Rome, January 17th,2006Rome, January 17th,2006Flavio GattiFlavio Gatti

WHIM and Mission OpportunitiesWHIM and Mission Opportunities

TES TES microcalorimeters in microcalorimeters in the European context the European context

Flavio GattiFlavio Gatti

University and INFN, GenoaUniversity and INFN, Genoa

TES TES calorimeters contextcalorimeters context TES (Transition Edge Sensor) is without any doubt TES (Transition Edge Sensor) is without any doubt

the reference technology for very high resolution the reference technology for very high resolution EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)– TES TES calorimeters are presently the LTD (Low Temperature calorimeters are presently the LTD (Low Temperature

Detectors) with the most outstanding spectral performance Detectors) with the most outstanding spectral performance (2.3 eV FWHM at 6KeV- NIST 2005, USA)(2.3 eV FWHM at 6KeV- NIST 2005, USA)

– TES allow a count rate at 10TES allow a count rate at 1033 cps and better cps and better– Q.E. aproches 80-100%, depending on the spectral rangeQ.E. aproches 80-100%, depending on the spectral range

NIST, 2005 – single pixel best result

SQUID output

TES TES calorimeters contextcalorimeters context

TES technology takes advantage of the widely TES technology takes advantage of the widely – TES are made by using extensively micro-fabrication TES are made by using extensively micro-fabrication

techniques (surface or bulk micromachining) and techniques (surface or bulk micromachining) and planar “all metal” thin film techniques, widely used planar “all metal” thin film techniques, widely used in MEMS and Microelectronisin MEMS and Microelectronis

GFSC – Surf. Micr. SRON

SRON PIXEL

TES TES calorimeters contextcalorimeters context TES allow imaging TES allow imaging

– TES TES calorimeters can be integrated in a close-packed calorimeters can be integrated in a close-packed array with high filling factor for imagingarray with high filling factor for imaging

– US (NIST, GSFC-NASA), EU(SRON) have made smallUS (NIST, GSFC-NASA), EU(SRON) have made smallarrays from 3x3 to 5x5arrays from 3x3 to 5x5– 32x32 array with read-out fabricated for the SCUBA-2 exp.32x32 array with read-out fabricated for the SCUBA-2 exp.

TES TES calorimeters contextcalorimeters context

TES read-out is made by SQUID TES read-out is made by SQUID preamplifierpreamplifier– SQUID technology is well established but SQUID technology is well established but

fast Multiplexed read out is a peculiar fast Multiplexed read out is a peculiar development needed for these development needed for these applicationapplication

TDM

FDM

TES TES calorimeters contextcalorimeters context

TES micro-calorimeter works below TES micro-calorimeter works below 0.1 K0.1 K– Development of dedicated of fridge Development of dedicated of fridge

assembly for space application is assembly for space application is mandatory mandatory

– Huge steps forward in the 0.1 K cooling Huge steps forward in the 0.1 K cooling techniques has been made in the last techniques has been made in the last few years: ADR based fridge few years: ADR based fridge

The European ContextThe European Context Main question: “is it possible to take in charge Main question: “is it possible to take in charge

the TES detector technology (as a whole) and the TES detector technology (as a whole) and demonstrate the capability to manage them in demonstrate the capability to manage them in order to provide an instrument for a EU X-ray order to provide an instrument for a EU X-ray Mission?”Mission?”

In EU there is deep expertise in many field of the In EU there is deep expertise in many field of the TES technology, but fractioned in several TES technology, but fractioned in several countries and institution.countries and institution.

These activities are mostly under-funded and not These activities are mostly under-funded and not coordinated coordinated

Without any doubt excellent results in Without any doubt excellent results in technological achievements ( i.e. array technology technological achievements ( i.e. array technology ) and spectral performance, 3 eV FWHM at 6KeV ) and spectral performance, 3 eV FWHM at 6KeV have been made by the SRON group.have been made by the SRON group.

EURECA consortiumEURECA consortium An EURopEan MicroCalorimeter ArrayAn EURopEan MicroCalorimeter Array Brings together Europe’s foremost research and Brings together Europe’s foremost research and

technology laboratories working on cryogenic technology laboratories working on cryogenic detectors for X-ray instrumentation in a joint effort detectors for X-ray instrumentation in a joint effort to develop an Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeter to develop an Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeter

the baseline design already lead to an instrument, the baseline design already lead to an instrument, currently non-existent in Europe and, which will be currently non-existent in Europe and, which will be fully competitive with similar developments in US fully competitive with similar developments in US and Japanand Japan

research on detectors and read-out still continues, research on detectors and read-out still continues, improved detector designs, detector types, improved detector designs, detector types, electronics, and read-out concepts are developed. electronics, and read-out concepts are developed. The baseline design of the Imaging X-rayThe baseline design of the Imaging X-ray ex.: ex.: tech. break-through in oder to achieve 1 eV tech. break-through in oder to achieve 1 eV

The main goal is:The main goal is:– to develop and integrate cryogenic imaging X-to develop and integrate cryogenic imaging X-

ray detectors and read-out electronics in an ray detectors and read-out electronics in an appropriate cooler by the 2007. appropriate cooler by the 2007.

