Romanesque & Gothic Art Medieval large sculpture returns…and Art of Book continues…
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Transcript of Romanesque and Gothic Art The period of medieval art referred to as Romanesque began in the 11th...
Romanesque and Gothic ArtThe period of medieval art referred to as Romanesque began in the 11th century. The Christian Church was gaining tremendous power throughout Europe; the
Crusades were initiated to take back the Holy Land in the Middle East from the Muslims. This ongoing holy
war required many people to travel across the continent, which created an exchange of ideas and
artistic styles.
The art of this period was mainly religious in theme, employing an emotional and expressive style intended
to evoke powerful responses in the viewer.
Saint-Madeleine
Vezelay, 1120The outside of
Romanesque churches provided many areas for
relief sculpture. This elaborately decorated
church is in France. More pictures follow...
Saint-Madeleine
Tympanum, 1120
The TYMPANUM is an arched area below the
arch and above the lintel of a doorway. This large space could be filled with sculpture which would be
seen by everyone entering the church. This
elaborately decorated church is in France. More
pictures follow...
Saint-Madeleine Tympanum, 1120The Mission of Apostles: Jesus Christ is shown sending his
disciples to preach to the entire world. The lintel and other areas
around the central group are filled with grotesque people
representing those who have not yet embraced Christianity.
Saint-Madeleine Tympanum, 1120 The lintel and other areas around the central group are filled with grotesque people representing those who have not yet embraced
Christianity. Some people are depicted with animal heads and distorted facial features.
Saint-Madeleine Interior, 1120The church interior is designed with tall, vaulted (arched)
ceilings which evoke the glory and awe of God.
Saint-Madeleine Interior,
1120The church interior is
designed with tall, vaulted (arched)
ceilings which evoke the glory and awe of
God.
Church DesignThe floor plan was in the shape of a cross. The long area where people assembled for worship is called the nave. They face the apse, where the priest conducts the service. The area crossing the nave is called
the transept. Above the crossings are towers, or domes. Ambulatories are walkways built around the apse for large processions.
The wooden roofs of earlier ages were replaced by masonry barrel vaults.
Masonry: Stone or brickworkThese vaults produced better acoustic sound, but were extremely heavy and required large exterior buttresses and thick walls for
support.
Worms Cathedral, 1016, GermanyThe towers in this Romanesque church resemble the turrets used in castles. The building is heavy and fortress-like. More
views of this church follow...
Worms Cathedral, 1016, GermanyThe towers in this Romanesque church resemble the turrets
used in castles. The building is heavy and fortress-like.
Worms Cathedral, 1016, Germany
The interior features very tall vaulted ceilings, intended to evoke a feeling of awe and the glory of
God.
St. Sernin, 1080,
Toulouse, FranceThis was a
pilgrimage church, where travelers stopped while journeying to
sacred shrines in other places.
Notre-Dame la Grande in Poiters, France, 1162
This low and wide church has more sculpture than many Romanesque churches.
The frieze above the entrance contains figures illustrating the life of Christ.
Complex at Pisa, Italy, 1063The grandest Italian Romanesque cathedral is the complex at
Pisa. All the structures are made of white marble. The campanile is the famous leaning bell tower, seen at the right
and in the following slide.
Leaning Tower of
PisaItaly
1063
The campanile is the famous
leaning bell tower, which started leaning during
construction. It is eventually
expected to collapse as it
continues to settle on unstable
ground.
Marksburg Castle, Braubach, Germany, 1100sThis fortified castle stands on a cliff 495 feet above the Rhine
River. Its design resembles churches of the same era.
Marksburg Castle, Braubach, Germany, 1100sThis fortified castle stands on a cliff 495 feet above the Rhine
River. Its design resembles churches of the same era.
Romanesque Sculpture
Most sculpture in this period was large and
was attached to architecture. It was expressive in nature, emphasizing emotion rather than realism.
This is the tympanum of the church of St.
Lazare at Autun, France. Created in
1130, the relief sculpture depicts The Last Judgement — the moment at the end of
the world when Christians believe the dead will rise and be
judged worthy of heaven or hell.
Details of this relief sculpture follow...
Tympanum: A carved or decorated space over the door and under the arch of a church façade.
Tympanum of the church of St. Lazare at Autun, France, 1130 AD. The dead are shown rising up from their graves. Demons grab those sent to
hell by the central figure of Jesus, the Divine Judge. Many of the scenes are horrific and
frightening, intended to keep people true to strong religious faith.
Tympanum of the church of St. Lazare at Autun, France.
Romanesque Painting and CraftsIn addition to the popularity of fresco painting, stories were also told
on wool embroidered, woven tapestries. The Bayeux Tapestry in France, created in 1073
and 20” high, shows the famous 1066 Battle at Hastings when WIlliam the Conqueror invaded England.
