Romanticism

“Art is not a study of positive reality, it is the seeking for ideal truth.”

Georges Sand

“It is emotion recollected in tranquility.”

William Wordsworth

Liszt

RomanticismSpontaneous personal emotion and its expression;

irrationality

History and nostalgia for the past

Death, mystery, the supernatural

Exoticism and celebration of romantic love

Enthusiasm for nature

Artist as individual

- free spirits, apart from the masses

- no longer craftsmen serving society but free

spirits expressing their own souls with a genius

not granted to the common run of humanity

Predecessors

Jean-Jacques RousseauFrench (1712-1778) Emile; The Social Contract

Modernity is to the detriment of character; action should be based on morals, not reason; man in his natural state is ideal; people must give their consent to be governed, forming the “social contract.”

Immanuel Kant

German (1724-1804) - Critique of Pure Reason Life must be understood as being based on

the presence of God. “I had to abolish knowledge, in order to make room for faith.”

Liszt

Ties

Mary Shelley Frankenstein English (1797-1851) Percy Shelley’s wife; Byron’s lover; Blake’s friend

Alexander Dumas The Three Musketeers French(1802-1870) friend of Hugo, Sand, Liszt, Rossini

Victor Hugo The Hunchback of Notre Dame French (1802-1885) friend of Dumas, Sand, Liszt, Rossini

Georges Sand The Haunted Pool; Isadora French (1804-1876) lover of Chopin, Delacroix, Liszt

John Keats To Sleep English (1795-1821) Percy Shelley’s lover; dies of TB

Percy Bysshe Shelley Ode to the West Wind English (1792-1822) Mary Shelley’s husband, Byron’s lover; Keats lover; dies in mishap at sea

Lord Byron Sardanapalus, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage English (1788-1824) Percy Shelley’s lover; Keats lover; Caroline Lamb’s lover, along with half-sister Augusta and her half sister Caroline, etc.; dies in war of Greek Independence

TiesFrederic Chopin Etude in C Minor Polish (1810-1849); friend of

Delacroix, Liszt, Sand; dies of TB

Franz Liszt Hungarian Rhapsody Hungarian (1811-1886); friends with Sand, Delacroix; Chopin; Hugo; Dumas; Rossini

Hector Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique French (1803-1869); story of “idea fixe,” opiate dreams based on his unrequited love for Irish actress Harriet Smithson, whom he married five years later, with Liszt as his witness); friend of Liszt and Mendelssohn

Gioacchino Rossini Italian (1792-1868) William Tell; Barber of Seville; friend of Liszt, Sand, Delacroix, Chopin, Hugo, Dumas

________________________

William Wordsworth Lines Written in Early Spring English (1770-1850) detested Napoleon, thought Byron gifted but depraved; champion of the poor

Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan English (1772-1834) close friend of Wordsworth; opium addict

Chopin

MusicCharacteristics: Great dynamic range, importance of tone color,

intensely subjective, emotionally expressive, highly individualistic.

Beethoven is the bridge between Classical composition and Romantic. His Third Symphony (Eroica) marks his “heroic” period, where he celebrated the forces of history and the passions that create it. Romanticism is fully articulated in his Ninth Symphony.

Robert Schumann German (1810-1856) Particularly known for his compositions for piano. Piano Concerto in A Minor; wife was pianist Clara Schumann, the object of Brahms lifelong love; life-long depressive; attempts suicide in 1854 and dies 2 years later.

Frederic Chopin Polish (1810-1849) Also known for his compositions for piano. Incorporated traditional Polish folk themes and dances into his compositions. TB.

MusicFranz Schubert Austrian (1791-1828) Particularly known for his

lieder. Quartet in A Minor; Elfking (Goethe’s poem).Erlkonig

Who rides so late through the dark and wild?

It is the father with his small child;

He protects the boy in his proud arm,

He holds him safely, he keeps him warm.-

Son, why do you shiver? Your face is white!

I see the Elfking, a fearful sight!

The Elfking, Father, in cloak and crown! -

My son, it’s the mist, slow drifting down.-

“You innocent child, just come away,

So that together we two will play;

The flowers on the strand are bright to behold;

My mother will dress you in cloth of gold”

Father, O Father, why can’t you hear

The Elfking whispering in my ear? -

Be still, my child, be safe, my nestling!

