ROME CH. 10 ROME CH. 10

RepublicRepublic 509 -27 BCE509 -27 BCE

►Kings, senators and consulsKings, senators and consuls►Outline of Roman History pg 248Outline of Roman History pg 248►Craze for Greek art sculpture and Craze for Greek art sculpture and

painting Greece became a Roman painting Greece became a Roman province in 146BCE province in 146BCE

►The Etruscan basis for Roman art was The Etruscan basis for Roman art was never forgottennever forgotten

Old RomeOld Rome

Old RomeOld Rome

Roman Architecture - Roman Architecture - CONCRETECONCRETE

► Barrel vault also Barrel vault also called the tunnel called the tunnel vaultvault

► They could collapse, They could collapse, require buttressing require buttressing

Groin VaultGroin Vault

► Intersection of right Intersection of right anglesangles

► Thrust of groin vault is Thrust of groin vault is concentrated along the concentrated along the groin, permits light to groin, permits light to open, this light open, this light Clerestory. (Pronounced Clerestory. (Pronounced Clearstory)Clearstory)

► The walls of which rise above The walls of which rise above the rooflines of the lower the rooflines of the lower aisles and are pierced with windows. and are pierced with windows. The purpose of the clerestory is The purpose of the clerestory is to give light to the inner space to give light to the inner space of a large building. of a large building.

Fenestrated sequence of Groin Fenestrated sequence of Groin vaults vaults

Hemispherical DomesHemispherical Domes

► Largest one is the Largest one is the treasury at treasury at Mycenae. The Mycenae. The Romans surpassed Romans surpassed them.them.

► They used concreteThey used concrete►Oculus on topOculus on top► PantheonPantheon

Temple of Fortuna Virilis -Temple of Fortuna Virilis -75BCE75BCE

► Follows Etruscan Follows Etruscan PatternPattern

► Built based on Built based on Etruscan temple Etruscan temple plansplans

► Ionic with flutes Ionic with flutes ( not like Etruscan) ( not like Etruscan)

Temple of Vesta - Tivoli 1Temple of Vesta - Tivoli 1st centuryst century BCEBCE

► Circular plan with Circular plan with Corinthian columnsCorinthian columns

► use of concrete use of concrete unlike Greeks unlike Greeks

Funerary Reliefs Portraits and Funerary Reliefs Portraits and societysociety

►Proud of lineage.Proud of lineage.►Likeness of ancestors in wooden Likeness of ancestors in wooden

cupboards in their homes and paraded cupboards in their homes and paraded them at the funerals of important them at the funerals of important relativesrelatives

►Made fun of if you didn’t have any Made fun of if you didn’t have any portraits of your relatives portraits of your relatives

Funerary Relief of Gessii 30 BCE Funerary Relief of Gessii 30 BCE MarbleMarble

Realism in Portraits influence Realism in Portraits influence from Greekfrom Greek

►Head of a Roman Head of a Roman patrician – 75-patrician – 75-50BCE50BCE

Portrait of a Roman General Portrait of a Roman General Sanctuary of Hercules 75-50 Sanctuary of Hercules 75-50

BCE BCE ►Old heads on young Old heads on young

bodiesbodies

Portrait of a Caesar Portrait of a Caesar

First Emperor to put himself on First Emperor to put himself on a coina coin

►Emperor has god? Caesar was the first Emperor has god? Caesar was the first to do thisto do this

►Old, traditional of Roman PortraitsOld, traditional of Roman Portraits►Outraged people in responseOutraged people in response

Hadrian’s Villa Hadrian’s Villa

Pompeii and the Cities of Pompeii and the Cities of VesuviusVesuvius

►August 24, 79 CE August 24, 79 CE ►Pompeii and Bay of Naples coveredPompeii and Bay of Naples covered►Great boon for Art Historians and Great boon for Art Historians and

archeologistsarcheologists►Bakeries, walls, gardensBakeries, walls, gardens

ForumForum

► Center of city lifeCenter of city life► Standard Republican, Standard Republican,

type templetype temple► CorinthianCorinthian

columnscolumns

Citizens conducted daily Citizens conducted daily commerce and held commerce and held festivals, around the festivals, around the Forum were religious Forum were religious sculptures, including sculptures, including towns administrative towns administrative officesoffices

Pompeii AmphitheaterPompeii Amphitheater

► Two important rich dignitaries had the Two important rich dignitaries had the amphitheater built in 70ad after Pompeii was amphitheater built in 70ad after Pompeii was taken overtaken over

►Donors would have the top reserved seatsDonors would have the top reserved seats► Amphitheater means double theater, Greeks Amphitheater means double theater, Greeks

never built amphitheaters, Greeks built never built amphitheaters, Greeks built hillside theaters. hillside theaters.

