ab,,"~ fi:;r ~.; ... :,!~ :.!')d :s ;J~ !.hewll p-;;;"t.ia.!Iy in Fig" ,"I:~. T""~ d.;J,;;. d~ [he ~2pe of It.r tam 34. Fi~e 5 U;o:A-S the P.:lths of rny~ 41 ~hich ~a~h t.b~
~..:.n. ~el to the uis, from the obj~ct \".'hu.:h in ttU~ c:um;!:: i-: at infuL1Y i. e. 3 \'c:")' 12~ dis:.:.n: = away. ;;0
c::d .:l r.ly ~= fTO~ De o!ljz~!. Which ray ~~:.:h~s the 5)'~:em al all ... lglr o! abc:.!: S d.-!;T"CCS to the :l.},:~
Th,;; 11:0 I! fom:s a '-::":l:::.I iCl:'';: :!1 its ir,- ; :J 3:ld
i!l~t -:inu,,1 iJ::l:!::c serves as lh~ efett~e u!,~ ior the 1:0::,[ posi:i\ e I~ 12. The a:ti::.l di<i.Ance --e~\\'eC::::l Lhe ;;:. p::h-Z. 43 3l:,;'. the ~c ~ei~'.:~ 15 is ~4.6i :,-c:.cs, i. e. ~~ und:! ~ .. ~ tim~ :he focal 1C'tJ~",'l ~f ~::b of Il:!e ?O;i;iyc k= 11, U.
The k:m:< ue sho';O"'!! II'!e;el~' d:=:;ra.o::una~illy ill the ma .. ~!!, l:;Jd C:e c:!st;.n:es si"en :~ t!.: ; ~\'e n."'3t t<.~:: 1;(1 .. ~ .: .. L:i.J.a:.e': f,.:r.~ l~lc :t.L.wrlifjc:d iln:ur) of d:ia leI!~s. T~ Je!I'~ arc =h ir.ci,"i~~J1\" C~!;e.;:ted for cl1rorn::.tic a~~ r.d c:a=~ of :1:m m-~~, cC1:'Ii'r.-e t90'0 or more =tIOI=em 1::= cc;n~lll~d loge I!:. a cr spaC'Cd :4"lu1 by a liud. disun::"! or l'la,"i:lg a tom:-ilJauO%:. D! .:emenlir.t: and ~ 5ud sp3:lng.
lb: f:cJd Cl., .. -r.tlrc Ie\" be re:ad.Jl v mAde s:n all II~ the a..~iu~e pewee .. oi the ·ie:;.~ ba,,~ 3II .. I,.;el:r.l.ic: 5u....,
wl:!ict! is smaIl. As the cl:::r~ !n m2;nj.4ic:ation o! Ihe ,CE;l:!PI..-u ~ .. 'a! an QI:!...;outed to 5l1bsla!!liJ.lly equ::.1y ~o ~. ~ tmtt t=:wab~ 1c:W-~ rt~i\'ely Ihe c:o:- :ction of me C":!lcr abeTn:i~ j. fi:iJi:31ed.
The sys:= ctf [his t:" .... :~~~ m3Y be cmplored in ~ ~ ~ a tele\·i.s..:c! tt=s:nit:lill~ c:o.mcra, ~ ci.De cat:Itn or :De m:e bat it trw::' :lltr.1:atNcfy l~ t:11Il'1oyed. 15
26
jug::e o~.ject posuioo fo, the o!he~ of 11:! ;:;.;d ~;Ii"e kn~es hc;c 6 nni:..t fHi~ not fie."t~ n'!.u'T!eri~4~jy it."," a SJr.:lil IIJ:'ui.:pJe cf til.; foc.;! lC!l;th of one ,~: U\! saiJ positivc loses.
2. A vuia::e !D3g:Ufic:u.io~ opti~1 syst= ~ clQim.:J in cl:illn 1, in \l'bj:h 1.bc ol:j=t ~ fer t.~e frOill one of r.h~ s,aiJ pcs,;ive Jc:::.e) j~ .:~;a::\'C IG ::;i!:,."1 aod m!~eria1')' ~;.:er than It: foc:J k::g-~ of m,;,t front poo;i:i;·c le~.:.. ::.::d the ~,;t :±is;..o,.r.:: for t:.r :=u 0:1:
01" 1h.: ~dlj r-J.!:~ti\e Je!lS~~ ~ ;:'~~::..:\~ i:: S.;;L1 d !l:.!r!"eT
i=~]y P'~~C:~ tt.:l:l ~",::e f..,;.....;:.,i ;':-:.;:h ol :~:. :=.: ;:~~tl\,t: lem.
3, A ~_-:at-k :r.'e;5~z.::0:;, optic;.! S}~~ as cl:J:nc:d iI: ~;':.LL. Z. ..D \\hi.."iI :..'1: :nO\le:ne::1 oi said lI'"'...s;a.li.e )::1.>
~ . .?tiJe 10) tn~ of l!le ~2:ci ::Josi:':\C le!l~ :s !>!.L:.~ thai I!le mJ~t;:o.tiJn af the ~~~.~~ b i:c:""C.>e5 ~,j clec;~:!=- IlUTtlm;aU>' ac::or,~;; as ~e wa~ciicai..ioDS of :he !'1i.:i positi .. e knses ncr~ aDd ~e in numeriwi vaJ~
4. A vwb!e .!II;!~.:ati..."'D 07~ system ;IS claimed jn c:l~:n 3, it: \Lh~=!'! !~: ra:::,;~ of ~~'.~ of th: 5.A~d c.n;e It.lI~~ ~ ruct! :J:..Ai tb~ JIWXi:'!",um an.! lIli~imu;n rJa~C<olict! 0: the !::"!:e~ are ~ one m the other.
S, A vari3bl~ ma~:::n~:irm ~:J .... ,'CI!I as d::.i=-:l in tl:>i:m 4. ill ..-!::::t ~ ~a:ci no-o py.'?\C leIl~:S IInc equal focal ~;;"'!b,.).
6. A ,·.a.';"bie m~~':l:'!i::z.licll optio:ai ;;yslem :IS daime-d in :IJ;m 5 i.., ... h::h !be ;::O'o'c:nc;-~< of r'u ~d three: "'::l<CS a~ ruct:; 11'13: dtri::;; tiic..ry. r:JJl~ of ErlO\'~~:S th~ pu!'itic:: 0: w: ne,;ative i= r-.. l.ri·'-c ID &.e flJ'O ;!Dsi-zi"'e lel:S::S c!lan;:es from &:...r Ont at the po!'i:iH' !c=, ;It 0!lC .Iimi: vaWe o! ~~~ to nc.a:- !.be otller oi til: ~i·.e ~~ a: ~er m": \"~~ oi n:..agcifiati en, ... bl.cb IiIDil nluc is :11= recir"'tDl of the orh cr JiQit.
7. A vam.l:rle I"'~~!i:a.:ic%! ~ka! !~== ~ =---=e:! in cllr.:l 6, in ..nidl t!le 2.Cg:ei of m~~ ...: cf th.e a:ov· a I-I~ leI!! eo! UI: so.:h t!!-ar z: D-x, ar Cs.t&. !:::ti t of th:ir mo·.'~1IU Cl= s::ij ~t.~e km lie. ~~' close to O!l.e of til: S4i: ;Kl5'~ve I~, ±.e c::im'::~uf cI.o5c%rrn b~in~ riw tb= ;Dr.;:!! 1'1:JM m oe said "~ye Ins mJ t~ aJ~[ posi(\"e lem .l!%ye a R'ili rU~:l v.-hi:.!! is ".cry ~ i: ca::;!uison 1riIh Ibeir fr:2l ~
._ A ywbk mGgnin.-diol1 apricaI !)'Stem ca:n--"~
e
e
e· ---..., I
-''''o,rositt.e II:mc:s ani a ~ Jc.s. all ~ngd on .2 Ct'r.'_..lo.1 c:;::i.:.;J axis ~ the two ~li¥c leD.,," ~flC"ed a,,~n. a.;d tbe rE;a1!9'e Icz5 benwel:!! the OW!' fICIsr:;"~ ~IN:S and ~ bam at least ODe of Ilr.:n. the ~i~ Icn-.cs ali bc:~ movaNt axiillly and the p:>siti~e !en-.a :. t'("i::~ lvm.:rained 10 mWl::U~ a COUSUIII a:.ia.I di~:;.n:e 1lC .... nn (hem ~~.n!: lto.:;, ui.aI c:o-n:menl.. m3snili:3tio~ v;;ryi,,£ =.. in tOC1b;.:w:ivn ",ith said lenses. fC'!':' Mnti:f~ou~!)1 iiJ1cl simvlw&ct"J!J)' JI\U.i.ag the I", 0 po<>lIi'::: len<;cs iI'IO !he m:p:-i\C k:r. alorg the optical a:tis rrl;,:ivc Ii) to a ~tabQD4.l' s,!r:xm acc('fdiD~ 10 a law sucb lh:lI the .:i, • ..rn::.c f.-~ ; me::! poiDt CI: the suppon OIl "'hich Ihe i.~re of an o!'~.:t al a ~ disu=r..e from the ~aid fixeLi ;,~ii.I on L'Ic ::J;TO!l is accll.'"J::e1y focuHed rC'!IJ.ir.s COn~la:1l ;o'~i1e t~~ size o! ±~ s:Lid im3~ is con:inU('lI~!~' ]5 ..-ari:d dt;ri~; Ib~ opcr...:U!n cl tho: ma;n:fic.:tiCl:1 nl")"-i:':g :n=, L'lc distance bc:1"'c:n tb~ imase p~liOD Lor Ih·: rur tr.!.: of t.h.: s.Ud pos.iu¥c ielbCS anc! Ibe eol':'c:'i'Or.dil1; ~:;;a;alc oMccl posiC'Jn for thc 011 .T of Lie ~.jd ~i:i¥e k:md !-C.ri; finite IIlld not gre~:~r wuUlCri- 20 caiiy th;':1 a ~ail mLL'tirlc 0: tbe iUC21 Ien£1h DC ri:hcr (!f th~ ""OJ F,i~'e lemes. ~d two stal:oc.ar), IeOl~~ po~iijoneJ on :':c opli.:al uis. ~:tiyely opuo:a!ly b... .... foro: ; nil af:~ :he: said um:c m(!Va!llc lenses.
