Romanesque Architecture
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Transcript of Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Revision
Introduction
• This art appeared during the Middle Age
• It is the first style that can be found all over Europe, even when regional differences
• The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago.
Introduction
• Romanesque art developed thanks to a series of causes:– The end of Barbarian invasions– The decomposition of Cordoba’s caliphate – The establishment of peace in
the Christian world, with the
development of the cities,
commerce and industry.
Expansion
• The factors of the expansion of Romanesque arte were:– Development of feudal system,
that demanded works (castles)– The expansion of religious orders
(Benedictines), expanded the monasteries– The pilgrimage routes– The crusades
Typologies
• There are three main architectonical typologies:
Churches
Monasteries Castles
Monastery
• It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God
• They had several dependencies:– Church– Cloister– Chapter room– Abbot’s house– Monks/ nuns rooms– Refectory – Hospital
Church
• It was the main building
• It symbolized God’s kingdom
• The holiest part was the apse
• It had cross shape
• Symbolism was important:– Circular parts reflect perfection so they were
linked to God– Squared parts are related to the human.
Church
• Characteristics:– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in
the Pilgrimage churches– Small in country churches– They were designed for advertising Catholic church– They were lasting, made of stone– Plans could be:
• Latin cross• Polygonal• Basilical
Latin cross Polygonal Basilical
Church
• Parts of the plan
Church
• Parts from the outside
Church
• Elevation:• The church is covered by stoned vaults• Wall are thick• They need strong buttresses• Foundations are strong• Few windows
Church
• Interior elevation: it consists of three levels:
• First floor with columns or cross-shaped pillars
• Second floor with the tribune (corridor over looking the nave, over the aisles)
• Clerestory: area of windows opening to the outside.Column
Pillar
Tribune
Clerestory
Church
• Type of covers:
Barrel vault: it was used mainly to cover the central nave
Groin vault was common in aisles and ambulatory
Dome: spherical were used in apses. The central could stand on pendentives or squinches
Castle
• Castles were defensive constructions
• They were fortified for providing shelter
• The wall was one of the essential elements
• They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.
Romanesque in France
• It was the original region of Romanesque art
• It appeared in Cluny’s abbey
• From there it expanded thanks to the pilgrimage routes, specially to Santiago in Spain.
Romanesque in France
• It is characterized by various vaulted styles
• Provence: pointed domes and façades decorated with arches
• Auvergne with long choir, side aisles around the semicircular sanctuary forming the ambulatory in which radiating chapels open
Saint Trophime, Arles
Saint Sernin
Toulouse
Romanesque in France
• Burgundy: barrel-vaulted, three-aisled basilica
• Normandy: Lombard influences with groined vaults supported by flying buttresses and façades with two flanking towers.
Sainte Magdalene, Vezelay
Cluny
Romanesque in Italy
• Italian provinces developed a great diversity of architectural styles– Lombardy with groined
vaults of heavy proportions– Central Italy classical
decorative elements: Corinthian capitals, coloured marble, open arches, colonnades and galleries and façades with sculptures
Saint Ambroggio, Milan
Saint Miniato, Florence
Romanesque in Italy
– South with Byzantine and Arabic influences, using mosaics, interlaced pointed-arches.
• Three separate buildings: church, baptistery and bell tower.
Cefalu, Sicily
Pisa Cathedral, in Tuscany, presents three separate buildings.
Romanesque in Germany
• Churches were planned on a large scale• They used to be very high• They had an apse or sanctuary at each end.• Numerous round or octagonal towers that conferred
them a picturesque silhouette.
Laach
Worms
Romanesque in England
• Before the 10th century were made of wood
• Stone buildings were small and roughly constructed
• The Norman Romanesque style replace the Saxon in 11th century
Romanesque in England
• Long, narrow buildings were constructed with heavy walls and piers, rectangular apses, double transepts and deeply recessed portals
• Naves were covered with flat roofs, later replaces by vaults, and side aisles were covered with groined vaults.
Romanesque in Spain
• First Romanesque: Catalonia
• In the 11th century the region was almost assimilated to France
• Due to this they receive the art early
• The rest of the Spain would receive it with the pilgrimage
Romanesque in Spain
• Catalan churches present, in the outside, ordered volumes
• Wall are decorated with Lombard bands, and blind arches and galleries
• The plan has three naves, with a small narthex
• The head has triple apse
Romanesque in Spain• Pilgrims route to Santiago was an important
route for Romanesque Art expansion.
Romanesque in Spain
• Characteristics of pilgrimage churches:– Plan with three to five aisles and a transept– In the transept there are radial chapels– Inside there is a tribune– The head has ambulatory and radial chapels
Romanesque in Spain
• There are polygonal buildings too
• They are related to the Temple
• They are inspired in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulchre
• Examples are Eunate, Torres del Rio (both in Navarre) and Veracruz (Segovia).
Romanesque in Spain
• Castile and Leon:• It is deeply influenced
by the pilgrimage routes
• The churches are identified with the spirit of the Reconquist
Romanesque in Spain
• Buildings are simple and small
• It created a contrast in relation to the refined Hispano Muslin architecture.
• They frequently have a covered area in the outside for the meetings of the councils.
Romanesque in Spain
• The best examples are:– Santiago’s cathedral– Fromista– Sant Climent de Tahull– San Pere de Roda– San Juan de la Peña
• There are other buildings such as castles (Loarre, in Huesca) or bridges, essential for pilgrims (Puentelarreina, Navarre)