What you hear are the dry leaves rustling.-

“My beautiful boy, come home with me!

My daughters will cherish your youth and

beauty.

They will dance all night in a dizzy round,

And then they’ll cradle you, safe and sound.”

Father, O Father, why can’t you see

The Elfking’s dark daughters calling me?

My son, my son, they’re only shadows,

The tossing shapes of old gray willows.

“I love you, your beauty, child, your charm,

So come with me, or I’ll do you harm!”

Father, O Father, he won’t let me go!

The Elfking’s hard hands have hurt me so!

The father shudders, his eyes are wild,

He holds in his arms the moaning child,

He gallops for home; but drops his head.

The boy he holds in his arms is dead.

Music

• Hector Berlioz French (1803-1869) The original author of Program Music: Symphonie Fantastique

• Franz Liszt Hungarian (1811-1886) Particularly known for his compositions for piano and the Symphonic Poem. Hungarian Rhapsody

• Gioacchino Rossini Italian (1792-1868) Author of bel canto opera: William Tell, Othello; Barber of Seville

• Later: Mendelssohn and Brahms, then Wagner

Berlioz

Francisco GoyaSpanish (1746-1828)

Sleep of Reason Produces

Monsters

Francisco Goya

Dona Teresa Suredac. 1805 (110 kB); Oil on canvas, 119.8 x 79.4 cm (47 1/8 x 31 1/4 in); National Gallery of Art, Washington

Francisco Goya

Saturn Devouring His SonOil on plaster transferred to canvas, 4' 9 1/8" x 2' 8 5/8"; Prado, Madrid

Francisco Goya

The Shooting of May Third, 1808 1814Oil on canvas, 104 3/4 x 136 in; Museo del Prado, Madrid

William Blake

Pity,

1795

William Blake"I do not behold the outward creation... it is a hindrance and not action."

The Whirlwind of Lovers

c.1826

Birmingham Art Gallery

Literature18th century predecessors

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The Elfking

William Blake Milton (p. 770); “Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night,” and

The Sick RoseO Rose, thou art sick!The invisible wormThat flies in the nightIn the howling stormHas found out thy bedOf crimson joy;And his dark crimson loveDoes thy life destroy

William Blake

Tyger, 1794

Alexander Pushkin (1799 -1837) Eugene Onegin (Piotr Tchaikovsky) Boris Godunuv; (Modest Mussorgsky) Queen of Spades

Sir Walter Scott Scottish (1771-1832) Lochinvar

Alexander Dumas (1802-1870) The Three Musketeers

Victor Hugo (1802-1885) The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Ode to the West Wind

Lord Byron (1788-1824) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Lines Written in Early Spring

John Keats (1795-1821) To Sleep

Georges Sand (1804-1876) The Haunted Pool; Isadora

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan

Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) invents mystery The Fall of the House of Usher; The City in the Sea

Mary Shelley (1797-1851) Frankenstein

Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre

Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights

Henry Fuseli

Lady Macbeth, 1794

Jean-Auguste IngresFrench (1780-1867)

Napoleon on his Imperial Throne, 1806

Beethoven

Jean-Auguste Ingres French (1780-1867)

Odalisque with a Slave, 1840 Oil on canvas mounted on panel, 29 3/8 x 39 3/8 in; Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

Theodore Gericault French (1791-1824)

The Raft of the Medusa, 1819

Eugene Delacroix

Greece on

the Ruins of

Missolonghi

1827

Eugene Delacroix French (1798-1863)

The Death of Sardanapal

1827 Musee du Louvre, Paris (inspired by poetry of Byron)

Eugene Delacroix French (1798-1863)

Liberty Leading

the People

Painted on 28 July

1830, to

commemorate the

July Revolution that

had just brought

Louis-Philippe to the

French throne;

Louvre.