~. #4. \""~!i:~le a:~~riO!l opti:.u ~'Slcm a~ clailned 25 in ciili;:, S, i:J ~ hi::h the 5L2.1i(lll~ lens.."'S are both rChit:\<: ier.'e5. ~rc oi ~t::J CoXal ~;t.1 and 2..~ ~Yl!'.i7!c:..-iI:?!:y po3.L.i,.'r~ iroul the mid-POS:UOD of the lbre:: mo\'al.ic IcrM1.
10. :\ Y;l;~~·.e rllip!:f..:at.iO:l optil:Al S}":Clol Li)lIIi'ri~ 30 ill';: I~ 0 .. ~ti\e lct!..<CS a:ld a nCg;lu"e lez:.s. ail 21T3t:~:d Co. 2 co;-;r..c~ cp:;:.al uU ,.,;Ih the t""o posi:i·.c lc:l~es
:ri"~:;!j ,3r:;lI"' ... .:..:ld Lbe =~cive Ic.ns b:rw~c:! th~ [~O .. ~ ,i:i':c le:1lc! ar.c ~p:I;:ed from at 1C451 one of :.h:tr.. L'le ~..rij 1~;:~ ~~ i:oI:.:::;: L:loy,,':lc u!a.ily aOld the po;iti,c ::s !...;i:'~3 e:~:::: c,,~~~illCd fo m",in:2.!D a COC~~r:.l a).ia! J:!L.ir.:~ b,-~'" =:;;:n th= dur~~ their a..~i2! mCWetih;:i'![,
r.l;,~m;i::::l:;011 \iLC}';n:;: !:I=S, i.a conbination ... ·j[h >.aid k!'l ..... ~~. f\Ji ..:'C:l:i:ruc:.:s:y anj sccl:.:..:::Jco~Y rnn"t'ir.~ L'1~
40 1\'0 r~jti\'.: k::m:s aI:ll thr ~Iivc lens along Ihe op-
• 27
-tical a~s rc1~.(j~·c 10 a sletiona.. -y 5U~'f1 a~~ to a law such that the d~S1.an~ fTom a fu.ClI !K"1lI On :!It: ~Ll!'l'ort ;:t .. I.ieh Ih: jm;:~e of ar. ll,je=t aJ II m~ (btonc: from t:1C said tb.eJ rolOt on L'1~ 5l1rpcr. n .. ~:-.;rall l) focu,.td rcrr:.:dns co:tstant ... ·hi]: the ~itt of &.c: ~aiJ i:Hil~~ IS cc·r.:in;!ousl)· varied du:--'.nr: t~ c;>c:r.ati.lfl of t"c m::.:;!nific~t:oll ',aryin:;: me~:u.. tile di<.\3!1CC reIv'eel: Ihe imJrc rt:'~itic'n fC".r Ihe = cn: c;i Ih~ <;;,id po,;;;, e len,~s J.~d thc .:-orrcspond:n; conju!;'lIc otoj.'CI ~'i'i":t ~or I~: o:her of Ihe said ~~itive !.c= be!-::: fin:;.: 2nd not greater n"meric:dly Ihln a s:r .... :l znultir:e of Ihe fo:al ler;~lh of OOle of L,e said pnsitiv: len=., a:-:d OJ ~:;Jti.'n3ry Je~s posi:iure.i opti.:;,.1ly ill fro::1 Qr :be said three r.~ovabie le;}ses.
J I . .-II. "ari~tolc ma!!niiica:ion opli::--al sYYCi11 ::< claimed in cl:Jim 1 G, in which the s~id slOI:ioDlry lens is II DC"':3-
Ii," lens. -J:~. A \ariablc m.~rlif;ca:;on ojl!i:;)1 S:'i!c:n as .:lai.l;J:;!
in dnim II, in which i~e ~3id ~talior.<ry 1Cl'.$ i<, 3ch,,:.:-.re along Ihe a:.is 10 focus Ihe ,y~tCt:1 fo: cl:j~=s al'~ariOll~ di)tances Crom the s::pport.
13. A \'aria~lc m2~~:fici!~ion ol'lliC21 s-,s:em as :!ai:::Jcl in claim I:. in ",·hich Ih~ s;,:j staliwnar;· lens ~ o~ :odl foc~1 ICIl£11l lhAI ""hen it j, k=us~~d ;Clr :m ;:L'in::: o~~ d;~!i:!T!ce said sl;J:ion:.r) len' ;, ~~;r..:c·n:O Ie jus: per.1'..i~. Iho: full rnn,;:c of mOl ~rr:e:1' of the me'·a:'!: ~:ti"'f. lenses.
Rfferenres Cilrd ill Ihe F.k of Ibis paiC':tt
UNITED STATES PATE!I;iS 1.165)';1 2.liS'.~~fl
2.501.: 1 ') 2,51~.2:9 2,53;,561 2.566,": SS 2 . .s65.~,S9 2.S78.5i4 2.649.0 15 1.663,1'::3
Cal'::"ff c:t ~1. _________ J~;- 1:. 1';:9 G,~~=y ________________ ?'ov. l~. :!I::'1 Ho;"';.I:::!.; el al. _________ ~i~r. :1, !950 r!c~.~,ins _______ ... _______ ... Ju~~' .:, i950 ',1,':,;,! .. _________________ J~n. 9. 11:51 CU\ :!:icr _____________ 5.:;-!.. -1, n5I Ho~I.!:1' _______________ S:;:L A, 195! .~1;1~.s ___ .. ____________ IA:.::. !i. 1951 C~J.: _________________ Aur:- IS, 19~3
~c.,klm _____________ IY..c.. .:::, 1"53
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I • t
f . 1
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f ~
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t , r r
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t t
~ t t I t
t I l , l I r • f
I l
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Feb. 23, 1965 H. E ROSENBERGER ETAL
ZOCI! Om-CAL SIS!EII
3,170,98.(
F111ld i!a1 29. 1961
s "-...... _--=-- "...;:::..--_ ..... ) FIG.
100M SYSTEM MAGNIF"lCATION LENS R#.D!US Il'!rCY ...... ·S SP""C!hlGS
L, R,=- 177.01 11=2.5 = 63.395 at ,..-- R~= 37.1$7 tz= 7.2
s."" Lz R;=- 37.67 = 46.901 .t
L I~= 53.45 t=".51 5 = 0.3 "' .R.=- 65.461' J
! L 1':'- 50.5al t .os! {= ,. .• ~ .1'
¥ I .. • S N R1= i6.14 J = ISO. 73.1 .J Ls R,;= 27.04 t= 3.2\
FIG. 2
z IZ~ 0 t-
2.4
< 4.8xJ u - I ... 7.ZXr
z uxi-~ tZ.Oxr 2: 14.41
I
FIG. 3
28
•
.. RANGE = 12: I
I "1"1" V !
1.2 X 11.720 29.3
14.41C 1.4SS IE7·0
. ILSI7 !&4.5
1.2 X 1.517 64.5
14.41. 1.72.0 29.3 ._'---
•
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Feb. 23, 1965
• . • • . . \.... ." ".\ I • " " !
)( N
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I I
ORiGINAL PAGE uS' Of POOR QUALITY
H. E. ROSENBERGER ET AL 3,170,984
•
29
2 Sheets-Sheet 2 . .. .. .
•
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... '""'7:"-
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I~ . 19
lNt'El>lTORS ~ROLO E.ROSE~aEKGER HE~SERT D. KORONES
BY ~~ep~
• --". ':-. : .. ~
•
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I
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
CERTIFICATE OF CORRECITON Patent No. 3,170,984 February 23. 1965
Harold E. Rosenberger et ale
It is hereby certified that e~or £ppears in ~ &bore n~mber~d pat~t re~uiring correction and that t~e sa~d Le~ters Fat~t sho~ read as co~ected belaJ.
(SEAL)
Au.-sl:
Column 5, 1 ine 19, for ". 32F 1 <+F;< .39F l " read
.!2F 1 <+R 7 <·39F 1 -- •
Signed and sealed this 17th day of AUgUSL 1965.
ER~EST W. SWIDER Attesting Officer
£DWAP~ J. BRE!\~ER Cwn~~oDt"r of Patents
30
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-:
~iG&NAl IPAGIE \l~ f.fP~ QUAU1]3
:.
• .. -::
:-.....
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i
U cited States Patent Office 3,170,984 Patented Feb. 23, 1965
1 2 distortion aad f.amas of field. The f~ont lens meTT;x. JJ b:Is a positive foc:::i!ie!!g!b Fl :lnJ ihc rear lens member 11 bas a ne<".,arivc focal icn::lb F~ per se ~'b.i.:lJ is D~ lIICrically apn:ssed by !be inequality,
.ISF1<-F2<.9SF1
The nriable space ~ belwccll the member 11 and the objea chanses lhrouShout the zoom rat;;e at:d OIL the tlmninal ends of its tr2.,'d it has the va!ucs given here
The pre5CI1l im'entioil rclala to apjcaI. SP:e'!!ZS ami more J::l. .. ,icu!ar!y rda~ 10 impIo.UIWAIS m ZI)QI;1 type of pancratic optical S)~1anS.
Ie bc.Iow. I~Fl<Sl<l.SSFI (at 1.2 X ) .9OF1<Sl<1.20F1 (at 14.4X)
l.D reer!:t ynn. kns de:.:g:xn !taft ~ 3. JmID
ber of zoom type of pana;,.tic ~ ~ fo:- cse em nrious kinds of opriCll ap;r.u-:illlS aDd ~.J;~: thee 15 snlems aIe very Q)mil!~' ill !lIucrore and h.:!;h = cost ":'h~r.e\"er high sr.-di: ir.~ery ~:dJieo.'e:L Fa: ir'-;:-r pm-' JIO~es tbe lr,a~;fi::ltiMl nn~ is f.:>UIlC! to be !DO WCJtm. p-'.ITlicukrly ~hen supUocrr im:I~ is d'CIwIlkj ~
- ~;lb a l:ar~ mJ;ni!k:;;cn r.m~. . 2!.' It is an obj-ea cf :be prescDl DrmIt;.ou to ~e a
no .... :1 :oom 1~1lC of ~cratic opticl ~~ "'l:t.:h pr0-duces a ,-ir.u;l im;z~ of az; obje.:t at a !'!:.L'(l:l2l] P::OOltlcr., said S\~le:n bein" corrccttd i.e :a superior :r.~"".r. f·..,r all ch'om .. ~ic and r.,-ont'C~~a::.:.~ ima~ a~ Z! _e.il !5 as disi oreon :md fi::U:r:ss of fc] d..
