Royal Capital City of Kraków Kraków (Krakow or Cracow) is the oldest city in Poland, tracing to the 7 c. when the legendary king, Krak ruled and fought the Krakow Dragon. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918. Kraków has been and is the leading center of Polish scientific, cultural and artistic life, and the home of Jagiellonian University, founded as Akademia Krakowska (Cracow Academy) in 1364 by Casimir III the Great, where as-tronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the proponent of heliocentrism, studied. The Rynek Glowny (Market Square) with St. Mary's Basilica and the Sukiennice (Renais-sance trading hall or Cloth Hall) dates back to 1257 after the Mongol hordes swept through Kraków. At 200m x 200m, it was the largest medieval market place in Europe. The square is surrounded by old brick build-ings and palaces, most of them several centu-ries old. The Sukiennice in the center served as an emporium of the Black Sea trade, link-ing Poland to the West. St. Mary’s Basilica with its Altar by Wit Stwosz was built in the 14 c. adjacent to the main market square. Not to be missed are to the south of Rynek, the Wawel Castle, the National Art Museum, and the Zygmunt Bell at the Wawel Cathe-dral, and to the north the medieval St. Flo-rian's Gate with the Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route. The Wawel Castle is situ-ated on a limestone hill (called the Wawel hill) on the Vistula river. From a Roman-esque palladium in the 11 c., the castle was expanded in the 14 c. by the two Polish kings. Severe fire damages in 1499 forced rebuilding in a renaissance style.

UNESCO designated Kraków's historic cen-ter, including the Old Town, Kazimierz (Jewish district) and the Wawel Castle as one of World Heritage Sites in 1978. http://www.krakow-poland.com/ http://www.roomwithaviewkrakow.com/sights/main-market-square.html

Tadeusz Kościuszko At the Rynek on 24 March 1794, General Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817) an-nounced the general uprising known as the Kościuszko Uprising against Imperial Rus-sia. It was time when Poland was partitioned between Prussia, Russia and Austria-Hungary. His effort for Polish independence was crushed, but he is still highly regarded as the Polish hero. He is also a national hero in the US, where he fought in the American Revolutionary War under George Washing-ton, as a colonel and the Head Engineer of the Continental Army. He served with dis-tinction, leading the fortification efforts at many fronts, including Philadelphia, Cana-dian border, West Point on the Hudson and in the South, rising to the rank of brigadier general in 1783. Kosciuszko was a firm believer of equality and used the money granted by Congress to buy freedom for slaves. He also freed his serfs in Poland. He advocated the end of slavery, but the idea was still too radical in America or Europe at his time. Kościuszko has been honored at many places around the world. In Poland, every major town has a street or square dedicated to him. In the US, two cities, a county, an island, and many streets and parks bear his name. The highest mountain in Australia is Mount Kosciuszko. In the 1820s, the people of Kraków built and dedicated the Kościuszko Mound, 45m high, made of earth taken from every battlefield in Poland.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Kosciuszko.htm http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08694a.htm

Cover Photograph is by Artur Żyrkowski, Promotion and Marketing Bureau, City of Kraków. View from St. Mary's Basilica, overlooking the Rynek and the Kościuszko Mound in the distance. http://www.krakow.pl/

EWGAE – Kraków 2008

Proceedings of The 28-th European Conference

on Acoustic Emission Testing

Edited by Kanji Ono

Published by European Working Group on Acoustic Emission (EWGAE)

and Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

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Copyright © 2008 European Working Group on Acoustic Emission (EWGAE) and Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher. Distributed by EWGAE-28 Organizing Committee c/o Laboratory of Applied Research Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Institute of Production Engineering, al. Jana Pawla II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland

www.ewgae.eu; ewgae@arlab.com.pl

Acoustic Emission Group 4924 Balboa Blvd, #409 Encino, CA 91436 USA aegroup7@gmail.com

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EWGAE – Kraków 2008

The 28-th European Conference

on Acoustic Emission Testing

Edited by

Kanji Ono

Venue

Business Centre of Radisson SAS Hotel Kraków, Poland

September 17 – 19, 2008

Conference Arrangements

Laboratory of Applied Research Cracow University of Technology

Jerzy Schmidt, Conference Host

Organizer The European Working Group on Acoustic Emission (EWGAE)

Host

Cracow University of Technology

Co-Organizer and Co-Financier Committee on Machine Building, Polish Academy of Sciences

Copyright © 2008 European Working Group on Acoustic Emission and Cracow University of Technology Printed in Poland

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Purpose of Conference

This Conference is intended to provide an international forum for delegates to present and discuss research and industrial applications of the science and technology of acoustic emission (AE). We wanted to explore both theoretical and practical aspects of acoustic emission associated with materials characterization, structural integrity monitoring, in-process monitoring, instrumen-tation development, as well as pertinent codes and standards and to set directions for future de-velopments and applications in the field of acoustic emission. This 28th Conference is arranged by Laboratory of Applied Research, Cracow University of Technology (Politechnika Krakowska) on behalf of The European Working Group on Acoustic Emission (EWGAE). This endeavor is partially supported by the Polish Academy of Sciences.

