RomanesqueRomanesque

1000 -12001000 -1200

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Historical Context-Europe-Historical Context-Europe-1000-11001000-1100 Orthodox Christianity (Byzantine) converts a Orthodox Christianity (Byzantine) converts a

largely pagan Russia (remember: largely pagan Russia (remember: Constantinople modern day Istanbul)Constantinople modern day Istanbul)

Further divided long standing rivalry Further divided long standing rivalry between Roman (ie Roman Catholic- between Roman (ie Roman Catholic- centered in Rome), and Orthodox (Byzantine)centered in Rome), and Orthodox (Byzantine)

The Pope also increases his authority over The Pope also increases his authority over central and eastern Europecentral and eastern Europe

They eventually split in 1054- Orthodoxy in They eventually split in 1054- Orthodoxy in the decline and has an exposed frontier with the decline and has an exposed frontier with IslamIslam

- Roman Catholicism would expand and grow- Roman Catholicism would expand and grow Growth of the cult of the saints and the habit Growth of the cult of the saints and the habit

of pilgrimage that was growing around their of pilgrimage that was growing around their relicsrelics

The church grew more wealthy, and new The church grew more wealthy, and new buildings appeared along pilgrimage roadsbuildings appeared along pilgrimage roads

We can see the similarities of the We can see the similarities of the Byzantine, Greek Orthodox and Russian Byzantine, Greek Orthodox and Russian church architecture and how they differ church architecture and how they differ from the castle and tower churches of from the castle and tower churches of Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

Romanesque Romanesque ArchitectureArchitecture “ “Romanesque” is the Romanesque” is the

first international style first international style since the Roman Empire since the Roman Empire 1000-1200 1000-1200

Romanesque Romanesque architecture is massive, architecture is massive, low, and solid-lookinglow, and solid-looking

Competition among cities Competition among cities for the largest churches, for the largest churches, which continues in the which continues in the Gothic period via a Gothic period via a “quest for height.”“quest for height.”

Religious in theme and designed to evoke Religious in theme and designed to evoke wonder and powerful response from the viewerwonder and powerful response from the viewer

Art and architecture Art and architecture were used to were used to demonstrate the demonstrate the churches powerful role churches powerful role as political, religious and as political, religious and cultural leader of the cultural leader of the WestWest

Masonry (stone) the Masonry (stone) the preferred medium. Craft preferred medium. Craft of concrete essentially of concrete essentially lost in this period. lost in this period.

Rejection of wooden Rejection of wooden structures or structural structures or structural elements.elements.

East end of church the East end of church the focus for liturgical focus for liturgical services. West end for services. West end for the entrance to church.the entrance to church.

Church portals as Church portals as “billboards” for scripture “billboards” for scripture or elements of faith.or elements of faith.

Cruciform plansCruciform plans. Nave and transept at . Nave and transept at right angles to one another. Church as a right angles to one another. Church as a metaphor for heaven.metaphor for heaven.

Crossings (Crossings (where the nave and transept where the nave and transept crossed) where often topped with towers, or crossed) where often topped with towers, or domes, or domes, or laternslaterns

AmbulatoriesAmbulatories , or walkways, were built , or walkways, were built around the apse to allow for large around the apse to allow for large processions needed to view the relicsprocessions needed to view the relics

Columns separate the nave from the side Columns separate the nave from the side aisles-create strong feeling of rhythmaisles-create strong feeling of rhythm

Interior space could not get great height Interior space could not get great height because of problems of weight and thrustbecause of problems of weight and thrust

windows were small so not to weaken wallswindows were small so not to weaken walls

Stè Sernim Toulouse France

Pilgrimage church

Towers on side of Towers on side of entranceentrance

Worms Cathedral Durham Cathedral

Abbey Church Jumieges France

Roofs replace by masonry Roofs replace by masonry barrel vaultsbarrel vaults

Groin vaultsGroin vaults were often were often used to stabilize navesused to stabilize naves

Ribbed groin vaults of Durham Cathedral, England began 1093

Rounded Rounded arches were arches were used used throughout throughout including including over over windows and windows and niches that niches that contained contained sculpturesculpture

These heavy These heavy structures spanned structures spanned large naves and large naves and created a lot of created a lot of tremendous tremendous outward pressure, outward pressure, requiring massive requiring massive exterior exterior buttresses buttresses and and thick wallsthick walls for for support.support.

Buttresses:Buttresses: a a massive support massive support built against a wall built against a wall to receive the to receive the lateral thrust lateral thrust (pressure) exerted (pressure) exerted by the vault, roof or by the vault, roof or arch.arch.

Pisa and its Leaning Pisa and its Leaning TowerTower Another important feature Another important feature

of Romanesque of Romanesque architecture was the use of architecture was the use of a separate bell tower, or a separate bell tower, or campanile, that was built campanile, that was built beside the main church. beside the main church.