Caspar David Friedrich German (1774-1840)

The Cross on the Mountain

Kunstmuseum at Dusseldorf

Schumann

Caspar David Friedrich German (1774-1840)

Solitary Tree

1823

Caspar David Friedrich German (1774-1840)

Morning

1821; Oil on canvas, 22 x 30.5 cm; Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum, Hanover

Caspar David Friedrich German (1774-1840)

The Sea of Ice 1824/5

J. M. William Turner English (1775-1851)

Rain, Steam and Speed

1844; Oil on canvas, 90.8 x 121.9 cm; National Gallery, London

J. M. William Turner English (1775-1851)

Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying - Typhoon coming on ("The Slave Ship") 1840; Oil on canvas, 90.8 x 122.6 cm; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

J. M. William Turner English (1775-1851)

Mortlake Terrace: Early Summer Morning

1826

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Lines Written in Early Spring

I HEARD a thousand blended notes,

While in a grove I sate reclined,

In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts

Bring sad thoughts to the mind.

To her fair works did Nature link

The human soul that through me ran;

And much it grieved my heart to think

What man has made of man.

Through primrose tufts, in that green bower,

The periwinkle trailed its wreaths;

And 'tis my faith that every flower

Enjoys the air it breathes.

The birds around me hopped and played,

Their thoughts I cannot measure:--

But the least motion which they made

It seemed a thrill of pleasure.

The budding twigs spread out their fan,

To catch the breezy air;

And I must think, do all I can,

That there was pleasure there.

If this belief from heaven be sent,

If such be Nature's holy plan,

Have I not reason to lament

What man has made of man?

Thomas Cole American (1801-1848)

The Voyage of Life: Childhood 1839

Thomas Cole American (1801-1848)

The Voyage of Life: Youth 1839

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan, or a Vision in a Dream. A Fragment.

In Xanadu did Kubla KhanA stately pleasure-dome decree:Where Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless sea.

So twice five miles of fertile groundWith walls and towers were girdled round:And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;And here were forests ancient as the hills,Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

But oh! that deep romantic chasm which slantedDown the green hill athwart a cedarn cover!A savage place! as holy and enchantedAs e'er beneath a waning moon was hauntedBy woman wailing for her demon-lover!And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,A mighty fountain momently was forced:Amid whose swift half-intermitted burstHuge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail:And 'mid these dancing rocks at once and everIt flung up momently the sacred river.Five miles meandering with a mazy motionThrough wood and dale the sacred river ran, Then reached the caverns measureless to man,And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:

And 'mid this tumult Kubla heard from farAncestral voices prophesying war!

The shadow of the dome of pleasureFloated midway on the waves;Where was heard the mingled measureFrom the fountain and the caves.It was a miracle of rare device,A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!

A damsel with a dulcimerIn a vision once I saw:It was an Abyssinian maid,And on her dulcimer she played,Singing of Mount Abora.Could I revive within meHer symphony and song,To such a deep delight 'twould win meThat with music loud and longI would build that dome in air,That sunny dome! those caves of ice!And all who heard should see them there,And all should cry, Beware! Beware!His flashing eyes, his floating hair!Weave a circle round him thrice,And close your eyes with holy dread,For he on honey-dew hath fedAnd drunk the milk of Paradise.

Thomas Doughty American (1793-1856)

View of the Susquehanna, 1832 Oil on canvas, 18 1/8 x 24 1/8 in. BYU

Thomas Doughty American (1793-1856)

Carolina Swamp, 1825 oil on canvas laid on board, 24"x36" image, s.l.l.

and…

Camille Corot French (1796-1875)

Hippolyte Flandrin French (1809-1864)

Jacques Louis David French (1748-1825)

The earliest photography, of Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre and William Henry

Fox Talbot, would change art forever.

Oriel window in the South Gallery at Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire

Talbot, August, 1835

Schumann

Daguerre, 1839

REALISM

Gustave Courbet, the foremost Realist painter, believed that painters should paint only their own time and that "painting is an essentially concrete art, and can consist only of representation of real and existing things." Realists wanted to give an accurate and apparently objective description of the ordinary, observable world.

Honore DaumierThe Uprising 1860

REALISM

Often Realist art and literature had a distinct agenda of social and political reform, ranging from moderate, as in the case of Charles Dickens, to radical politics, as in the case of Courbet.

Pierre-joseph Proudhon et ses Enfants 1865

Gustave Courbet French (1819-77)

The Wounded Man

1844-54 Musee d'Orsay

Gustave Courbet French (1819-77)

The Stone Breakers, 1849-50

Jean-Francois Millet French (1814-1875)

The Gleaners, 1857