Roquette - prebiotic

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Beyond the prebiotic concept: the health benefits of a solublefibre

Dr CATHERINE LEFRANC-MILLOT*, VALERIE MACIOCE

* Corresponding authorNutrition managementROQUETTE62080 Lestrem Cedex, France

Prebiotics are ingredients which modulate the gut microbiota composition, in a more or lessrestrictive way depending on the definitions. This microbiota, which still needs to be betterunderstood, has an important functional potential: it can have a beneficial impact on guthealth and general wellbeing, and any uncontrolled imbalance may be harmful for health.That is why advisedly used prebiotics may be of interest to modulate and regulate gutmicrobiota and maintain individuals' health.

DEFINITIONS OF PREBIOTICS

Numerous definitions of prebiotics with more or less subtle variations have been given in thepast decades, relating the evolution of the knowledge of these products' benefits. Originallyfocused on one or some bacteria, the definition has been broadened to more general healthbenefits brought through modulation of microflora composition and activity.o A prebiotic was originally defined in 1995 as a non-digestible food ingredient that

beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one ora limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health (1).

o A more recent definition stated that a prebiotic is "a selectively fermented ingredient thatallows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal

microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health (2).o Prebiotic effects have also been characterized by an increase in beneficial bacteria

and/or a decrease in harmful bacteria, a decrease in intestinal pH, production of shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs) and changes in bacterial enzymes concentrations (3).

o FAO has recently proposed a revised definition of a prebiotic as "a non-viable foodcomponent that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulation of themicrobiota" (4). It has also been specified that a prebiotic can be a fibre but a fibre neednot be a prebiotic.

o The ILSI (International Life Science Institute) has constituted a Prebiotics Task Force,aiming at developing a definition of prebiotics in collaboration with FAO and EFSA but also gathering data on health effects of prebiotics and evaluating the degree ofscientific substantiation.

Common well-known prebiotics include various types of non viscous dietary fibres, such asinulin, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), on which themajority of studies have focused on so far. These saccharides have a long history of safeuse, but may induce some intestinal discomfort in case of excessive consumption. New

types of compounds such as the resistant dextrin NUTRIOSE

have more recently claimedtheir prebiotic properties; their effects are therefore increasingly studied.


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NUTRIOSE,A RESISTANT DEXTRIN WITH PREBIOTIC EFFECTS

The resistant dextrin NUTRIOSE which is a non-viscous soluble dietary fibre (5) hasbeen shown to display, through colonic fermentations, all effects mentioned in the definition

of Woods and Gorbach (3). The different results are derived from many studies, carried outin vitroand in vivo, in animals and in humans (6, 7, 8).o The induced fermentations benefit the colonocytes in the digestive epithelium and

encourage an increase in the population of beneficial glucidolytic flora: as an example,an increase in Lactobacilliis observed in human faeces after a 35-day administration of

45g/day NUTRIOSE (p


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This set of proofs demonstrates that the resistant dextrin acts as a prebiotic from 8g per day,while causing neither symptoms at all of digestive discomfort nor diarrhoea-occurring eventsat a dosage of 100 g a day (7, 8, 11, 12). In contrast to some other soluble fibres, the studiedresistant dextrin is outstandingly well tolerated with a digestive comfort threshold of 45g/day

(Figure 3) (13).

Figure 3. Schematic representation of the digestive tolerance scale of NUTRIOSE

FROM PREBIOTIC EFFECTS TO HEALTH BENEFITS

As previously mentioned, prebiotics may lead to many health benefits through modulation ofthe gut environment and modifications of the faecal content metabolic activity. Recentresearch indicates that intervention with specific prebiotics may provide beneficial effects onmineral absorption, immune function, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease,lipid metabolism, or appetite regulation (14). In many cases, the underlying mechanismremains to be determined.

Prebiotics and weight management

NUTRIOSE has also demonstrated a positive impact on weight management in healthyoverweight Chinese subjects (unpublished data): a 12-week dietary intervention has beenconducted on 120 overweight men ingesting either 17 g NUTRIOSE or 17 g standardmaltodextrin as a placebo, at the same time, twice daily. The results indicated noted

decreases from month to month in the resistant dextrin group compared to the placebo onein body weight (p


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o In mice without inflammatory status, a 4-week consumption of 10% NUTRIOSE results inan increase in -OR 1 , involved in the regulation of pain (p


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CONCLUSION

The outstandingly well tolerated soluble fibre NUTRIOSE

has demonstrated prebioticproperties, while some preliminary results have shown effects on weight management, colon

wellbeing and physical and cognitive performances. NUTRIOSE and prebiotics in general

therefore offer very promising prospects in various health fields. However, more studies areneeded to assess the degree of scientific substantiation and understand better themechanisms of action.