Ano:bu o'.::jcct of this mven-4 i; to! ~~: 5!ICh 3.
devic: hz~7.!; :m a1r..or.:!.~ ~ ca:nfic::!o:: rr.~ of 12: 1 o~ U('re ~itb.y;::: !:IcriflCng::r.:: of the a!o:-cL~ ticmed c!: sira b:e O>'tiCll ciw-'...:lCrisiic:s. .:0
A S! JJ ! .lrther o~jec1 is 10 pr'O\i.Cc SIlCh a zoo::; Ol'tiQI !, .. ~lem h:l\"ing u:;nost ~ ;:Ld optial C;:'5ci:;: c'::IIl"i,leUl v;i~h s:=;-:ricr opti=J PO-:Of!71''-' ~=.j lew cOSL FIl~ o~jects aJ:d ad-."3!\t=~ of 1:lis i%r\-C:=:;J:\ .. :i\ lS
be fou::d i"! thc brm aDd =~mall aI!d iii U:: deW!:; of s:r.l:t:.:~e of ttc par1S t!o=f toy rd=cc to lh:: spe c ;fi~ ~:l:1 I:crebel 0" v;tcn S!udicI! i:D ,;:cr::i.."%1 'II ilh the ::cco:npaIl}:i:lg dr.I\"~~ ill ""~
FIG. I is an oytia.l ~:nm ~ a prd~ fOIl:l 40 of the pr=nt iDVCIllion,
FIG. 2 is ;I ~:c of cor~<trucl.ioIcl d.a14 "bich !s JUad to ,he 0;~Q) syslOI in FIG. I; .
FIG. :, is a th.:..~ .. hi~~ .is apJ.=:.ln"y of ~ fCl-I un:s of !.his invcnlilT.l. .; ,j
FIG ... is an or'jc .. 1 If:.;r..m of 1lIis ~ ~; one o~'-i:i~'e posiLion J..hcmf. ~ .
fl G 5. S 0U1 d 6 arc fr.ila OV'.iw1 tAa:;n::J. skmng "the oper.:tive positioDS tl:araL " ;.0
An ol="i~ ~'~= j;e.nera.1; in.:!.icIl:d by D~:ral 11 is ~own in FlG. I of t!lc drarilg. a:ax1i~ to a 1ftferred farm t'f Lhe v=:.~.
Accorili,,~ to this inYc1l:tiOIl. said ry5U:m II cue'li ist:s afront h:l".s ·na.:ber 11 of ~v= pc:wcr an;! a. = leas s:; member U. of nq;;W.e pc"a'C2' v;"hi:h coorcr'..l.;"-:;y p:'1>
duce a ~'inuaJ ima..."C I of aD objea O. saKi b~ be.D:; f=d iII ~! !;~ Sl al :l. st:Ii=J ~~ ~= the 01: ~ 0 ion<! the I=zs membI::r 1 L )"rderir! ccam.. not ~11, an: provided fa- DIIJIMli%:g ~ U u.d 11. for uial motun. :and fn:' mariz:g said ~"en dif. 60 fercl1..iidly :and simullantmtJy as sIJaq m fIG. = ,nm Ib-pea 10 Uly fi.ud pc.in1 QD ~ optiQ! :Ws so tlIa1lhr vinllal im:l~ ! =l' = C!:"'..l...~'y Q[]a1 ill £ :at said 5!;ltiona..ry p'JSitiar:l t!rou;hDal a r:DI:gC af. ra:=fficatic Ci o[ 12:! or mor:..
The op:ic:a.\ CO!I5tnII:ticm of ihc j:m ~2:D lC, i:; ~ ciaIly =sisr=! far D C%1CD1kd TiD;c at Bl2r5miGI beyoa.d 1l: 1 iI cIesim1 and. ,. ~ prap:r:-i r4 .sysItJD ~ achieved alaug with adler hi;Il ~ :J:::I11Da .. Slldl as a supc..-ior CD.-n:aiaD fer a!1 dIrrIDIaJi.I: ~ ~ dIrom:ltic: imag£ alxrn1icbs IS wdI • cmaz. 15!!;antnm
31
l.ll.ewise, the space ~ between the lens member 11 and member U chaD~ throughout tbe lOOr:l.inS action, \-aI)
ir., ::~ U!o\l'n di:-:gt:!.l!!autic:aLly in FIG. l. In We prefcrred form of the invcntion as sbo'll'n in
FlG. 1. the iroUl. ler~ mer.lk-er 11 compri!oCS a compound m..n:5CVI l~ con~:~t!n:: cf a dOl!k-!e co:!cave clc!!lc!lt l..l and a double con'Co'\. elclT'.cnl ~ located in conU;C1 ~il!I i15 ~ cOllOlve !U:llI:=C, Tllc PO~!ti\c foc.ai iength of abe meniscus Jcns (L l , 1.,) bas a ,-;:lut belll>:en j,OFI and 6.0FI Further co!:1tJ:i5ed in said frota lens me:nm 11 is a dol.lble con"e,;. si:l;le lens L3 IOC .. led rearn-;u-dly of said 1T'.:niscus lcns an:! b;:\"ing a iIOSiu\'C foc,,! 1~:;t.!:L .... hjcb .is between 12FI ~d 1.~~1' UIlS L3 is sp3ced a fixed di!'1"l1(;c S:a rearv,anily of the: meni~cus lellS (LI • 1..:), ~ h::r"inl; a value bc[we~ .O~F I and .II F I,
The aforcs=.id rear le::s metr.!:-er 12 is prc:f~tly com~e;:! of a do"bie conc.;;,\'~ le:ns clement ~ bwi!':; to::~;;:t ~znr.-ard}y \\::h a Ci:n:s.cl;~ c:leruc;-J[ ~. i.h~ i:1~erf;'i:e A. IbeTcxI~ bcin; WIl\'<i; to ... ·iird tbe frCr1L
R.t:~;an1ir.g the comi'QurJ froot lens (L!. ~). tbe radi::s Gf the ft.::.: It:'"''':; ~:.:.:~.;;.c: ~l s..CcLIJ h:zn: ~ ';,"I~e tu!-t\~':!l !.C)( :.n,! :'i:, we 5urT1 o[ tile ra.!ii of t.t: nc~ll\',;:) l:::s ~:J;f~;e5 i~2 Gr..J RI, FUl1tcrmcre I~e 5\;::1 c! L'1: r;::!Ii of the froot a:iJ b .. ~~ le.,s ~urfa.cc:s R. anJ R; r~pccti\'cly of ]~S 1.., s.bould t<c be·",;:.:r. 1.5"X a!:!c 1.62X the: s;:;n of thc r.ldii R2 ar.d K;. W:i.h rc;:;;.rd !O the re:u lens =Ccr 11, 4he IIOJI nJrf:.,e p~ th~:~of should ha"e a ladius es:;uiJ 10 le~o:en Ux lDd ~.OX tile r:;d.ius 0: the rar surf~ R.I'
A !DOre COO"!l';::e su!eme~ t of cor.s:"-Jctior.:1 cla.!a for the ctJtical sy!JCM w!-:id: ~;'li~i:cs the re.;:-..::'.:matLS of tho: l'T~nt i:wt::!:.ion i~ gi\en in the t:l~!e h':I=~OW. lIrhere:n P l to R.3 "-'"~ Il.e r~jil of lh.: s!Jc;="j'.e 1e;-:.s S~!:lees. '1 \0 1~ 2..'"< til~ a.-ti;.1 tbicl;."~,se, C'f t),: sccc:S!iYe lens e.lel'\CZll5 L1 10 L$. 51 :0 5! i'.~e lh: sp:~s b.::-:r,'ec:o ~ ;cr~ :..'lI.i ",) anJ • ~;e rtspecli\c:y th,; :-efr,,;:i\i: i.:t:!:x ;\;U;i the Ahbc na!T\N:~ re~y.:cti'~~r oi the glasses in said e lar.enu.
•
3,!Ofl <-R: <4.06F1
.i3FI <+R:<.':I!Fj
.73FJ<.. -R3<.91 FI 1.OFI<+R~<L28FI J..3FI <-Rs< J.5iF. l.CIF:<-R,< 1.1F1 .J2F1<+R-:<..J9F1
.53F1< +R.<,67F1 ':501""1 <11<·061F I .J~SFJ<I,<.170Fl .o~9F1<tl<.110FI jlSlFr <,.<·067FJ .065i-·1<rs<.07FFI 1.25FJ<SI<l.SSF1 (Ie:LSl 17:) .9OF1<SI<1.20F1 (highest m) .oo:.F1<Sz<:·IIFl .37F1<S;<.47F1 (!e3Sl r.I) J,.50F1<Sl<3.64F! (b.ighc:sl m~ 1.717<.'·D( 1) < 1.7"'..3 1,,,%<ND(2)<LSOO ~,!U<ND(3)<1..s19
•
•
'" • I
3,170,984
3 1-' 1 5<.\"1)(4) < 1-' 19 J.717<X1)(5) <1.723 lS.9<rr 1)<29.7 66.0<r~:) <68.0 63..3<.'))<65.5 63-,<.(4)<6.5.5 28.9<.(5) <29.7
4 It should be ern~~asized at tim point thaI the zoom
optical sy'Sf=m ]0 as Above desc11-cd ~ Dot limited to a zoom ra:I!:e of I:: 1 as mentioned ill c:onnec:ticn " .. i:h one form of this ~~·ention. but !!Ie n"~ may be ex·
.-be!-cin F J cknOle5 t!lc focal ICl:gth o( the first lens m ~m-
li tended considerabh' li'il-hO!J1 stroctnral chan~ in tile optical P3ns and ";:;.!'1ouL S:l.::riIi~f! any of the superior o p: ic:aJ perform.ance SlAl:.:1 ill 111= objl:as of thU in VI: ntiOIl..