►Gladiators, wild animal hunts occurredGladiators, wild animal hunts occurred► Arena is Latin for “sand” which soaked up the Arena is Latin for “sand” which soaked up the

blood of the wounded and killed. blood of the wounded and killed.

Pink Floyd practicing in Pink Floyd practicing in PompeiiPompeii

Pompeii Brawl – Wall Ptg 60-79 Pompeii Brawl – Wall Ptg 60-79 CECE

Townhouses for the wealthy- Townhouses for the wealthy- Atrium of the House of the Vettii Atrium of the House of the Vettii

( best preserved house)( best preserved house)► Roman domestic arch. Roman domestic arch. ► Peristyle garden with its marble tablesPeristyle garden with its marble tables► The more the “clients” the rich would have The more the “clients” the rich would have

the more of a badge of honor the rich would the more of a badge of honor the rich would portray. portray.

► Client would enter the domus( private houseClient would enter the domus( private house► through a narrow foyer the throat of the through a narrow foyer the throat of the

househouse► Roof over atrium was open to the skyRoof over atrium was open to the sky

►Small bedrooms called cubiculaSmall bedrooms called cubicula►The back was the tablinum or home The back was the tablinum or home

office and the dining room or office and the dining room or ( triclinium) a kitchen and a garden( triclinium) a kitchen and a garden

►Greek trends would happenGreek trends would happen►These houses were not the norm, most These houses were not the norm, most

people lived in apartmentspeople lived in apartments

Atrium of the house of the Atrium of the house of the VettiVetti

Pompeii House PlanPompeii House Plan

Roman Shop PlanRoman Shop Plan

House of the Vettii –Pompeii House of the Vettii –Pompeii 62-79CE62-79CE

Roman Wall PaintingRoman Wall Painting

► First Style First Style – in the – in the fauces of the fauces of the Samnite HouseSamnite House

► Cheaper, Greek Cheaper, Greek were the first to do were the first to do this type of paintingthis type of painting

22ndnd Style Style

► Illusionism Illusionism ►After 80 BCEAfter 80 BCE►Villa of Mystery Villa of Mystery

Frieze Frieze ►Private rites of Private rites of

Dionysos. Dionysos.

Illusionary edgeIllusionary edge

Cubiculum 50-40bce – 2Cubiculum 50-40bce – 2ndnd StyleStyle

►Linear Linear perspectiveperspective

►Transform Transform windowless wallswindowless walls

►Expanded space Expanded space in roomsin rooms

22ndnd Style Style

33rdrd Wall Style Painting – The Wall Style Painting – The New StyleNew Style

►Delicate styleDelicate style►Monochromatic Monochromatic

backgroundsbackgrounds►Framed painted “ Framed painted “

paintings”paintings”

44thth Style of Roman Painting Style of Roman Painting

►Crowded, Crowded, complex stylescomplex stylesRejected 3Rejected 3rdrd style style of paintingsof paintings

Portrait of Husband and Wife Portrait of Husband and Wife – Pompeii – 70-70ad– Pompeii – 70-70ad

Early EmpireEarly Empire

►March 15 44BCE March 15 44BCE Murder of Julius Murder of Julius CaesarCaesar

►13 Years of fighting13 Years of fighting►Fighting ended when Fighting ended when

Augustus came into Augustus came into power, crushed power, crushed naval forces of naval forces of Cleopatra and Marc Cleopatra and Marc Anthony Anthony

►Rome took over Rome took over Egypt Egypt

►Old Roman Old Roman Republic becomes Republic becomes the Early Empire the Early Empire

