Romanesque

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

Romanesque Architecture

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Romanesque Architecture - Influences

characterized by using the accurate andminute columns in facade perspective and entrances to give itcharacter of vertical mouldings in

Features by using the different forms of Pointed arch, the multiplecenters arches then the Elliptical arches as construction andexpressive elements

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Architecture styles briefed description

1. Romanesque Architecture

char

addition to the use of the towers

used expressive language minute columns in facade

p character of vertical

mouldiand small windows

It characterized by using the architecture nature of the materials which In general has not reproduced forms that have been used

in the wood when used stone instead,

in Romanesque the magnitude of Roman architecture mightShrunk.

2. Gothic Architecture

disguise or mask for buildingsand there has been a trend to highlight the structure of thebuilding situated as well as the focus was

onthe roof lines levels in

and emergence of linear perspective

included formations of convex and concave and oppositecombinations

also appeared directions of minute ornaments and vague forms in

manipulation within the facade shade, shadow, And light

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3. Renaissance architectureprovide a broader concern of front facade, considering it a

and there has been a trend to building situated as well as

the f the façade

and emergence of linear perspand use simple mathematical ratios between the various elements and the buildings symmetry

4. Baroque architecturehas trend towards influencing Theatrical effect

and the emergence of the Oval form in the rules of expressive

forms instead of pure circular basis in most buildings, which

Several styles represent the most significant architecturalcarvings and ornamentations and decoration

expansion of the use of drawings and sculptures denyingany

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5. Rococo and Eclecticismcharacterized by rooted orientation selectiveSeveral styles represent the

carvings and ornamentations an expansion of the use of drawi

importance to the originand employ architectural elements of any other civilization that

may seem appropriate in the pictureIt is an extension of the baroque and higher Rococo in addition

to Adoption of historic methods of revivals of old Greek and Roman classicism and the evolution and revivals of medieval

architecture.

Romanesque began late ninth century AD, and have greatestachievements in ten centuries after the emergence of Christianityandand

have had many changes that paved the way to great renaissancebuildings named medieval or Dark age buildings

important Romanesque buildings are churches in Italy

France, Germany, Spain and England recently

first, then in

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Romanesque Architecture

achievements in ten centuries aft and have had many changes that and buildings named medieval or

Romanesque, means: like the Romans and architecture is essentially A mixture of Roman and Byzantine architecture and

other typesRomanesque Interfere with Gothic and varies from country to

country based on it distance from Italy were the cradle of Roman architecture style

successive arches , movement in the form to show the differencessizes and lengths of blocs and the roof levels

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in

Romanesque style adopted Articulation system instability orAnimation in shaping the plans and elevations in terms of using the

successive arches , movement i sizes and lengths of blocs and t

Dark Ages divided to three pe

riods1. Early period 450-9002. Dark period 900-12003. Renaissance period 1200-1450

church and religious buildings neglect mundane

Churches differ from country to country, but the most have certainfeature. the model church has thick walls, built pillars, huge

arches

Treiforim (vestibule troika decades). The gallery lighting through rowof windows within arches.

Churches were very large to accommodate large numbers. Forexample, Church of St.Sernin (1080 - 1120 AD) in Toulouse,

France

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Romanesque Architecture Churches Features

Vertical trends have emerged in churches because the church is the gate to Paradise where an expression of power and interest inchurch and religious buildings n

Churches differ from country feature. the model church has thand The tower rises from the ceiling at the point at which the wing intersects in the church main court

The tower rises over four pillars, aisles separated from the main

court corridors bypasses.

adding internal balcony overlooking the bypass arcades called

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the massive west facade crowned by a tower or by twin towers, thecomplex design of the eastern part housing the sanctuary, the rhythmic alternation of piers and columns in the nave—representonly the advanced stages in a len

marked by considerable trial andgthy and complex formal evolution

error.

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Ailse Ailse

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Barrel Vault- St Peters Cathedral, Rome

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Groin Vault- St Peters Cathedral, Rome

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Romanesque Church

Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

Aachen Cathedral · Aachen, Germany

Romanesque Church

ENG.NABEEL M. AIADThe "blind arcade" Canterbury Cathedral has overlapping arches forming points, a

common decorative feature.