Althougb only a l'ref:rnd fann at this UM:n!ior has been sh('''1'! 2nd I!~='L~~ m detail c:ha:n~s m~y ~madc in ~bc d:tJi1; e~ Ct"!".st_~=rion ;r.wI Ionn of tbc ot=::.rt.I lil'IJ suMti:uti.;)us rr~~y tt .... ~dc tb:n:ill without c!epaning
ber n. and m d~!..c~es tl:e m:!gn::iC3tio:l of the ot-jec! CDCtJC17':il-eJy ;lrodu::t:d by tht two lens member.: : I ;md 10 1l. ~ rons~C1ion,,: !!at:! for on= wcce5s(ul form (If the
~n! i:wcnlion U ~\"en sreciilcal!r i:! :he 1;.1:1e !lcrcbelovo and as she,",':! in FlOe 2 of the dr::wing v.·lJereill
nom the ~.L;l of tile jn't'cn.Lioo B cbime:! ~ the ap-. pended ~;ums. .
;he s]mbols R, I, ·s, el,. lire ;Oc. s;,me :IS s~cifi~d in Hi :he foregcinl tablc, li;-..:! F.L cJe~j~:.t.:s It.c focal lengths
We c~: - • • ]. A zoom ty;e of par.;:r.;ti.:: optk:al system co;-rccted
(or..cl,romau.c aDd CC:Joch.-o=tic: i::J:lp: abeIl'a!;on .. and of the Ienscs Ll 10 ~
Zoom;y1tem • f.\bc.~ r'J.lI2~-12:1J
•
Lms R:Id:\!S F.L 'Thk~1 Sps= ! .. • EO 1-·;3·39.1 ~I 12X '1-!€..lI'Jl~:!.4X
I 2:--1:7.~1 Lo ~i b-2.J L:'3l So
B,-T..f:i • lc.. __ +3a2 II::;J-~
I :L_ •• I R,--".c7. 5:-0.3
&'-$l.4:I IICI +5:'.7 t,-LS LSI. M.
IR;-~~ • ",~mI8.!i:IS.1 ).:X • .Hi().;;!):u 14..4X
:a.--5C~ Lo ! B,-l.6.14
-2:Lt t.-~
r. +*.0 h-C t ~-Z'''()( I
The of'CT3.lian ci a zoom opli~~l sy~cm com.!ruc!ed 2:-:rrd;r1g to tIr'! i::b,y.c ~re.:-iR~J OFi:~C'1oI1 d~~a is best t:n .. oe:-s:c..'ld by ~:'cre:'!~~ ;0 FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 of the dr2wing .. herein ray Ir,,::! are ~howll for I"'n typical jays, 16 and 17. As here sh('wn, the a.till po.iLior.s of th.: m~"bie lens ~:n:ers ] I and 12 JIC sho,"':! for t~rce i...,,·'!" 1I".3!:":'.i!i::a!!C':1! ~·:'icb are 1.1X (FIG, 4). 4.SX rFJG ~) i.'lc! 14.~/. (FIG. 6) ::orresponding to !be rnar!Cl:S indi::a:ed in 1::~ Ct;rl"es 13 ar:d 1~ of FIG. 3. Sim~:iy to FiG. 1, t!:= (If,,eC1 0 is sho\\'t1 at the lefl of the ('7.j:a[ di~:;-am c.:~j .1> iN!ic:lred til" the dOlled lines 18, t£: kns rne.'1lt>e:s 1 J and 12 form :I vinu~1 imzage I, SlroV.ll in dC'::~d :i:,~ a;~, at an axiJlIy fixed po~:tion. _~ tl:c lens me:r.~:-·. Olle simullJneo:.Jsly mc:'"ed through Ij:eir "runions, t?le \;";'!U:l1 imJ~ rerr:ains filled i!l posi· ti~:'I at I · .. t,;!: ±?- ma!:T'j!kalio!l of ~id im~f:e ~oes thro:l;h :~.: I"ll~;:: cf 12? 1. 11'e ~:z~s and po~il;ons of rh~ ~ :nemhc!'s 11 anJ 12 are chosen so !b;iI the ima~ i re::l:.in, c: COns:l:!nt ~:zc :!!roughou: tbe zoom r-,,~ ;.he .;,c.S<:1"' e ~ Jrea of Il-: o~j::t 0 d:c:re:l~i~g liS
t!~ rr....:e7~i.:::iG:-r cf L"e ~~·stc:-n is ir:cr';:2,scd. The !iiYSoc:n tll!~ p::scn:..s ,,:l i!!:~.t:e of c~r.;::n: si:;:e ... ·b.!C~ m:y ~ rn",jC:1=d or '·i<'.:~!y ot>scrvcd :!:.ro:J;n tb5 .. ..:: of suitat:e "l!.~~!:.r:' Clp:i:.1 5)'.1:::15 (nC': ~hu\\·n).
Gi\'e1l l:e:E-e:c';. i5 ~ t::bie v.1I.:rein (he space~ 5, ~nd ~ ~ specifie:' !~: '~e aiorcu:::i::::::d m;.~i5~cn T.!nge of 11; 1 as .",: .. :ed to th= o;::i'::ll sj's!em 10.
J. SI;
1.";3)
6l
:s. oS
• b __ in!; a 5U~=-..::,,::y !!:a: fi.e!.1., ~d 5~>.e:n c:omp~;sJll;:: a from ).e~ meM;'~ ",hi.:n c..~r:5i\ts of 2 t.?rr1j1Olmd mer,;!>I;;L!s k~i "IIoh!~~ :5 C:l::~ve Oll The Clhiect ~i;le z::d h2S a pcsi;j\'e ioc;J !::;;.;h of tocI"cen 5.CFJ and 6.0FI
40 y.herl F! :5 tbe (0'"..2.1 len;-:h of the rrO!l! mem~ and is com~d "f a fre::: cauble Clm;;;",e clement havi.,,: its !lur~dce of SJ.!'ong:~ CJI"'''GtLI:'e in c....'"":1:;':: l.1.1Eh a re~r dODtil! con\e~ e!eme~t "1""; il!.'1h'!!" indcd::<; a doubie conv~ lens sp~d a fuea (b:"'na: ;-cr .. or';!}" thereof iind h~v.
45 ing ;] pos:::i\~ fo=<!: ler.';L.i 01 benl:~~ I':Fj an.1 lAfJ, ~aid S}"Sleo cor:;::is;:1:; a do'.lr'e ccnc.a~e c.ompound rear lens m~b-e:r \l'hi:iI n opt.~y aiig:led reJr .... ard.Jy of th.: frlmt men:':'!:r :u:::: has a n=t;\'e fool 1en~ v.·hic:.'l is ~t-S1;:r.t~l~y .9~ F; and lI .. i~~h is corr:;-=d "of
W a front d.)ubl: ~n:a~'e e!== ~\'in:; ju ruriaa: of ~ron£eS: CilT"\;;;.!t:~: form':;lg ... in:.r7b:e wi:.1:: a re:l.T
CO!l\'U-cJ.l:::l':'> e:~111 wh~:n ll1e conc.a'·o surface is fcar.:'!O';-: and h:.s ~ .. eOlia c:un';:1Itn-e than lhe interfau, stliJ JT!~!":I~ :,ei.'lg" ~!"\'~bJe witll resred to a fi~ed
55 point on :.1e~r co~:"!jvr: o~~~ ::tis simcll~~C'U!-ly aild c;:mtinl!(1'~~~y ~ a;::erem rc!CS 51:' as 1(1 form a \':rm.::.\ im"ge of c.)ruini.:"":"'iy n.~!l~ ~ of 2!1. obj::.:! a: a s-... tionar:· ~tion m s..ici ~is t.lro=~h a lUOlt:r.i:lClI:.ion ra1'ge of r-~er IJ:., ... : I, and saiJ D:~1-cT> bei.!!t: spaced
GO ap.m a Cl.u:::.:: be,~n J7F1 ::I:ld .47Ft .-hen :he sy5-
1~ prlXiu.:cs leas: rr..a;:r.:lic:r.i.or. anj ~g sp:l::ed 3;T.lrt a disr .. no:e b-::illoee:! 3..5F! aru! 3.f":FJ ""'o:n the 5)'~lem produce~ 1ri~'K'q rna~c:o:tron. !he sp:ce I."!!v'c.:n tbe
Zoom P.,...er I s. E'- object ~ :hz fTC:'!' I!'I~~~ -be\.,,; ccrresrondinglv be-____________ ---' ____ : ____ ~ No'eeI 1.15!'·1 znd 1.55F
1 ",bctl1he Sj"Si.e:n produces as!