– Achieve a state-of-the-art performance of a Achieve a state-of-the-art performance of a cryogenic microcalorimeter array and its read-cryogenic microcalorimeter array and its read-out. out. No such instrument exists within EuropeNo such instrument exists within Europe

The principal motivation:The principal motivation:– for this activity is that futur X-ray astrophysical for this activity is that futur X-ray astrophysical

mission will most likely employ imaging X-ray mission will most likely employ imaging X-ray microcalorimeters; The missions are either an microcalorimeters; The missions are either an European effort or will be based on a European effort or will be based on a collaboration between Europe, USA and/or collaboration between Europe, USA and/or Japan (ESTREMO,DIOS,NEW…). Japan (ESTREMO,DIOS,NEW…).

Outside astrophysics:Outside astrophysics:– possible niche-applications may exist in possible niche-applications may exist in

material sciences and fusion plasma material sciences and fusion plasma diagnostics; non-astrophysical users could be a diagnostics; non-astrophysical users could be a big community!big community!

The EURECA instrumentsThe EURECA instruments

EURECA performance guideline EURECA performance guideline for a XEUS-like missionfor a XEUS-like mission

Spatial resolution element - pixel size

≤ 2 arcsec - 500 µm

Field of view – array size1 arcmin - 32 × 32 resolution

elements

Energy range - Detection efficiency

0.1 – 3.0 keV -- > 90% for 1-3 keV

FWHM energy resolution 1 eV @ 0.1 - 2 keV (goal)

Countrate – Effective time constant

> 250 c/s/pixel -- 100 µs

Background rejection min. ion. Part.

> 95%(TBV)

Total countrate 10000 c/s (TBV)

EURECA CONSORTIUMEURECA CONSORTIUM Mullard Space Science Laboratory, and X-Mullard Space Science Laboratory, and X-

ray Astronomy Group Univ. Leicester : ray Astronomy Group Univ. Leicester : Cryogenics, Signal analisysCryogenics, Signal analisys

VTT, Observatory/University of Helsinki: VTT, Observatory/University of Helsinki: SQUID readout and FDMSQUID readout and FDM

Kirchhoff Institut für Physik, Uni. Heidelberg: Kirchhoff Institut für Physik, Uni. Heidelberg: MMC as future opportunityMMC as future opportunity

JAXA, Metropolitan Univ, Seiko II: an JAXA, Metropolitan Univ, Seiko II: an alternative readout electronicsalternative readout electronics

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Instituto de Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, Instituto de Nanotecnología de Aragón, Instituto de Ciencia de Nanotecnología de Aragón, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón: electronic integrated Materiales de Aragón: electronic integrated components and films components and films

ITALIAN CONTEXTITALIAN CONTEXT INAF (Rome), INFN (Genua), Alenia Spazio INAF (Rome), INFN (Genua), Alenia Spazio

(Milano) participate to the consortium(Milano) participate to the consortium

In the EURECA the Italian Groups are In the EURECA the Italian Groups are committed to develop and study TES committed to develop and study TES development IrAu (INFN) and development IrAu (INFN) and Superconducting absorber (INFN), perform Superconducting absorber (INFN), perform test and study on final prototype (INAF), test and study on final prototype (INAF), cold FLL-electronics (Alacatel-Alenia Spazio)cold FLL-electronics (Alacatel-Alenia Spazio)

INFN has a long history (20 years) in LTD (in INFN has a long history (20 years) in LTD (in particular Genoa devoted the last 10 years particular Genoa devoted the last 10 years in TES developments) and Rome INAF group in TES developments) and Rome INAF group has an outstanding position in spaced base has an outstanding position in spaced base HEA.HEA.

The Italian GroupThe Italian Group

The group is collaborating in order to The group is collaborating in order to speed up the TES development for a speed up the TES development for a flight instrument.flight instrument.

However a 5.9 eV resolution has been However a 5.9 eV resolution has been already achievedalready achieved

The Group is working on new detector The Group is working on new detector design aiming to demonstrate the 2-3 design aiming to demonstrate the 2-3 eV resolution in a short time.eV resolution in a short time.

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