REFERENCES AND NOTES

1. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colon microbiota: introducingthe concept of prebiotics. J Nutr, 125: 1401-12. (1995)

2. Gibson GR, Probert HM, Loo JV, Rastall RA and Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of thehuman colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev, 17:259-275(2004).

3. Woods MN & Gorbach SL. Influences of fibres on the ecology of the intestinal flora.

Handbook of dietary fibre in human nutrition(GA Spiller, eds), 257-270 (2001).4. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) (2007, September 15-16) FAO Technical Meeting

on Prebiotics. FAO: Rome.http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/files/Prebiotics_Tech_Meeting_Report.pdf (Accessed on May7, 2009)

5. Lefranc-Millot C. NUTRIOSE06: a useful soluble dietary fibre for added nutritional value.Nutrition Bulletin, 2008, 33: 234-239.

6. Van den Heuvel EGHM, Wils D, Pasman W et al. Dietary supplementation of different dosesof NUTRIOSE

FB, a fermentable dextrin, alters the activity of faecal enzymes in healthy men.

Eur J Nutr, 4: 445-51 (2005).7. Lefranc-Millot C, Wils D, Neut C et al. Effects of a soluble fiber with excellent tolerance,

NUTRIOSE

06, on the gut ecosystem: a review. Proceedings of the Dietary FibreConference, p. 34. Helsinki, Finland (2006b).

8. Pasman W, Wils D, Saniez MH et al. Long-term gastrointestinal tolerance of NUTRIOSE

FBin healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr, 60: 1024-34 (2006).9. Lefranc-Millot C, Wils D, Roturier JM, Le Bihan C and Saniez-Degrave MH. NUTRIOSE

Soluble Fiber. In : Fiber Ingredients: Food Applications and Health Benefits, 2009 (Susan SCho and P Samuel, eds), Taylor & Francis Group LLC. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.

10. Stewart ML, Rushton A, Paredes-Diaza A, Savarino V and Slavin JL. Wheat dextrin (WD),inulin, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) produce unique short-chain fatty acidconcentrations in model colonic fermentation. Gastroenterology, 132 (4 suppl. 2): A-585(2007).

11. Vermorel M, Coudray C, Wils D et al. Energy value of a low-digestible carbohydrate,NUTRIOSE

FB, and its impact on magnesium, calcium and zinc apparent absorption and

retention in healthy young men. Eur J Nutr, 43: 344-52 (2004).12. Van den Heuvel EGHM, Wils D, Pasman W et al. Short-term digestive tolerance of different

doses of NUTRIOSE

FB, a food dextrin, in adult men. Eur J Clin Nutr, 58: 1046-55 (2004).13. Lefranc-Millot C, Wils D, Roturier JM. NUTRIOSE, a soluble resistant dextrin behaving as a

resistant starch, with outstanding tolerance and very low glycemic response. Asia Pac J ClinNutr, Vol. 15, Suppl 2 (2006).

14. http://europe.ilsi.org/activities/taskforces/diet/PrebioticsTF.htm (Accessed on Apr 1, 2009).15. Ley RE, Bckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut

microbial ecology. P Natl Acad Sci USA, 102 (31): 11070-11075 (2005).

16.Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbesassociated with obesity. Nature, 444: 1022-1023 (2006).


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17. Zhou J, Hegsted M, K. McCutcheon KL, Keenan MJ, Xi X, Raggio AM, Martin RJ. Peptide YYand proglucagon mRNA expression patterns and regulation in the gut. Obesity (Silver.Spring), 14(4):683-689 (2006).

18. Hamer, H. M., D. Jonkers, K. Venema, S. Vanhoutvin, F. J. Troost, and R. J. Brummer.Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 27(2):104-119 (2008).

19. Lefranc-Millot C, Deremaux L, Rousseaux C, Wils D, Saniez-Degrave MH, Desreumaux P.Impact of a new resistant dextrin on intestinal well-being and immunity maintenance. AnnNutr Metab, 51(Suppl. 1), p. 154 (2007).

20. Rozan P, Deremaux L, Wils D, Nejdi A, Messaoudi M, Saniez MH. Impact of sugar replacerson cognitive performance and function in rats. Brit J Nutr, 100: 10041010 (2008).

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