l..!.._. _____________ .1 63.3'.; IS.~ ma!=lli.:Ctioll aI!d lc.!'.\·c::n .9OFJ an.) l':OF1 lIo'ben the ., , 81970 401. ~Ji system /i"odnccs ti;e gr:a..tesl IC~~ !f~===-~=.. .. i ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 .• ':oom t~y- of pa-nC:r.Ili: op.ic:IJ sr.'lem as se fcrrLb ~ ... --.·-_·-=:=====:=_::I $l.Il".::" IIG.<J9 in ~inl 1 v.bucin ~d r.~ k:n;, is formed of a
~1.:"'004 :',"'_ .. ~,<~ 70 d b f -,- _. .._ .... , ~.L ______ • _ .• __ .____ 51: :r.·3 '"" ou Ie C;)O.;:;JYe ro;U ~,rnl ... ," a UUI.!."C COr.l'~ !-ear 1..6. _______________ . ...·44!l1 l:!l!.;lI'9 element 3nd furt~ ~~J by lens radii ,.,hidI
Nt--·-----· ~. ~ ill: ~ b2YC nom.ericaJ r..Jucs as p~ ~ )U "'1101, l&i.::n 2..0(Rr R,) <ilr<27(RrtRl)
75 U4(~-7RlJ~+~<UZlRr.-Rll
32
t
\
•
• .-
•
•
. :.:"
-•. ~
8,l~Sl
5 6 lhe radius of the front SUI ~a;:c of sOlid negative ~ :it: 8IImCnIb I 10 , clrsilmlinr til: ~~e cottrpOf!'!nt bel being bel'l~ .. een 1.5 and 2.0 times the radiLl$ at IlK Itm demems DaIIIC'd ill ~ frum the front of Ihe rear surface of SOlid ne~~li\'e member. wherc:i.D RI 10 R. r.stc:D. llJ '" Ra dcDorr * radii. of !be respective cksignale the r~dius of Ihe lees surfaces named in orda' lI:Dsc:!.. \.be I"3IiMI8 R, bting rUa:.cd to a cemcD1ed lenl in-ita the froot lens memb~r. I ~ It io ~ ucnul& the tIIic.knems of tbe sucrt..sive
3. A _zoom type of pancralic optic~l system as SI! ~ elnnmts, S:: ~~ tbe ~ spxe between the fc.rtb ill claim I ..... herein said mcni~us lens is fonn&:d cbject md the fir.-..1Ic:m. aDd S, md Ss ~p!T¥Dt the su\:· of a double conca"C frc::'1 clement and a dou~le COD"a ccssin: :sp:teeS bdv.-eea the IemI:s.. "D repreliCl:U the rc-rear clemeO!. and said rc.,lr member is formed of a !rtml fncDve iDdcx and • ICPiCSLilfS the Abbe number c! :!:.: double conc;.\'e elcmcm ::!!1d a rear ncniscus elelJletlt, th: 10 £lz..cs "' the ~wc !em c:II:mcD1s., :md DI siSoi.fies the
• constructional cala for ~~jd system bc:ng givell i.:I the ma~CD of lhc ~ cable of incq~:lies b .. ~~'elow: "- A ZDQ.11 typt of p;ccntic opti~ system tom-
3.~OFJ< -Rl <4.06F1
):"risiD! a frorulens member 01 pmll.i~c power ar:d a -, ~ar • TJF < +R < 91,. !em me:nber at neptive POOO'C' optically af.{:oed Lhocre-
~3F;<-R~<:9IF; g ..nh. the fnlm member ~g of tl:rec lens clemen.ls I.OF1<+R,<1.28F1 ui die r~ mc .. r.~ ~g.of ''''0 clements, SOlid
• I.3FI<~R~",1.57Fl ~t'I:n btln~ moVl!ble uWIY.s:imuJlar&eOUS1.Y and ~on-1.0F <_~ < 1.2F tiJIucJmIy JWui~e 10 a b.ed pow OIl ~ axiS so as 10
.Y2/<+,)-e <.39/ f':II'JC a 'rinual ima~ of nriable:sizl: at a Sla!iollar)· posi-
.53/ <+R 7< .G7F I !!It tic:: aIc:I:; !he ui, ollJl e~ the co.,SU1lctionaJ d:lla 050): <, <: 061 f' J :!ad'or bci;;g p~eD i!I De cable he'fej,o...!ow ~bcrcin LI
:I5S/</<:190F1
to Ls dcsignale the suu:essive IeDS eJemaJts in order .OS9F:<I:<.110F~ from the frOll1, ~I ~ Rs deDo!e the ndii of tbe lens .OSIF
1<1
4<JI67F
1 ~ Fl.. Wfg:nai&S I.bc foca1lcngta.. II to IS dcnNe
CG5F <I < O~SF. ~ Ihc thict.ue5so of tile len> dements., oS, ~senlS the i.1~F;<SI<·1.'55FI (least m) :W::J S!'lcc be~ecn the ~ &."7 the tirsa len!>, and ~ .90FI <SI< 1.20F, (hi£iJ:~1 m) ar!d S, rer=t the SIIt::eSSl\'C a.'\J:!1 !p;JoC..~ t-c:wecn the .OO~FI<S:<.) IF, kre.:s. ~d Ifn 2.!ld r ~~ 1M r:fractive indeJi and .37FI <Sl<.47F, Ce::st III) ., AI'rllc r.umber ~pc;.t.:"'ejy (If the p:JS' trom whict: !'4ld
3.5F1<!"3<3.64F1 (hi~he~1 m) ;;.0 ckt:lcaIs an: mack.
1.717<no( 1 )<1.723 1.496<110(1) < 1.500 ).5) ~<'ID(3) < 1.519 ).5IS<no(ol) < J.519 1.717<"0(5) <1.723 28.9<.( I) <29.7 66.0<.(2) <68.0 63.5<.(3)<55.5 6L~<.(4 )<fi5.5 28.9<.(5) <29.7
33
I r.L. I ~m.s. I --~---;"I-I
A: __ r.:..a. I -c..i ! tJC:..s
s,{ :!!~ ~ :i1i I
H-· 1.,._.
~--
I.
~
.I:..=--3:'_C'
p.,--53.CS
i ~-"""'4i
+Z'- z 1/-~.1 +=-~' r,-u
I~: l7..'u i .!d
l &0 I 6.._ Q
1.S171 r~z I
~£.oo-a..s 4 __ ~,;,-IiG.."" 4. ___ -___ JIll
1.Sl~ I {,(, ~ 11.~.ll I ::1.3
s. A ZOUIIl opI.ic.U ~cm anon1mg 10 d;um 3 .... herein lbe lUI" surf;.::e of !hi: front do:.:::le conca,"!: clement,
~ and :U from and r= wrf.::ct5 of tl:e 1I0utolc cor.vcl. dc:mc:tl an ha\'e tile same OOtlS..
Rd"~ C"~ jg Ihc Ii:e of Ihis ."latelll
UNITED STAT.E5 PATE. vrs 58 2).U~ KJcmt lull' 19. 1!;I5S
e •
• •
• •
•
e > .. .~
July 23, 1968 EIICHI T AKANO 3.393,958 CCKPACT ZOOII L[);S ;'W.zCUD CYU! " LA!I~t: RANGE OF IlAvNlFICATIOH
Filed April 15. 1960;
• • I
SHOP-TEST
I:L8
-QOS 0 a.os
FIG. I ..
FIG. 2
-00500.05
2 Sbeets-Sbee1. 1
1.0NGEST
..,---"
-0.05 0 0.05
SPHERICAL A&RRATlOS a S!NUSOl~ CONO:nON (~)
34
lNVENTDI. ElleHI1i~
tfJ~~ ~·A~r
j i
-::
July 23, t 968
• Filed Apl"'11 1S, 1964
SHORTEST
-a.OS 0 O.OS
SHORTEST
3mm
• -s 0
SHOF\TEST
-001 0 0.01
EIICHI TAKANO 3.J93~58
FIG.3 INTERMEDIATE
\ 3rnm \ \ \
-0.05 0 0.05
ASTIGMATISM (mm)
FIG. 4 INTERMEDIATE
!mm
-5 0 5
DISTORTION ~
FIG.5 INTERMEDiATE
\ 3mm
I I .r,! g-rlnl
c:-line \ I
-0010 0.01
35
2 SI:Iee t..s-Shee t 2
LONGEST 3mm ,
-o..o~ 0 o.os
LCNZT 3~
-50S
\ ,e , \ , I, -lint
~i:\o , , , ,
-001 0 ~
----.-----~---
--'-"~
• .-
~"" ~ :.
•
i· ..•
• --- ~
1 3..m,q~
COMPACT ZOO~ LL"'S CO~[CTED OVER 4 LARGE ~"'Gf. OF MAGSIF1CA1l0~
Eiidn Tabn;). Tokyo, Jap1l:l. ass!;l!Gr to Qmen Camen KabashllJ KaisII3, ToI....,o, Japm, • COlpormon of 5 Japaa
Filed A.pr. 15, 1964, Ses-. No. l'O,nJ Claims priGriIy, applicatioD 1zirm, A.pE. 17.1963,
38/19,678 I CbiaL (a. ~'>
.tlISTRACT OF TEE DlSCLOSL1RE
10
3,393,958 Patented July 23, 1968
2 memben iDdudes a c:emenwi doublet of a negallve a:ld a p®tive L:m. ill whic~ all the sinSi~ posilrve 1en.<oe:S have Abbe m:1rI~ mo~ lh.:u1 55, and :til the sin~le negatM lema = than 30. sa.t.is!yicg the (ollollt"ing conditioas:
!~-+t,,'<0.15:·11 1~1/J!<O.1.Si+J I~UJ!<O.1.Sl+t1
wherein, !he rdr.!;tive power " and shape fadDr X of the t!:ru positive mc::mben are numbered, respectivc]y, by 5IIk..-r.pU in order from tbe front 10 rear, aDd the refractive ~ of til.: whole fim I:Ompolltllt is dr:sig-
15 JLa~ by +t. The shape fac:Dr X is dc.fiDed as
Compact zoom I=s b2Ting a moming ratio as I~ IS 12 and a rela1i?C apern:re as gn%1 as 111.1., the 1m.; heing highly corrected o"rt" a Ia.1!lC rnnge of ca;nilic::alion witb linle variation in a.bemltiOll apon zooming operation; the lens comrrisir.g iO:Jr =;¢,cnts, a fi~ fixed convcrg~t I:ns ~oup, a ~O!Id axiany mo,·"bie divcr~en.t zoon:in; IcllS gro::p, a thir.:I lem group lrIoving !!O ui:l!ly COTTCS;lO:lcfu:g to !he axial mavemCIit of the second ~DS groli~ 10 avoid lrI~em~1 of the pa.-axi.a.J image point ana a fourth fu:cd and image fOrnlmg 1= group.
This irm:J:~iO!l n:lates to I zoom !em. and more particularly ID a loom lms highl)" ~t.ed CT::" a l::r;e T2!1~ of mag!'i:i:atica" A1J obje::! of the ilrten!.ion is to p:t!vide mL'1il:1.If.zed ZOO!!! lens hi:;b:y corre::ed over a Ia~e range of l!la~:i:2tion.
Ano:!:cr o':-;~.:t of the rnvrnri~ ~ to pro;ide a cornpa::t ine:\~i'"~ 7"O:Il I~s hil!~h· COrreded over a ma2:1ifica-liJn cf ~ lea.;: tc. It' CT.le:- . -
X. lIr. + 111'\ l/r.-I/r_
~ '. and T~ denote ~?C::tive!y t.'le radii of Cll!Va
turc of tbe rar md front surfaces of the kos =~. The detinitio:1 ;md the meanir.g of the s.bape factor is dis-closed in ·Wave Tn~ry of Aobenticrn" by H. H. Ho~ kin, poi>!is~d ~ Oxford at the Cl=:!o!l Press, 19so, pages 119 through 121.