The European Working Group on Acoustic Emission

The European Working Group on Acoustic Emission (EWGAE) was formed in 1972 by a number of people throughout Europe who were already engaged in acoustic emission research. At that time, Acoustic Emission research was performed in England by Adrian Pollock at Cam-bridge Consultants, by Don Birchon at the Admiralty Materials Laboratory, by Peter G. Bentley at Risley Engineering and at the Materials Laboratory of the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, by Brian Harris at the University of Sussex; in Germany by Jürgen Eisenblätter and Peter Jax at Bat-telle Institut; in France by P. F. Dumousseau at CETIM, by Madame Nicole Chretien and E.G. Tomachevsky at Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique; in Italy by M. Mirabile at Centro Sperimentale Metallurgico in Rome; in Denmark by Arved Niel-sen at the Research Establishment Riso, Danish Atomic Energy Commission; in The Netherlands by J.C.F. DeKanter at the Technische Hogeschool Delft. (This list may not be complete)

The first European meeting on the subject was the “Institute of Physics Conference on Acoustic Emission” which was organized by Adrian Pollock and held in March 1972 at Imperial College in London. Fifteen papers from throughout Europe and USA were presented. The suc-cess of this conference established both the interest and the need for forming a working group. Consequently, Pollock and Birchon organized the European Stress Wave Emission Working Group, which held its first meeting in November 1972, at the Admiralty Materials Laboratory in England. During their second meeting at Battelle-Institut in September 1973, the group formally adopted their present name, European Working Group on Acoustic Emission. The original letter-head logo was designed by Patricia Preston, graphics designer at Cambridge Consultants. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Codes Subgroup of EWGAE published 5 codes of practice. In 1991, the work of this group was taken up by a new working group on AE (WG7) within TC138, the Technical Committee for NDT within CEN. This working group is comprised of national rep-resentatives who have been nominated by their respective National Standards Institutions. The first Convenor of WG-7 was Emilio Fontana of CISE, Italy. After his retirement in 2003, Peter Tscheliesnig of TÜV Austria was appointed and is currently serving as Convenor of the group. Since 2000, the following standards for AE, developed by TC138-WG7 have been published:

• EN 1330-9: NDT – Terminology – Part 9: Terms used in AE testing • EN 13544: NDT – AE – General principles • EN 13477-1: NDT – AE - Equipment characterisation, Part 1: Equipment description • EN 13477-2: NDT – AE - Equipment characterisation, Part 2: Verification of operating

characteristics • EN 14584: NDT – AE – Examination of metallic pressure equipment during proof testing

– planar location of AE sources • EN 15495: Examination of metallic pressure equipment during proof testing – Zone loca-

tion of AE sources (EN15495).

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Current work items deal with testing of fiber-reinforced polymers, AE testing for the detection of corrosion within metallic surrounding filled with liquid, and reviews of EN 13554 and 13477-2.

These Standards have significantly contributed to the today’s acceptance of the AE testing method in Europe. During the last 5 years, active members within the CEN TC138-WG7 were:

P. Tscheliesnig (Austria), C. Herve and J.C. Lenain (France), J. Bohse and H. Vallen (Ger-many), A. Anastasopoulos (Greece), C. De Petris (Italy), E. Romero (Spain), H. Schoor-lemmer (The Netherlands), L. Rogers and P. Cole (U.K.)

Since 2000, the European Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel, EN473, covers also the AE testing method (abbreviation: AT) and defines details for education and certification. During 2005, the British Institute of Non-Destructive testing has established an Acoustic Emission Working Group to develop the Acoustic Emission sections of their PCN scheme which provides an international programme for the certification of testing, inspection and condition monitoring personnel which satisfies the requirements of numerous European and international standards. Members of this group include K Holford, T Bradshaw, D Mba, M Forde, Trevor Holroyd, Winfield Stewart, Ian Taylor, John O’Brien, R Reuben, Stuart Courtenay and Martin Peacock. The following EWGAE conferences were held since 2000: Senlis/Paris, France (June 2000); Prague, Czech Republic (Sept. 2002); Berlin, Germany (Sept. 2004); Cardiff, UK (Sept. 2006) and the increasing desire to exchange ideas and experience is reflected in the number of dele-gates: 99, 108, 150, 100.