►Augustus declares Augustus declares himself the first himself the first citizen of Romecitizen of Rome

►Augustus Augustus as General 20 as General 20 BCE Marble copyBCE Marble copy

►Polykletos Style Polykletos Style ►Cupid Cupid ►Lineage to Venus Lineage to Venus

(cupid as her (cupid as her son)son)

Livia early first century ce Livia early first century ce

Ara Pacis – Altar of Peace 13-Ara Pacis – Altar of Peace 13-9 BCE9 BCE

►Most important Most important achievement of achievement of peacepeace

►4 panels of east 4 panels of east and west end and west end depict depict mythological mythological subjectssubjects

Procession of the imperial Procession of the imperial family family

Female Personification of Female Personification of Tellus? 13-9 BCETellus? 13-9 BCE

Rome In France Rome In France Maison Carree – France 1-10 Maison Carree – France 1-10

cece

Pont – du – Gard, France Pont – du – Gard, France 16BCE16BCE

Nero’s Golden House Nero’s Golden House Severus and Celer Plan – Severus and Celer Plan –

Domus AureaDomus Aurea

Colosseum – 70-80CEColosseum – 70-80CE

Vespasian – 75-79Vespasian – 75-79

►Portrait of Portrait of VespasianVespasian

Flavian Bust-90CE Flavian Bust-90CE

Triumph of Titus – 81 CETriumph of Titus – 81 CE

►Light Light

and darkand dark

Arch of Titus, Rome 81CEArch of Titus, Rome 81CE

►Domitian erected a Domitian erected a arch in Titus honor arch in Titus honor leading into the leading into the Republic ForumRepublic Forum

►Corinthian LeavesCorinthian Leaves►Dedicating Dedicating

inscription to Titusinscription to Titus►Two panels insideTwo panels inside

High EmpireHigh Empire

►22ndnd Century – Century – Trajan, Hadrian, Trajan, Hadrian, AntoninesAntonines

►Height of Power – Height of Power – ►Germanic people Germanic people

of Europe, Berber of Europe, Berber in Africa, in Africa, Persians, Near Persians, Near EastEast

Trajan (Domitians)– 98-117 Trajan (Domitians)– 98-117 CE CE

►Trajan - born in Trajan - born in Spain 1Spain 1stst Non- Non- Italian ruler in Italian ruler in RomeRome

►Became very Became very PopularPopular

►Founded colony in Founded colony in Africa 100ce, Town Africa 100ce, Town made with great made with great precision precision

►Addressed as Addressed as domus et deus domus et deus ( lord and God)( lord and God)

Apollodorus of Damascus – Apollodorus of Damascus – Forum of Trajan – Italy 112 Forum of Trajan – Italy 112

CE CE

►Temple of TrajanTemple of Trajan►Column of Trajan Column of Trajan ►Libraries Libraries ►BasilicaBasilica►Forum Forum ►Equestrian statue Equestrian statue

of Trajanof Trajan

Markets of Trajan 100-112CE Markets of Trajan 100-112CE

►Taberna – single Taberna – single shop – light in shop – light in attic, used for attic, used for storagestorage

Arch of Trajan – 114 -118 Arch of Trajan – 114 -118 BCEBCE

►Successful Successful military military campaign campaign

►Food to needy Food to needy childrenchildren

► Intermingles with Intermingles with divinities divinities

Hadrian 117-138 CE) Hadrian 117-138 CE)

►Trajan’s chosen Trajan’s chosen successor successor

►Loved Greek art Loved Greek art ►Statues set up in Statues set up in

his honorhis honor►Tons of statues and Tons of statues and

busts of Hadrianbusts of Hadrian►Always shown as a Always shown as a

mature adult mature adult

Pantheon – Rome 118-125 CE Pantheon – Rome 118-125 CE

►CoffersCoffers►OculusOculus►DomeDome►OrbOrb►How does the How does the

dome become dome become lighterlighter

Hadrian’s VillaHadrian’s Villa

Insula – 2Insula – 2ndnd Century Century

The Antonines 138- 192 BCEThe Antonines 138- 192 BCE

Equestrian statue of Marcus Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius – 175 Aurelius – 175