!.5 (2) The seamd component composed of thne nec:a-bve mel!lbe~ including a cemen:ed doub~l of De:"ti'"C and positi,c 1=. in which ill the Drc:.ivc l~!.e..s ~= Aboe 1Il.UII~~ of more th2n 50. aod ~I ~ f'OSitro"C lCll.<eS of Ies.s t~ 30. sati5ties lbe fc!Jowll:ft COli-
30 diticms: ..
_"nc,~er o:'";~:t oi t.~ i:tventio!l :5 to provide SO'::J a IIDd
!".-t:::~<C.1 :¢.! !"';_~'7I<O"':¢o/ 1 .. ",- ~;.!<o.l.~i
mom )en~ 'I1.hi;iI is of ~::>le fOn:l aDd oi a comtruc- 3S lion suit2~:e for CC01'Iomi;:al ~.:-trre 2nd "l("!:i:b ro ca.:.t.!e of 5'~~:iJr peric!1II2D:e ,.."he:lil5e-d rl!: photo- .. h:rei.~ t",e refra:lj\'e !'Ov.'er " and w;-e fador X of ,r .. phi: o:.;~\.:s Ca\ing a rcL;.uvc ,,~e AS pat as t~e tl-:~er" :"!1c:-:-::,~~s are n,;;:-:!lerd, m~:ti1."e!y. ~. 5Ilb-II 1.8. s.:;i~5 iu 0;:; trc:n tiom ~ :-:::, ~"":::! :!:: :-efr.:::cth-e
Further objects me:! adVZ!lt.ig:s wiIl ~ apra:ent in 41) pD9-":r of the wbol~ second C()t:lpon~: is dc:ne:l by .,. the detAils of constr:ict".oo anG arra::~ of ~~.s ::.s FIG" I sh~ one cmrodirncnt <!':cord.:n.; to the ~ described in lite specifi~cm lae.ilio" ~ IOgelhu C!I! mvem:CT.l, wherein (1), (IJ), (Ii1) an::! (IV) ckna'.!: wiTh the drav::ng, ill 1I"J:::ll.: the cam~;]CJts cozr:prising tbe wbo;( ry~I=, 1. 1, a.I:d
flG. 1 is 2.ZI opti::al ~ of ODe if1cmativ~ form 3 t!te me!T.~rs Ct.'c::p~:.; ~ CC'rr.PO~;:Dt (J), cd 4-of zoom lens cODSlrud.ed 2:ar.dir.~ to tl:e invention; 45 5 zr..d 6 thoo;: =~::; cc:=?C!lc':l! rD).
flG. 2 dCpK-L5 the ~pb5 ~ti..,~ the correction H a ZOO::l le!:5 system is miI:i:r.:.-'..z..-i! ~ci1e ~ for :q:!lerie:J a~..lio::s l!Dc! l!le ~iatian in tb~ sine ing its l:!..~ moming ratio, the foa..l h:n~.1!s of every condi:io:! of t.~ ZDO:!I Iet:s shaw"D in FIG. I a1 !.be wide, CDIIlpcmc:nt .. "OU.!d nl:c~ly bave 10 be s..'lo;t.e:led, me ... , and te;':p:'oto ~.:ms.; w.be-ICy $0= de:.eriorati~!l in the col7e!:tic.!! of ~
FIG. 3 cie;-oi:Ls tbe ~~~5 ~~'1ting the ClJ.Tection 50 aberrcJ.io~ ,..'Ou!d be cause:!.. As a cour.~e7.~z.sure ~l!St for 2S1ig:!!l2.!:~!11 and imag~ cu..,~tnre of the zoom leD! th!!, mere!o[e. it is ne,~ry teo tee;: tbesc icr..a.i kng'.!%! ar I~ .... ;,,k. !!!~~'! 2!!!! t::!e;::~~ p;ni;;~ 1oD~ by wit!er.iJ;g :!Ie movi=g space of t.'lc movabie
F1G. 4 d:;i-='.s ~ g:r~ph5 ~ting the coTTection compoJlC!t ~ me axial t1;icknes~s of bot..i:l said moY-for di!;lortion of L'>e zoom km 21 tbc wide, mean ami ~ ~=;:O='.s, with tbose at tbe frot.1 aDd a1 the back tele rhoto ~: ion; and 6:i of dle 2!J;e a.< tlli:l as possihle. Oa the other lwld, 10
flG. 5 d::-.:cts the pa~ re~'ing f!le carrection mi:ti:::::iz: yaririon in chromatic aberrati:ms, eadl cam-for tra:nsv= ctrro=tic aberra:iom at the "'ide, meaD JIC:l=nt s!:ouJd separa.l:ly be acbro::la±·.j wbich ac-and lekphOio J."'5iti~ annpanil:! a sbort ra.ciiU5 oi cnrvaru.'"'e of tbe cemcuied
It is to be mI~I"S"'..ood 1lIZ1 the tI:Ims ~ aDd ~ ~ ZJIci an i.aaease in SAid axial tbi;J;nesses of the as us..-d bercin2i"LC./' mer 10 the enc!s or thI: zoom Ic:ns eo ~lS. lbo::gh thi$ inause of the axial thlc.b:II:ss ~pectivcJy nca...-er the la:.~ ad s!wrtu CD!lj~ cm:tndidS!be abol·: mDltio:Ie.d CD\.IDte~ Db-thereof. ~ of tbc A.b:,e numbm mentioned i:I w abo¥c
The ~t:lrized zoam 1e:cs S'tT.= in ~ with ar.u!"tiam SJ~tu!lv etUliD.!leS these ~:cs the ;:resell! i!lvCltioa c:a::ilits. at fear CDml'--'"'1:!~: a am:! ~y .ves the aberratkrl COrred.iaa. bed ccrnv~~t t"Ol:lp.mm m. Z!:i axially mo\":;bie I!i- IS AbcrTatiO!l Tariatioos chl.riDg ZOO:IlU%g ~ m: ve:~t ZOC!!1in~ ("=;ocd (TI). a co:nponez::t !!)(n.ing mostly c:w..0.:1 by t.~ first aDd seco:ld components, aDd ulally CDrre<;?On~ to the uial IJIOVC1lleTIt 01 said 10 Jc!c:J sncb nriaticns, the rr:siaua.I abencticms of ba"JI ~r.d ~:::roaent 10 lIvoid mmcnc:nt of the paruial I:D!I1po11CU3 m1iSI. c:ll!SWltly be lep! ~ eqtW b!ll una;;.: JIOUll, an": a fue:! a.!!.d ~ fOTl:ling co:npa::ol of the opposi!c,jp].. ar.d, moneover. 10 decrasc ~ (~~). The im'.am 5)"SIeID SItiUJcs t.IIr: foDov.iD; two COD- 7t' ill Jrig:l:u order ;ileJTa1ions.. which is ,..,.:;;;:! t.y iiIe CQOo ditio!:s: binatia:I OZ tile lhird ~ aben1io:lS CGS.:d by t!=
(1) 'Ibc mst anu;:onczt corn;nsa' cf Ihrce p:lSitM 1binI~..nh axupolldltS 15 abo by the first ADd sr:r:.-
36 ---- =
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3,893,958 4 . 3
O!!d =OlTlI<~·lU'n:s. each of The ft~ and second eomponcnts should be se;:::rately well cc~r-ed. In sueb a zooming ~ys!:m !l3\in;: 11:11 only a zoc;ni~!: r:.tio as lar~e as 12 trul also a Large arerlUft n~o. lhe incidenl POiDI of LIle refrac:th'c ;ruifa:es of 1!It margi'lal r:lv and the p~cipal ray is ~n::llly changed during zooming oper.:lion, and thererore lhe abo'it mcntioneo! t.qledie:1:.s are parti:clarly impon::.nl for SoIlch a sys:c:x:. For su:n :I zoom lells sy!!em baving a lar~ zooming ratjo i: i~ gcnually desired t.'lal ""hen it i5 se! at wide f'O!oition. di5lonion and aslism2!is~, which ::!rc conspicuous ill tbe eC!;C of !he ima~ field, ar.:! Vo'ben it is set at felep" ... ..,~ ~"'S:!ion, sl'hcrical a.cd chromatic abeTrations.,·,hi;h an ,ign.if..:;;:.t in !he center of the image field. I!n: sutstar.!:a!ly hi~hly corrcclc:d: the presenl jD\-en:j~e sysLelll ba"i,g lhe fiN and second components respec:th·tly composc.J of thne members., tacb of "'hi:b bas rololoer and sh3~ ~=I~rs as defined in l;,e abo~e condiliom •• ~tisiXUlr'';j' ft:.!!1ils SlKb essential aBd SeIler21 requiremc!'Js..
A pre~crred eum;-le of tilt zoom Icr..s fO!!Ding a ~pecifi~ embodi~enl o! Ihe in'it":'!.ion. and h::!\ing a rr.2gnifi. c:allon r:ang~ of 30cul nr.·l:he to one. is consuu=ted in co::!or.::ity v .. i:.': the fono~iI:~ :rIc ... ·h~rc.o dir.:en!ions are in terms of miilirnctcn, and :be re!:aai\'e indices fur L": sodium D-li..'1~ ar;.j tht Abt.c di:::.frcfSiviJ UUIlIlx:l;:' iUC
res;>ccli-ely d~pa.led at n and v, the I"2.dii T. lhickDCI.SCS d, spaces s, cffec:t..ive fo;.;l length F, 2IId "j)C:-:ure l':I:io f. a;r n;]:c'.~Ted, re5peco\tl!" by sukcripts in ordcr from h:onl 10 rur.
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d"clA -1:1- L.5.12S6 11,-46.0 ru"-2.;J(,.~
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cluoo4.6 ~!-L':'&472 ",-2:1.7 .-n.w
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FlOS, 2. 3, 4, and 5 sh~ r~"dy the l~tiOI1 en rves r or the splle icaJ ahcrra:IOr>S. as-.igm ~ ism, 65-IOrtion, and chro=.!ic 3be=tions zL~rteSL16..s mm')j;inlennedi::te (30 mm.)_~:Ung;st (i5 mm.)
I lOci I _Ill'lb:s. ~ !he a!ic5Ve ~:iO!"..ed ~bodimalL wbich providc$ aD cx=ellent qlIalilJ at wom kns s)'stal .:;cor din g to this mveIltiau..