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The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France1130s, has much

decorative spiral detail in the draperies

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Romanesque Interior

There were six factors that influence

the construction ofarchitecture styleswhich are

4. Climatic

Civil Factors6. Social

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Romanesque Architecture Influence Factors

There were six factors that i architecture styles which are

:

1. Historical Historical Factors

2. Geographical3. Geological Natural Factors

5. Religious

Geographical

On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque style grew in

and geographical position determined many of the peculiarities of the

Romanesque style took its name from Roman origin, owedsomething to Byzantine art, which was carried westwards alongthe

differences which influenced the architecture in such varyingdegrees that it may considered under (a) Central Italy, within the inner zone of Roman influence ; (b) Northern Italy, in contact with Western Europe ; (c) South Italy and Sicily, open to influences from the East-(Islam).

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On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque style grew iWestern Europe countries which had been under the rule of Rome,and geographical position deter style in each country.

Romanesque style took its na

great trade routes, by way of such centers as Venice, Ravenna, andMarseilles, and thus exercised a formative influence on Romanesque,

The long, narrow peninsula of Italy stretches from the snowy Alps on the north, right down through the waters of the Mediterranean, almost to sultry Africa on the south.

These geographical variations were accompanied by other

exercised a paramount influence

Milan, the capital of Lombardy, has prosperity of its proximity toseveral Alpine passes and its situation in the fertile plains of

Greek and Roman colony, it formed part of the Byzantine Empireunder Justinian. While Sicily, an island which is triangular in form, is situated in the Mediterranean sea, and, facing Greece on one side, Italy on another, and North Africa on the third, was exposed to influences from all three countries.

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A. Central ItalyThe central region Florence, Pisa, and Naples which are rich in ancient pagan monuments and Early Christian churches thatexercised a paramount influence

B. North Italy

Milan, the capital of Lombardy, h several Alpine passes and its sit

on architecture.

Lombardy, where the cultivation 'of the vine and mulberry was then, as now, a staple industry. Venice and Ravenna, which were connecting trade links between East and West, fell geographically under the influences of Byzantine art.

C.South Italy and Sicilyincluding Calabria, was influence from the East, after having been a

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Hagia Sophia - ConstantinopleENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

cotta, as well as of ready-made columns and other features fromold Roman buildings, accounts for many of the varyingcharacteristics in each country over this wide area, with its different

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Geological

The use of local materials, whether stone or brick, marble or terra-

cotta, as well as of ready-madold Roman buildings, account characteristics in each countr geological formations.

A. Central Italy:Tuscany has mineral wealth and abundance of stone. Various building materials were used in Rome, including bricks, volcanic tufa or peperino, travertine stone from Tivoli and marble from Carrara, Paros, and other Greek islands.Much material was also obtained from the ruins of Classicbuildings.

used with marble from the hills, gave a special character to the

• Venice on the Adriatic imported marbles in her merchant vessel

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s.

B. North Italy:• The plains of Lombardy supplied clay for making bricks, which,

used with marble from the hill architecture.

• Venice on the Adriatic import

C. South Italy and Sicily:• The mountains of South Italy and Sicily supplied limestone

and many kinds of marble,• while the sulphur mines, especially of Sicily, largely contributed

to that prosperity which was conducive to building enterprise.

Limestone

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Sand SoilENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Rocks of stonesENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Sand SoilENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

A cement buildingENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Mud bricksENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Fired bricksENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Marble

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north and south of the Alps. In the duller climates of the north,window openings were enlarged to admit sufficient light, while inThe slope of roofs was also largely determined by climate ;

flat

east to west according to the proximity to the Apennines, whichoften snow-clad, or to the sea-board.

are

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Climate

The Climatic conditions contributed to differences of treatment

north and south of the Alps. In th

window openings were enlarged the south they were kept small to The slope of roofs was also large

exclude the dazzling sunshine.

roofs in the south and high-pitched roofs in north to throw off rain

and snow.

A. Central ItalyThe brilliant sunshine demanded small windows and thick walls, both in cities of the plain and in cities built on the hill-tops, both

for defence and to be above the miasma of the low-lying country.

The climate not only varies from north to south, but also from

from Milan on the west to Venice onthe east lie below the Alps, and

• in the summer these same mou

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B. North Italy• The climate varies between extremes of heat and cold. The towns

thus in the winter they are swept mountains ;• in the summer these same mouwinds, when the heat in the plain

by the ice-winds from the

ntains protect them from the north s is often excessive.

C. South Italy and Sicily• The climate is almost sub- tropical ; palms grow in the open air and the orange and lemon groves of Palermo are famous.• On the southern coasts of Italy buildings have the flat roofs and other characteristics of Oriental cities.

Stavronikita Monastery - Mount Athos (Macedonia) ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Romanesque

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