Rotary sanitation-rijsberman-11-09-12

Reinventing the Toilet: creating aspirational sanitation solutions that everybody can afford

Frank Rijsberman Former Director Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Global Development Program

Reinventing The Toilet

November 9, 2012 © 2012 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 2

1775: Cummings invents the flush toilet, i.e. patents the S-bend waterseal that stops the smell and allows people to move toilets indoors

November 9, 2012

© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |

3 © 2012 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |

November 9, 2012 4

More people today use dry latrines…

Photo: Frank Rijsberman


What happens when pits are full? Waste returned to the environment – spreading disease

Mechanical emptying

Manual emptying


The Sanitation Crisis and Opportunity

November 9, 2012 9

• Sanitation delivers huge impact: no innovation in the past 200 years has done more to save lives and improve health.

• ~2.6 billion people around the world do not have access to ‘improved’ sanitation.

• ~1.1 billion people still defecate in the open.

• Diarrheal disease is the second largest killer of children under 5, with more than 1 million children dying of it every year.

• Conventional sanitation—a flush toilet connected to a centralized sewer system—is affordable only to a small fraction of developing country inhabitants.

• Sanitation for low-income consumers is ‘onsite sanitation’—pit latrines and septic tanks.

To meet the needs of 2.6 billion people without safe sanitation, we must reinvent the toilet and identify new ways to capture, treat, and recycle human waste into energy, fertilizer, and even clean water.

Source: WSTF, Kenya

Shared toilet in Kenyan slum


Impacts beyond health: Sanitation as a human right

Restricted toilet access increases urinary tract

infections and causes psychological stress for

women.

Women face security risks when going to

defecate at night or early morning (often the

only times it is allowed for them to do so).

Sanitation is linked to menstrual management;

managing menstruation with rags that must be

cleaned and dried in secret restricts movement

and engagement with public sphere (e.g.,

schools).

These costs are hard to quantify, but real.


1. Sanitation Science and Technology: Reinvent the toilet We are funding the development of new tools and technologies, such as latrine

design, pit emptying, sludge treatment and disposal or reuse of waste. We aim to

develop scalable business models and technologies across the sanitation value

chain.

2. Delivery models at scale: Ending Open Defecation (CLTS++) We are supporting efforts to stimulate demand for improved sanitation within

communities; encourage local entrepreneurs to offer a range of affordable,

desirable products; strengthen the policy and regulatory environment; build the

capacity of local government; and, use effective monitoring and evaluation

mechanisms.

3. Policy and Advocacy: Sanitation policies that work for the poor We are investing in advocacy to disseminate successful approaches to sanitation

and encourage changes in policy and funding priorities necessary to accelerate

access to sustainable sanitation.

Although we are now focusing on sanitation, we will continue to support our grantees working in water and hygiene. Going forward, we will provide limited new funding to effective, sustainable

approaches to clean water and safe hygiene with a high potential for scale-up, primarily following up on existing grants.

BMGF Grant Making Initiatives


Sustainable Sanitation Services

November 9, 2012 12

• Whole Value Chain Approach: containment, emptying, transport, processing, reuse

• Opportunities to improve sanitation service delivery along the entire sanitation value chain.

• Life cycle costing approach – not only initial investment.

• Sanitation service ladder


Reinventing the Toilet

Reinvent the Toilet: a waterless, hygienic toilet

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Overall Specifications: Affordable: less than $0.05/person/day now, moving

towards $0.01/person/day (endgoal).

Safe: remove all pathogens from the environment.

Appealing: sustained use > 5 years.

User-centered: users create demand.

Sustainable: service providers (public or private) can

recoup complete lifecycle costs (make a business

work).

Moving sanitation products and services to scale


REINVENT THE TOILET CHALLENGE

Challenge issued to top-20 universities early 2011

8 grants awarded of $400K each for first year effort

Plus 50 more grants of $100K each

Reinvent the Toilet Fair at BMGF August 2012

Prototypes displayed at Foundation courtyard

Bill Gates personally inspected them and handed out Reinvent the Toilet Awards

First Prize $200K: California Institute of Technology

A solar-powered toilet that generates hydrogen and electricity


CALTECH: 1st Prize

A solar panel will produce enough power for an electrochemical reactor designed to break down water and human waste into hydrogen gas.