V,1:iie the mvenlUm is thas ~ i% i& no! ~i!ed t()A!he pr:cR nh'~ ben. ar.y chan~ mal' ke ~c!!l)'
)0 made without de!73~ truro lhc spin: of "It ievenriol1. What I e1aitil is: • 1. A 1.uUm lens compririDg fo:Ir cocpoaer.:S: II firs!
convergent CO!:'punenl, II ~ uiAIly m0T2.ble cfe'~gen: zooming co:nponc:m. II third component mO\i;1g
lS ax~aIlj' corresponding 10 tbc ~ 1DQV:.:r...'"tIl oi tbe sercnd co,n;xJ'l'le:ll to avoid mOYCDe'llt of the pa1"..l:ia! i!::.J: e point wd a fourtb fiud anJ ima;: !om;bS COI!1po:J~nt, the le:.s bei:J~ ~ i:J SI.lbw..cti:'~ ~I=lian=e lEitb the foliowi:!:g WIle 1\'bere the ~:~ ~ given ill ci!!i-
20 melers, 2Ld proceeding tr= !be frO!l! to the: rear '1 to r: dC5i~i'1ale the: rad;j of Q1rT~t;:r: of t!:e s;rrfa;e, "I 10 Cu the aXai thic\;De'jses, s. tC' s •• th.: uia] separ..';ons. fI: to "1~ the indices o! !he indi:C'S of rrr...:t:o:'\ for tbe: soe:t:lD D-Ih:e: an:i VI 10 V!9 t.'le Abbe: dispe~'"tI nu.'!;be~ the
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JI.ehnBas Dei FORElGN PATENTS
~,417 lID163 Framz.
DA vm H. Jt'CBIN. Primttr1 ~. J. K. CORBIN, A~ Fzmrrirrcr •
38
6
.----
• APPENDIX B
RAY PAli PLOTS
•
• 39
•
•
•
OR~G~'\lAl PAG11E 'U~ Olf pQOIR QUAUn
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41
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• 43
•
•
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APPEBDIX C
COKPAHY IHFORKATIOB
Information was requested from the following companies:
1. Rank Precision Industries, Inc. 411 East Jarvis Avenue Des Planes. Illinois 60018
2. Celestron International 2835 Columbia Street Torrance, California 90503
3. Fuji Optical Systems Inc. 4855 Atherton Avenue
4 •
San Jose, California 95130
Arriflex 25-20 Brooklyn-Queens Expressway West Woodside. New York 11377
5. Angenieux 7700 N. Kendall Drive Miami, Florida 33156
6. Canon U. S. A. One Canon Plaza Lake Success, New York 11042
7. Zoomar Optical Systems 55 Sea Clift Ave. Glen Cove, New York 11542
44
•
•
•
Angenieux 7700 N. Kendall Drive Miami, Florida 33156
Dear Sirs,
TYPICAL LETTEI.
1 am looking for what is. available, or modifiable, for a zoom lens to be used in a space mission. Could you please send any information, including optical sys tem layout if possible, on any sys tem which would come close to meeting the following specifications:
Variable focal length Image size (on vidicon) Flnumber Spectral range Volume Back focal length Front focal distance
Thank you.
45
20 to 200 cm 18.6x18.6 mm F/8 400 to 1000 nm 30 x30 x70 cm 9 cm or more 10 m to infinity
Sincerely,
Douglas W. Ricks
- . ANGENIEUX INC.
• angenleux 120 Derry Road, P.O. Box 7 Hudson, New Hampshire 03051 Telephone: (603) 889-2116 Telex: 94-3469
•
•
16 July 1984
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA Attn: Mr. Douglas W. Ricks Optical Sciences Center Tucson, Arizona 85721
Dear Mr. Ricks:
Mr. Juergen Schwinzer of Arrif1ex has forwarded your request for information on a zoom lens to be used in a space mission to my attention.
Angenieux quality lens systems can very well meet your optical requirements. Enclosed please find dossier techniques and literature on the Angenieux 42X zoom lens for 1" and 1!:i" tube formats .
If additional information is required, please do not hesitate to contact us. We welcome your continued interest in Angenieux products.
Sincerely,
ANGENIEUX"": INC. Henry A. Peterson EO Technical Sales
HAP/ps
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46
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·N° 102284 A
~~-------------------------_A--N_~_ZE_N_X_IE-32-U-~-.-Z-lO-1-0_M----~--------
•
•
RENSEIGNEMENTS TECHNIQUES (suite) TECHNISCHE DATEN. {Folge)
". 'TECHNICAL DATA (Cot;'tinuation) ,- ~ - - --
- ,1
Diametre de la'lentille avant .. - , Freier Durehm'esser'der nnse
. ersten
Clear aperture front glass
Diametre de la lentil1e arriere Freier Durchmesser der let zen Ii nse Clear aperture rear glass
DiaJTIetre exterieur IT'aximal Gros ster' Aus s endur ehme s seT ?--1aximum overall diameter
Rotati on des. bagues de eommande -
Stell ring -
Total angular -rotation 1 ) Mis~au point - Schade - Focus 2) Zoom .. 3) Iris - B lende - Iris
Couple n"\axirna 1 axe horiZontal ~l axima lc r e!";n; am ent ~,axim '.lm tor ~ple
1 ) \iise au poi nt - Schade - Focus 2) Zoom (prise de mouvement) 3) Iris - Blende. - Iris
Poids Gewicht WeilZht
Monture neutre Neutral fassung Neutral mount
Centre de gravite
par rapport au plan image dans 1 'air,
49
'.
. .. '.
180 x 160 mm
28 mm
220 x 190 mrn
Deplacement 24 mm 188 0
95·
.,
-0,7 cm kg O,~ em kg
0,5 em kg
15 kg en version manueD.e avec capot, avec platine sane pare - ~ s'oleil
, . ~,
450 mm environ
O~~G~~\~.ti\l .iPA~~ ui O~ fOOR QUA-Un
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,i .. :~.:··,~E:!'>:IEL"X ORIG~NAl .PtJiGE·WS' N°.1 02283 A . /.-_______________________________________ O~F~P~O~O~R~Q~U=A~6~ftYV~·-· ______ -. / I. ANGENIEUX ZOOM I .• RE!\SEIGNEMEN~S
• I
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TECHNIOUES - TECH?"ISCHE DATEN - TECHKICAL DATA
42·x 32 E 11 . . .
TV PUMBICON 1 " )/4 . '
"
Dlstances Focales 32
B rennwei ten - ' 1344 mm -
1.26" Focal lengths - - 53 " Ouverture
i/2.3 Offnung -7.6' - f/26 , -Aperture .. ..
Diametre du champ imag~ 21.4 mm Bi1dfeld Durchmes ser ..
Image field diameter 0,845 II
Tirage optigue (dans l' air) 64.7 mm Schnittweite(in luft) F.ack focal leneth {in air) 2,55 II
Facteur photomefrique ,
Photometrischer f~X:tor I , 31 Photometric factor Champ a.ngulaire objet Diagonal Bildfeld winket I Horizontal 28· 52 a 46' Obiec't angular field I. ~I:tical 2.2° a 34 1
?\·1ise au point minim ale 4 ·m. ~ahpunkt
Shortest focus i ng distance ... 13 it
Avec bonnettes on- 1 .. "
Mit vorsatzlinsen ·n~ 2
,\I.,'ith close-up lenses n" 3 -,'. _~_ ~,o
Plus petit champ objet I . 37,4 x 49.6 mm
Fleinstes bildfeld
Sma ll~st object field 1 • 47" x 1.95 II
Avec bonnettes n° 1 ;
Mit vorsatzlinsen n- 2
With close -up lenses n° 3 ..
50
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linieuxl
.ne 5th, 1984
CORPORATION OF AMERICA 7700 N. Kendall Drive - Suite 303 Miami. Florida 33156 Telephone: (305) 595-1144 Telex: 80-8425
le University of Arizona tical Sciences Center ~son, Arizona 85721
tn: Mr. Douglas W. Ricks : Zoom Lens for Space Mission
.ar Sir:
ORIGiIN~l fP~G\'EY~ OF !POOR QUA;l~n
:ter consulting with our factory in France in regards to your letter : May 22nd, we would like to propose the following lens.
,om 10x18 T2 lens which would cover the 21.4 mm format but back Ical length will be 50 mm. To r'each 90 mm back focal length, we .,.be using a 10x40 Tl Zoom F /1.5.' In this condition, the exact
> ocal distance would be 87.7 mm and the format 40 mm. Is this ::ceptable?
~ find that 18.6 x 18.6 mm is excessive in vidicon tubes.
lease advise us with reference to the above. Thank you for your 1terest in Angenieux optics.
i.ncerely,
)seph A. Martinez Lce President
\M: drl
• 56
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• APPEIIDIX D
PRELIKlBAIY REFRACTIVE DESICB
•
PRECEDING £AGE BLANK NOT FILMED
• 58
• • • =·~<::i T, PE 2 ..
