Roy Freeland, C.E.O. Perpetuum Ltd Vibration Energy Harvesters Practical Alternatives for Successful...
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Transcript of Roy Freeland, C.E.O. Perpetuum Ltd Vibration Energy Harvesters Practical Alternatives for Successful...
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Roy Freeland, C.E.O.Roy Freeland, C.E.O. Perpetuum LtdPerpetuum LtdVibration Energy HarvestersVibration Energy Harvesters
Practical Alternatives for Successful Energy Harvesting
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Alternative Methods of Powering Sensors
WirelessSensor power
supplies
PowercastMains
RF Induction
MainsHard Wired
Energy Harvest
Solar
Vibration
MicropeltHeatDiff
PerpetuumElectro - magnetic
Magneto - strictive
Electro - static
ManyPiezo - electric
TadiranBatteriesFuel Cells
EnoceanMotionOther Kinetic
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Energy Harvesting Source Options• SolarSolar
– Widely used for power generationWidely used for power generation– Can be used for sensors e.g. Enocean in buildingsCan be used for sensors e.g. Enocean in buildings
• ThermalThermal– Requires temperature difference. Peltier effect devices Requires temperature difference. Peltier effect devices
can be used. Limited efficiency - Carnotcan be used. Limited efficiency - Carnot
• Wind/Wave/TidalWind/Wave/Tidal– Not normally practical as reliable source for sensorsNot normally practical as reliable source for sensors
• Machine vibration/motionMachine vibration/motion– When present is ideal source of energyWhen present is ideal source of energy
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Vibration/motion energy harvesting• Converts movement of mechanical
resonator into electrical power:– Seismic mass should be as large as
possible.– Resonator should stay tuned near
vibration frequency.
• Power transduction mechanism should be:– Efficient– Reliable– Low cost– Compact
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Power transduction mechanisms
• PiezoelectricPiezoelectric– Ceramic MaterialCeramic Material– SimpleSimple– Low-costLow-cost– CompactCompact– Long term reliability?Long term reliability?– High internal resistanceHigh internal resistance
• MagnetostrictiveMagnetostrictive– New materialsNew materials– Two-stage conversionTwo-stage conversion– Efficiency?Efficiency?– Immature technologyImmature technology– Reliability?Reliability?
• ElectromagneticElectromagnetic– Copper/steel/NdFeBCopper/steel/NdFeB– SimpleSimple– Low-costLow-cost– CompactCompact– ReliableReliable– Accurate ModelsAccurate Models
• ElectrostaticElectrostatic– Requires initial chargeRequires initial charge
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Technology ConvergenceReduced Power for - Transmitters - Microprocessors - Sensors
Increased Microgenerator
Power
Wireless battery free
sensors
Sensor/wireless systems designed for battery power……Sensor/wireless systems designed for battery power……
………….but many customers will not accept batteries.but many customers will not accept batteries
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What to use and Where
• Natural Sources (Wind/Solar/Hydro)– Most are impractical for wireless sensors– Solar possible in some locations – (not Alaska)
• Batteries– Reliability issues– Add to maintenance burden– Use in non critical, easy to access e.g. domestic
• Assessing Energy Harvesting– What energy is available– Is it reliable– Is there enough– Select transduction method
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Early Adopter Applications for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensors
• Boeing, Enocean, Powercast, Advanced Cerametrics and others presenting here
• Successful applications using Vibration Energy Harvesting
• Some details still commercially confidential as users wish to exploit competitive advantage
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Condition Monitoring – Petrochemical
• Condition Monitoring System for major International Oil Co.
• Integrated with standard system from leading C.M Company
• Dust Networks radio
• ATEX Zone 1
• Transmits full vibration spectra
• Conventional Hard wiring too expensive
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Condition Monitoring – Water Utility
• Yorkshire Water need to increase C.M. to reduce maintenance costs and improve service levels
• RLW Inc. developed W.S.N.– Moteiv radio – TI Chipcon2420 -802.15.4
• 6 kBytes vibration spectrumevery 10 minutes
• Pruftechnik Software
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Wireless Microcontroller Module
Sensor IO Module
Power Management Module
Perpetuum PMG7Power Generator
Sensors -Accelerometer &Temperature(Behind Generator In Base)
S5NAP Assembly S5NAP Assembly
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Pruftechnik VIBNODE RFA
Top cover
RF module
Perpetuum PMG17
Housing
PC board
Accelerometer
Mounting adapter
Temperature probe
•Launched at Hanover Fair April 2007
•2 Accelerometers per generator•Nanotron Radio
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Practical Bandwidth and Stability
• Generator must cope with variations in:• Machine vibration frequency• Environmental temperature
• Narrow-band “hero” devices are of no practical use.
60Hz58Hz
Un-loadedmachinevibrationfrequency
Loadedmachinevibrationfrequency
VibrationFrequency
Highly-tuneddevice
Practicaldevice
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Vehicular Applications
• Measured vibration of saloon car body• Power averaged over urban
driving including stops: 3mW
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 501 10 5
1 10 4
1 10 3
0.01
0.1Measured Vibration (Red) and Generator Response (Blue)
Vibration k
g2
Hz
Response k
kg
Hz
Frequency k
Hz
10 15 20 25 300.01
0.1
1
10Voltage spectrum
RMSVk 2
V2
Hz
freqk
Hz
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Future Trends in Energy Harvesting
• Battery technology will improve but is not everlasting source
• Solar, Vibration and Thermoelectric most likely options for W.S.N.’s
• Vibration will provide main power source in Industrial and Transportation sensing
• Energy Harvesting is key to unleashing demand for benefits of wireless
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Conclusion - Energy Harvesting
• It can be done and it is being done• Many wild claims out there• Many laboratory devices• Ask – where is it working and with what
energy source?• Success comes from realistic selection of
proven device