The gas can then be stored for use in hydrogen fuel cells to provide a backup energy source for nighttime operation or use under low-sunlight conditions.


A self-contained, solar-powered toilet and wastewater treatment system.

November 9, 2012 | 17

Solar-Powered Toilet & Treatment System

Caltech RTTC Project: Development of a Self-Contained, PV-Powered Domestic Toilet and Wastewater Treatment System


Prof Michael Hoffmann

CalTech

Fellow, Academy of Science

Winner Toilet Challenge

2nd Prize, Loughborough University, UK

A toilet that transforms feces into a biocharcoal (biochar) through hydrothermal carbonization (decomposition at high temperatures without oxygen and in water) of fecal sludge.

The proposed system will be powered from heat generated by combusting the produced biochar and will be designed to recover water and salts from feces and urine.


Treatment of solids and liquids

Components

Partial separation

Hydrothermal reactor

Decompression

Final separation

Liquids

Salt removal as appropriate

Water Recycle

From Ion Exchange

From flash drum

Cl2 generated on demand


3rd Prize: University of Toronto, Canada

A technology for treating solid waste streams through mechanical dehydration and smoldering (low temperature, flameless combustion) that will sanitize feces within 24 hours.

Urine will be passed through a sand filter and disinfected with ultra-violet light.


Process Overview

23

Sand Filter

UV

Disinfection

filtered liquid

with small particles Smoldering

Belt Drying sand

urine, wash water

diarrheal water

+ some solids

disinfected

water

sterilized

sand

ash

sand

diarrheal solids

fecal solids

ignition <15 W


November 9, 2012 25

Innovative nature and advantages of plasma-driven gasification

• Plasma gasification has not yet been applied to upgrade human waste.

• Cleaner product gas and less char, tars, and soot.

• Efficient conversion of syngas to electricity in solid oxide fuel cells.

• In comparison to other plasma methods, the microwave plasma source has potential for multifold higher energetic mass yield (g. H2 / kWh-1 total electric energy used)1.

• Modular equipment, highly compact, and portable.

1 Jasiński M., “Application of atmospheric pressure

microwave plasma source for production of hydrogen

via methane reforming”, The European Physics

Journal D 54, 179-183 (2009).

RTTC: Upgrading Human Waste CTO Fuel Gas with

Plasma-Driven Gasification—TU Delft, Netherlands


November 9, 2012 26

RTTC : Data and design–mineralization of sanitation wastes

from community ablution blocks—University of KwaZulu-Natal

A three-way-split pedestal will

provide the starting material for

separation and combustion

processes to make water, ash,

and carbon dioxide gas. Data

will be gathered or determined

in order to develop a process

flow diagram and material

and energy balances with

go/no-go criteria to guide

further development.

Processes and Technologies:

Sludge extrusion, drying,

combustion, urine separation,

distillation, reverse osmosis

membrane, micro-/nano -

filtration, and deodorization. University of KwaZulu-Natal reinvented toilet proposed process

flow diagram

© 20112Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |

November 9, 2012 27

RTTC : Advanced Toilet With On-Site Water Recovery—

EAWAG, Switzerland

Overall concept is based on a shared toilet for four families, which separates bodily waste at the source (Fig. 1, left) and incorporates a logistical concept for transporting diluted urine and dry feces (Fig. 1, center) to a resource recovery plant (RRP) (Fig. 1, right). Filter residuals from the toilet (fig. 2) are then transported to the RRP.”

Fig.1. Community resource recovery

plant for urine diverting toilet

Fig. 2.On-site water recovery by

gravity separation and filtration


November 9, 2012 28

RTTC : Novel Pneumatic Toilet—National Univ. of Singapore

Novel pneumatic toilet system

• A decentralized modified pneumatic

urine-diversion dehydration toilet for

small communities (5-6 households).