Made up of a cathedral, Made up of a cathedral, the baptistery, and the the baptistery, and the campanile ( or bell tower-campanile ( or bell tower-leaning tower)leaning tower)

White marble with White marble with horizontal band of green horizontal band of green marblemarble

Tower will eventually fall Tower will eventually fall over as it tilts more each over as it tilts more each yearyear

Cathedral- latin cross plan- Cathedral- latin cross plan- apse at each end of the apse at each end of the transept and a pointed transept and a pointed dome over the center dome over the center crossingcrossing

Façade tiers of Façade tiers of superimposed archessuperimposed arches

CASTLESCASTLES

Found in Germany, Found in Germany, France, England, Italy France, England, Italy and Spainand Spain

Marksburg Castle Marksburg Castle (Germany) typical for (Germany) typical for 12th century12th century

Stands on a cliff 495 ft Stands on a cliff 495 ft above the Rhine riverabove the Rhine river

Main tower reaches 130 Main tower reaches 130 ft more into the airft more into the air

Resembles churchesResembles churches

ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE:SCULPTURE:

Associated with churchAssociated with church Large in scale, attached to Large in scale, attached to

architecturearchitecture mostly on capitals of columns, mostly on capitals of columns,

portals of doors, or nichesportals of doors, or niches Expressive and placed to evoke an Expressive and placed to evoke an

emotional response from the vieweremotional response from the viewer

tympanumtympanum-arched area above -arched area above the doorway lintel and the the doorway lintel and the arch- used for bas relief arch- used for bas relief sculpturesculpture

Mission of the Apostles, Sainte-Madeline in Vezelay-•Christ sending his disciples to teach out into the world•Appropriate for many Crusades left from here•Rays of holy spirit pouring down on the apostles (they all have their copies of the Gospels•Lintel had grotesque figures the heathen (infidels) dog-headed, pig like, dwarf, also the blind and lame all awaiting conversion for salvation•Also contains zodiac signs

The Bayeux Tapestry is preserved and displayed in The Bayeux Tapestry is preserved and displayed in Bayeux, in Normandy, France. Nothing is known for Bayeux, in Normandy, France. Nothing is known for certain about the tapestry’s origins. certain about the tapestry’s origins.

Some historians argue that it was embroidered in Some historians argue that it was embroidered in Kent, England. Kent, England.

It is a very long and narrow hanging on which It is a very long and narrow hanging on which are embroidered figures and inscriptions are embroidered figures and inscriptions comprising a representation of the conquest of comprising a representation of the conquest of EnglandEngland". ".

The Bayeux Tapestry was probably commissioned in The Bayeux Tapestry was probably commissioned in the 1070s the 1070s

It is over 70 metres long and although it is called a It is over 70 metres long and although it is called a tapestry it is in fact an embroidery, stitched not tapestry it is in fact an embroidery, stitched not woven in woollen yarns on linen..woven in woollen yarns on linen..

1000-1100 Chart

Western Western EuropeEurope

Near EastNear East IndiaIndia Far EastFar East

EventsEvents Norman Norman expansionexpansion

First CrusadeFirst Crusade

Rapid increase Rapid increase of populationof population

Lands recovered by Lands recovered by the Byzantines the Byzantines 10251025

Then defeated Then defeated 1071 by 1071 by SeljuksSeljuks

Capture of Capture of Jerusalem by Jerusalem by knights of the first knights of the first crusadecrusade

NW India NW India invaded by invaded by Mahmud of Mahmud of Ghnzni- zealous Ghnzni- zealous MuslimMuslim

Punjab annexed Punjab annexed to to his central to to his central empireempire

Great prosperity Great prosperity under Norther under Norther Sung DynastySung Dynasty

Large increase in Large increase in populationpopulation

Rice introducedRice introduced

TechnoloTechnologygy

Greek Greek medicinemedicine

AstrolabeAstrolabe

Water power- Water power- millsmills

More refined More refined astronomical astronomical instrumentsinstruments

Improved Improved navigational tablesnavigational tables

Gunpowder first Gunpowder first used in warfareused in warfare

Printing with Printing with movable typemovable type

First compassFirst compass

Astronomical Astronomical instruments instruments perfectedperfected

Water driven clockWater driven clock

Confucian decline Confucian decline of Buddhism of Buddhism among governing among governing classesclasses

ReligionReligion Spiritual power Spiritual power of Pope of Pope extendedextended

Pilgrimage Pilgrimage routesroutes

established established

Split between Split between Roman and Roman and Byzantine Byzantine churcheschurches

Revitalization of Revitalization of Islam brought Islam brought about by the about by the emergence of the emergence of the SeljuksSeljuks

Decline of the Decline of the tolerant Fatimid tolerant Fatimid dynasty of Egyptdynasty of Egypt

South- Hindu South- Hindu cult of Shivacult of Shiva

NW- Islam NW- Islam establishedestablished

ArchitectArchitectureure

Romanesque Romanesque churcheschurches::

Westminster Westminster AbbeyAbbey

Pisa CathedralPisa Cathedral

Tower of Victory, Tower of Victory, AfghanistanAfghanistan

Mosque of al- Mosque of al- Juyushi, EgyptJuyushi, Egypt

Temple of ShivaTemple of Shiva

Mount Abu Mount Abu templestemples

Colour of the iron Colour of the iron Pagoda, ChinaPagoda, China

Tèien-ning temple Tèien-ning temple PekingPeking

ArtArt Bayeux Bayeux TapestryTapestry

Bronze Doors Bronze Doors St MichalesSt Michales

Constantinople Constantinople famed for silks and famed for silks and ivoriesivories

Seljuk brickworkSeljuk brickwork

Erotic Erotic sculptures of sculptures of KhajurahoKhajuraho

Jain sculptural Jain sculptural decorationsdecorations

Period of Period of unsurpassed unsurpassed excellence in excellence in Chinese ceramics Chinese ceramics and paintingand painting

Realism in Sung Realism in Sung paintingpainting