AE Testing in Europe is now well established in several important areas of proof testing, in-service monitoring, corrosion and leak detection. Development of the technology continues to be driven by the needs of the industry to reduce inspection and maintenance costs while preserving its assets and personnel safety. The advancement of PC technology has positively influenced new developments in hardware and software for powerful and user-friendly testing equipment.

Sources: T.F. Drouillard, Adv. in AE-2007, pp. 1-10; H. Vallen, 26th EWGAE Proc. Vol. 1, DGZfP, pp. iii-v; Report for EWGAE 2006, Cardiff, UK

The Cracow University of Technology

The Cracow University of Technology (CUT) for nearly 60 years has educated young engi-

neers and performed scientific research in various disciplines. Traditions of technical education in Kraków go back to the end of XVII century (Chair of Architecture, Mechanics and Hydraulics at the Jagiellonian University). After the World War II, Prof. Izydor S. Sawicki initiated the process of creation a polytechnic in Kraków. The university was established in 1945 (originating from the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy), to become an independent entity in 1954. CUT is an autonomous state university, one of three of this kind in Kraków. This is due to its academic potential and results in high independence in curricula planning. CUT employs over 2190 staff, including nearly 1230 academic teachers (over 70 full professors). The faculties of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering are among the elite in Poland. The number of students admitted each year is close to 4500. The total number of students is about 17,400. Over 20 different graduate programs are offered. The strong position of the university is a sound ground for undertaking co-operation with the industry. Scientists and research staff of CUT take active part in various research councils and committees of the southern districts of Poland mainly in the field of protection of natural envi-ronment and national cultural heritage. CUT is strongly involved in international educational projects as a part of EU CEEPUS and SOCRATES/ERASMUS. Graduates can apply for European Engineer title (FEANI accredita-tion). The university is also actively involved in ERASMUS research programs as well as V Framework EU programs.

Source: http://www.pk.edu.pl/e-pk.html

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The Polish Academy of Sciences

The Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) is a state scientific institution founded in 1952 and has functioned as a learned society of top scholars and research organizations. It has also become a major scientific advisory body through its scientific committees.

The activities of the Academy in its present form are based on a law passed in 1997. General Assembly, consisting of all national members, sets the direction and supervises the execution. The Presidium supervises the research units and other establishments of the Academy.

The Academy is composed of national and foreign members. Membership in the Academy is held for life. Each is a member of one of the seven divisions. Division IV covers Technical Sci-ences. PAN as a research center is currently comprised of 79 research establishments and auxil-iary scientific units. The research activity of the Academy is financed mainly from the State budget via the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

Source: www.pan.pl/english/index.php

Review Processes of Conference Papers for EWGAE 2008

All the papers appearing in this Proceedings volume have been peer-reviewed in accordance

with the practice and standards for Journal of Acoustic Emission. Reviews were primarily con-ducted by Editor, Professor Kanji Ono and the members of the Scientific Committee and outside experts reviewed papers when expertise on special topics was needed. Scientific Committee members are as follow. Athanasios Anastasopoulos (Greece) Jürgen Bohse (Germany) Andreas Brunner (Switzerland) Claudio Caneva (Italy) Alberto Carpinteri (Italy) Phillip Cole (UK) Manabu Enoki (Japan) Leszek Golaski (Poland) Per A. Gradin (Sweden) Christian U. Grosse (Germany) Janez Grum (Slovenia) Marvin Hamstad (USA) Catherine Hervé (France) Karen Holford (UK) Karol Kaczmarek (Switzerland) Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski (Poland)

Joe Labuz (USA) Gerald Lackner (Austria) Jean-Claude Lenain (France) Gerd Manthei (Germany) Pavel Mazal (Czech Republic) Masayasu Ohtsu (Japan) Adrian A. Pollock (USA) Zdenik Prevorovsky (Czech Republic) Edoardo Proverbio (Italy) Franz Rauscher (Austria) Jerzy Schmidt (Poland) Tomoki Shiotani (Japan) Peter Tscheliesnig (Austria) Peter Theobald (UK) Hartmut Vallen (Germany) Martine Wevers (Belgium)

Conference Organizing Committee

Jerzy Schmidt – Conference Host (Poland) Ireneusz Baran – Hospitality (Poland) Marek Nowak – Hospitality (Poland) Kanji Ono – Proceedings Editor (USA) Peter Tscheliesnig – Secretary of EWGAE (Austria) Vaclav Svoboda – Chair of EWGAE (Czech Republic) Len Rogers – EWGAE Treasurer (UK) Hartmut Vallen – EWGAE Exec. Committee (Germany) Catherine Hervé – EWGAE Exec. Committee (France) Jean-Claude Lenain – EWGAE Exec. Committee (France)

Katarzyna Kawecka – Conference Secretariat (Poland)