f,i-=1'3 I C LEnS [IH T H '3URF RD TH t1E[J I UI1 Rtf DF
0 0.000000 0.100(100E 12 AlP
1 45.14028~ 4.283954 SCHOTT SV16 1.620.:111 -0.057 -, -37.669434 2 . .:1':'0121 HIP c
3 -29.271128 0.673914 SCHOTT -::,F2 I.E476:39 8. :370 4 84.446780 5. E78E,'38 AIR
c: =:6.291188 3.83236'3 SCHOTT 51'16 1 .620411 -0.057 .J
6 -360.673864 31.987545 AIR
7 11.473718 0.632647 SCHOTT SL16 1.620411 -0.057 I.JI 8 3.262.:179 0.008024 AIR \0
9 3.337721 1. 150'309 SCHuT T O:;F2 1.647689 0.870 10 5.672495 0.67328;::: AlP
11 -12.20'3494 1.331681 9':HOTT ~,I 16 1.620411 -0.057 12 207.674109 4.474065 AIR
13 10.4247'::,8 1.973770 SCHI)TT SI.lt. 1.620~11 -0.057 14 -6.9233-13 1.245396 AIR
15 -4.51'5431 0.500000 SCHOTT SF2 1.647689 0.870 16 13.814128 1. ·108239 AIR
17 8.034839 2.000000 SCHOTT SLI6 1.620411 -0.057 18 -13.730680 3.715300 AIR
19 -3.269180 0.500289 SCHOTT 51<16 1.620411 -0.057
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• • 19 -3.269180 0.500289 SCHOTT SI'16 20 1.685510 0.689543 AIR
21 -21.562267 0.546426 SCHOTT SF2 22 -11.652065 0.533502 AIR
23 et.3988b0 0.500000 SCHOTT 5116 24 -'3.33'3125 '3.000000 AIk' -,I:' L....-..J 0.000000 0.000000 AIR
REFRA(T IVE HlDICES
SURF til 112 N3 114 1 1.620411 1.b38527 1.608929 1.000000 3 1.647689 1.684065 1.628939 1.000000 L 1.620411 1.638527 1.608929 1.000000 J
7 1. 620411 1.638527 1.608929 1.000000 9 1.647689 1.684065 1.628939 1.000000
11 1. 620411 1.638527 1.608929 1.000000 13 1. 620-11 1 1 . 6·38~·27 1.608929 1.000000 1 S· 1 . ':',4 i 6:3'3 1.684065 1.628939 1.000000 17 1. 620-H 1 1. b-38527 1.608929 1.000000 19 1.620411 1. b -38527 1.608929 1.000000 21 1. 6et 768'3 1.68406::· 1.628939 1.000000 23 1.620411 1.638527 1.608929 1.000000
CC AND ASPHERIC DATA
SURF CC 2 2.95328E-Ol 8 -6.73870E-02
13 -3.50.168E-Ol
AD AE
• 1.620411 -0.057
1.647689 0.870
1.620411 -0.057
115 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.0(10000 1.000000 1.(100000 1.000000 1.000000
AF HG
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PEF OBI HT 0.657999E 09 I
EFL 199.0144
0.38 DG)
BF '3.0000
LEIIS IS CUPPEllll'i' III eFG 1
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CURRENT VALUE
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11.874881 22.585569
3.937500 0.020876 0.000000
11.661 :'89 11.3'36253 17. 1000_ 1
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OBJ SURF PEF SUF'F IMG SURF 11 13 25
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PRIMARY CHROMATIC WAVELENGTHS ARE 2 - 3
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9.910903 -80.350031
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8.382768 -9.188521
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0.840201 2'3.979709
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0.799447 12.039217
0.735270 0.200286
0.3355'33 0.000000
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16.0 0.26:3 -U.O 0.0:39 -61.1 0.287 -34 . .:1 o "'V 17.0 0.234 -0.0 0.095 -62.1 0.261 -30.4 c: ~:,
~ ~J 18.13 0.206 -0.0 0.0'34 -60.5 0.229 -25.0 F ~~-~
19.0 O. 184 -0.0 0.087 -57.0 0.19'3 - ItL 0 :1 ~j 20.0 0.167 -0.0 0.073 -51.3 0.176 -10.3 21.0 rJ. 155 -0.0 0.0:,4 -41.3 G.1t,;: -4.2 22.0 0.14:3 -0.0 0.034 -18.4 0.154 -1.:::: 23.0 0.143 -B.U 0.026 36.8 O.l .. El -4.0 24.0 o. I·E -0.0 0.042 80.3 O.l·-t7 -10.5 25.0 0.142 -U.O 0.065 137.2 0.148 -19.9 26.0 0.142 -0.0 0.087 105.9 0.150 -30.--1 27.0 13.144 -0.13 0.105 111. 8 0.152 -40.5 28.0 13.144 -0.0 0.118 116 .. 3 0.152 -49.4 29.0 0.144 -0.0 0.125 120.2 0.1-1', -56.4 30.0 0.142 -0.0 0.127 123.6 0.136 -61.1
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• ~~':':~TPE I:"TF:
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THP';ET: FPUI
13.0 1.0 2.13 3.13 .t.O 5.0 e, . 0 7.0 t: . [1
'3.0 10.8 11.13 12.0 13.0 14.13 15.13 It..G 17.0 18.8 19.0 20.0 21.0 ":::":::.0 23.0 24.13 ,25. a 26.13 27.0 28.13 29.13 30.13
F~CUS = O.042S00 '30 DG
'-1':'[1 PHi=! 1.0013 0.0 0.'395 -13.13 0.'382 -0.0 CI.96B -0.0 0.'330 -0.0 0.8'33 -0.0 0.B51 CI.804 0.754 0.703 0.651 O.bOO O. :·50 13.502 O . .tS7 0 . .ct15 0.377 0.341 0.308 8.278 0.250 0.224 0.2013 (1.178 0.158 0.139 13.122 0.107 0.094 lL 083 13.0-;'4
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -13.13 -0.13 -0.0 -0.13 -0.0 -13.13 -0.0 -0.0 -0.13 -0.0 -0.13 -0.0 -0.0 -13.0 -13.0 -13.0 -13.0 -0.0 -13.0
0.13 0.0
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00 \0
;E0METPIC 0TF: T~PGET:
FPE(1 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 .:1.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 :3.0 '3.0
10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 1'3.0 20.0 21. 0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 2~.O
28.0 29.0 30.0
r« Ur:,
WID 1.000 0.'396 0. '383 0.963 0.'335 0.903 O. ::::66 Ct ,-, -:J"7 U.OLI
0.786 0.746 0.706 0. t,69 0.633 0.599 0.5t.7 0.537 0.507 0.478 13 . .:149 0.420 0.390 O.3t.O 0.331 0.302 ,-::, :>"7 c: U.L..I .... l
0.250 0.227 0.207 0.191 0.177 0.167
o DG PHI=! 0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0
• 0.042500
45 DG t10D PHA
1.000 0.0 0.988 1.0 0.954 2.0 0.901 2.9 0.833 ::. c· __ '.IJ
0.756 4.4 0.675, 5.0 0.595 c:- .-,
_.'. ~I
0.521 5.4 0.453 5.4 0.394 5.1 0.343 4 7 • I
0.298 4.1 0.258 3.3 0.222 2.1 0.188 0.3 0.157 -:' c--.:.. . " ... /
0.128 -b.b 0.103 -12.6 0.082 -20.6 0.066 -30.2 0.054 -.:/0.::: 0.044 -4'3.7 0.034 -t:::"7 q
_ f • _"
0.023 -bt,. :=: 0.012 -8f.. t, 0.008 -170. 1 0.020 152. :: 0.03.:1 1.J5.~ 0.047 1.:13 . ~~
0.059 1·.J3.~·
• 90 DG
c", !.:.{.{.(.,(ftl· C 11i) [I PHI=! 1.000 0.0 l b b ;1HII t I I. I'
0.981 1.4 .',. ''''"'l, Jt
O. '327 2.8 cJ'lc 0.844 ..:J.0 0.744 --1.'3 0.638 5.4 0.537 5.4 0.44'3 4.6 0.378 :.' ':,
J.L
[1.325 l.0 0.2:3:3 -1. 5 0.263 -4.3 0.246 ~ J
I • -'
0.234 -10.3 0.227 -13.3 0.224 -15.9 O :;.:>c-
• LL-... ,' -17.5 0.228 -17.8 0.2:33 -16.7 0.238 -14.4 0.242 -1l. 3 0.2--13 -:3.1 0.239 -5.2 0.231 -3.1 0.218 -2.0 0.203 -2.1 0.188 -3.3 0.175 -5.3 0.167 -7.5 0.163 -9.4 0.163 -1(L 7
• • - • ;U.J/'lETR I C OTF: Fe! =us = 0.042500
c~ f. .. Ji v( J/,'C
f- ( / /-c'I/~ }I, TAP(;E T: Cl [II; 45 DG 90 DG 3(,~ mil, .., ~.
FPEO /'1('[1 PHA t10D PHA 110D PHA 0.0 1.u00 0.0 1.000 0.0 1.000 0.0 CO{'II'?" 1.0 0.995 -0.0 0.958 0.5 0.922 0.7 2.0 0. '380 -0.0 0.840 0.8 0.714 1.2 3.0 B.956 -0.0 0.668 0.8 0.442 0.8 4.0 O. '325 -O.B 0.472 o. 1 0.185 -2.4 5.0 0.8'30 -0.0 0.284 -2.0 0.021 -:36.1 6.0 0.852 -0.0 0.129 r. -
(1. 094 -163.B -C'. t. 7.0 0.815 -0.0 0.027
L'-' . __ . - .... )D. L..... 0.108 -165.7
8.0 0.778 -0.0 0.057 -158.7 0.080 -15'3.3 9.0 0.745 -0.0 0.084 -170.0 0.050 -130.7
10.0 0.714 -0.0 0.087 -174.0 0.056 -:34.8 11.0 0.687 -0.0 0.075 -173.2 O.OBI -65.5 12.0 0.663 -0.0 0.057 -163.6 0.0'35 -56.7
\0 13.0 0.641 -0.0 0.045 -137.0 0.089 -47.9 0 14.0 0.619 -0.0 0.048 -100.6 0.062 -3~:::.:3 15.0 0.596 -0.0 0.063 -76.7 0.028 12.3 16.0 0.572 -0.0 0.076 -62.5 0.039 98.6 17.0 0.547 -0.0 0.080 -51. 6 0.063 122.3 18.0 0.520 -0.0 0.073 -40.9 0.064 132.1 1'3.0 0.492 -0.0 0.055 --J~ --:. 0.041 136.6 -c. f • .::..
20.0 0.464 -0.0 0.033 -0.8 0.005 108.4 21.0 0.436 -B.0 0.025 61.1 0,028 -27.8 22.0 0.40'3 -0.0 B.040 102.4 0.040· -30.5 23.0 0.384 -0.0 0.054 115.0 0.029 -36.6 24.0 0.362 -0.0 0.059 117.3 0.008 -87.3 25.0 0.3..t2 -0.0 0.054 112.5 0.021 169.9 26.0 0.324 --0.0 0.042 99.2 0.032 154.1 27.0 0.308 -0.0 0.031 72.2. 0.030 141.2 28.0 0.292 -0.0 0.025 27.9 0.020 131. 8 29.0 0.276 -0.0 0.030 -16.8 0.011 170.8 30.0 0.260 -0.0 0.041 -47.9 0.029 -135.5
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