Romanesque Painting and CraftsMany works were crafted to service the church. The Chalice of Abbot
Suger, 1140, was created from an ancient Roman cup and lined with silver and gems.
It was made for Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis in Paris.
Gothic Art and ArchitectureDuring the 12 and 13th centuries, Europeans moved from the countryside
into towns and cities. Cathedrals became the religious, cultural and social
centers of the growing cities.
A memorable features of Gothic architecture is the flying buttress. These are
support structures, visible on the outside of churches. Employing separate
support structures enabled the use of thinner church walls which contained
very large, beautiful stained glass windows, as seen on the following slides.
Chartres Cathedral,
1194, France
The interior features huge vaulted ceilings and
beautiful stained glass windows.
Chartres Cathedral, 1194,
France
The rose window is circular, with stone tracery radiating
from its center.
Tracery: Ornamental stonework in a decorative pattern, with a lace-like
effect.
Chartres Cathedral, 1194, FranceThis cathedral used the flying buttress design innovation, and has
beautiful stained glass windows, seen in the next slide...
Chartres Cathedral, 1194, FranceThe exterior features more than two thousand carved
figures.
Chartres Rose Window
Chartres Shepherds
Chartres Cathedral Sculpture
Chartres Sculpture
France, 1150, Stone
These figures are extremely elongated; the clothing is stylized, the figures are stiff, and the
feet appear to be floating rather than
resting on the sloped platforms.
Notre-Dame, Paris, France, 1163The huge windows and wide openings between columns on the inside of this cathedral are made possible by the use of flying
buttresses, seen on the exterior.
Notre-Dame, Paris,
France, 1163
The huge windows and wide openings between columns
on the inside of this cathedral are made possible by the use of flying buttresses,
supporting the building’s structure
on the exterior.
Notre-Dame, Paris,
France, 1163The huge
windows and wide openings between
columns on the inside of this cathedral are
made possible by the use of flying
buttresses, supporting the
building’s structure on the
exterior.
Notre-Dame, Paris, France, 1163This a view of the apse, (where the altar is) from the central
nave area.
SIENA CATHEDRAL, 2184, ItalyThis fancy facade (front of the building) features an unusual striped
decorative pattern and complex masonry (stone or brickwork).
Siena Cathedral
Siena Cathedral
BelfryTower
at Bruges, Belgium,
1376
BelfryTower
at Bruges, Belgium,
1376
Cathedral at Toledo, Spain
Cathedral at Toledo, Spain
Sainte Chapelle, Paris, France, 1243
Stained glass at Saint Chapelle
Late Gothic Painting
GIOTTO (1267-1337) Living in Florence, Italy, Giotto revolutionized painting by reviving the practice of working from
nature, instead of creating images based purely on religious symbolism.
His art began to look more realistic than had been the custom during the Middle
Ages. He painted a famous series of frescoes on the walls of the Arena Chapel
in Padua, Italy, seen in the following slides.
Giotto’s Lamentation 1305Figures are in active, natural poses: leaning, holding, sitting and bending. They are solidly constructed, and appear to exist in real space through the
artist’s use of overlapping planes. Foreshortening occurs in some angels. Sorrow is expressed in the
people’s faces as they gaze upon Mary, grieving over the crucified body of her dead son
Jesus.
Giotto: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy/South Wall
Giotto’s Kiss of Judas Giotto has created monumental figures who really appear to occupy space. He has added an emotional depth to the scene: at the center is the face to face confrontation of Judas and Christ. Judas's sinister embrace is met with an all-knowing expression of absolute forgiveness by Christ.
Giotto/ The Story of Joachim and Anna
Duccio’s Madonna in Majesty Tempera on PanelThis great altarpiece (7 X 13’ ) was commissioned by the Cathedral of Siena for the high altar. Duccio worked on it between 1308 and 1311. Overlapping bodies and diminishing size suggest spatial depth.
Duccio: Back panels of altarpieceThis great altarpiece (7 X 13') was commissioned by the Cathedral of Siena for the high altar. Duccio worked on it between 1308 and 1311.
Duccio’s Annunciation Altarpiece panel
Duccio Altarpiece
panel
Duccio’s Staircase Altarpiece panel
Notice how objects possess space and volume, even though perspective has not been refined at this point in time. Overlapping planes help create the illusion of space.
Simone Martini 1284-1344) “Annunciation” 1333 Tempera and gold on wood panel, 10’ tall
Martini was Duccio’s pupil.
Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427) The Adoration of the Magi, 1423
Tempera on panel, 9’ x 9’, Uffizi Gallery, FlorenceGentile was influenced by French artists, and is representative of the
International Style. His work is filled with richly colored and patterned fabrics, and great attention to
detail. Notice how different sized figures suggest space.