• Separate collection and treatment of

urine and feces.

• Urine shall be concentrated by advance

adsorption desalination leading to a

fertilizer suitable for reuse in agriculture

and subsequent production of clean

fresh water.

• Feces shall be transferred by

pneumatic system to a nearby central

collection system, dried and

combusted, with the final ashes to be

reused in agriculture.

• The heat generated by combustion

shall be used to provide hot water for

the advance absorption desalination

system resulting in clean potable water.


Think differently: technologies to process human waste & recover resources

Plasma-driven gasification to fuel gas

Pyrolysis to bio-char

Hydrothermal carbonization and burn

Smoldering & combustion to ash

Solar-powered electrochemical cell

Accelerated dry aerobic digestion

Fermentation to bio-diesel

Struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate) precipitation from urine

Many more projects ongoing

Some already at stage of implementation for millions (footnote: composting toilet; biogas toilets)


Sanitation services: Improved emptying of septic tanks and latrines

November 9, 2012 30

2A: Reinvented FS

Truck

Containment

Storage/

Processing

Fecal Sludge

Emptying/Transport

1. Reinvented Toilet

Household Scale

Integration

Solid Waste

Collection/Transport

2B: Neighborhood Waste

Processing Plant and

Carbon Finance

2C: Reinvented Solid

Waste Cart?

A “retrofit” solution for the “installed capacity”

of latrines and septic tanks


Enabling Environment

November 9, 2012 31

Community Led Total Sanitation ++ It’s Not About Giving Away Toilets

Sanitation

Supply

• Policy, strategy, and direction

• Partnerships

• Financing

• Institutional arrangements

• Program methodology

• Monitoring and evaluation

• Implementation capacity

Technical training

Financing products

Product development

Marketing training

Small business

training

Sanitation

Demand

Research-based interventions

Marketing of products

and services

Stimulating community

and HH demand

Incentive schemes


Difficult to get people to give up their “nice” outdoor toilet


Top 3 Investment Opportunities

CLTS++, a behavior change program to create demand for sanitation in rural areas:

could serve 50% of the rural population currently without basic service. Demonstrated

to be effective at scale of tens of millions of people. Targeted subsidies for the poor

likely critical .

Sanitation as a Business, latrine emptying and fecal sludge processing services at

an annual cost of US$10 per household: could serve 200 million low-income urban

people, 20% of the latrines currently emptied manually. Product and development

innovation package, key elements have already demonstrated as feasible.

Reinvented Toilet, off-the-grid toilet that processes/recycles human waste at

household scale affordably: could serve a billion low income urban people, 100% of

the latrines currently emptied manually (and potentially many more people).

Research, product development and market development for a product currently at

the proof-of-concept / prototype stage.


Source: Rijsberman and Zwane, 2012, Water and Sanitation, Copenhagen Consensus 2012

– released 2 May 2012

Economic returns to investment – in terms of public health


Intervention Investment

(US$ M)

Benefit

Cost

Ratio

People

served

(M)

Risk

CLTS++ 3,000 4-7 600 low

Sanitation as

a Business

320 23-47 200 medium

Reinvented

Toilet

125 40 1000 high

Source: Rijsberman and Zwane, 2012, Water and Sanitation, Copenhagen Consensus 2012

– released 2 May 2012

November 9, 2012 36

Recapping

• Yes, we think the Toilet should be Reinvented

• Longer term we are looking for “the cell phone of sanitation”

– an aspirational product you and I would want to use

• In the short term we will invest in improved sanitation

services serving existing on-site solutions: emptying and

processing of fecal sludge

• Not only technology development – but sustainable

sanitation services / business models

• We also continue CLTS++ work at scale of millions: We are

funding programs that aim to move 30 million people into

Open Defecation Free Communities, primarily in rural areas

• Sanitation: An opportunity to engage for Rotary.


Rotary sanitation-rijsberman-11-09-12

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