ROMANESQUE
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Transcript of ROMANESQUE
Romanesque art
Introduction of Romanesque Art
The Romanesque style was the first style to spread across the whole of
Catholic Europe, making it the first pan-European style since Imperial
Roman Architecture.
Combining features of Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local
traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality,
thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and
regular, symmetrical plans.
The tympanums of important church portals were carved
with monumental schemes, often again
depicting iconography from Byzantine painting, but
treated with more freedom than painted versions, as
there were no equivalent Byzantine models for sculpture.
Romanesque Period
• The architecture• The sculpture• The Holy Roman Empire
ARCHITECTURE
First Romanesque
Pilgrimage Churches
Cluny
The Cistercians
Variations In Romanesque Architecture
Dover Castle in England
First Romanesque
In contrast to the refinement of the later Romanesque style,
First Romanesque style employed rubble walls, smaller
windows and unvaulted roofs.
The First Romanesque style developed in the north of Italy,
parts of France, and the Iberian Peninsula during the 10th and
11th centuries.
Abott Oliba of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll served
as an important supporter of the First Romanesque style.
The term "First Romanesque" was coined by architect Josep
Puig i Cadafalch.
First Romanesque, also known as Lombard Romanesque, is
characterized by thick walls, lack of sculpture, and the presence
of rhythmic ornamental arches known as a Lombard band.
Pilgrimage Churches
• New churches were built to thank God for
the safe return of a Crusader and to
commemorate a fallen Crusader.
• The Crusades resulted in the transfer of a
number of relics to churches, transforming
them into places of pilgrimage.
• The number of abbey churches increased
during the period of the Crusades. Many of
these are still standing and reflect the core
ideas behind Romanesque architecture.
Way of St. James
Cluny
• William I, Duke of Aquitaine, founded the
Benedictine abbey of Cluny on a modest
scale, as the motherhouse of the
Congregation of Cluny.
• The fast-growing community at Cluny
required buildings on a large scale. The three
successive churches are conventionally called
Cluny I, II and III.
•Much of Cluny was destroyed during the
French Revolution and only 10% of the floor
area of Cluny III is in existence today.
Cluny III, reconstruction
The Cistercians• Architecturally speaking, the Cistercian
monasteries and churches may be counted
among the most beautiful relics of the Middle
Ages due to their pure style.
• Cistercian architecture embodied the ideals of
the order, and in theory was utilitarian and
without superfluous ornament. However, the
order was receptive to the technical
improvements of Gothic principles of
construction; they played an important role in
the Gothic method's spread across Europe.
• Cistercian construction involved vast amounts
of quarried stone and employed the best
stonecutters.
Fountains Abbey
Variations in Romanesque Architecture
• Variations in Romanesque architecture can
be noted in earlier styles versus later styles.
• Romanesque architecture varies in the way
walls, piers, arches and openings, arcades,
columns, vaults and roofs appear.It also
varies in the materials used to create these
features.
• Variations in Romanesque architecture
across different regions was often due to
differences in building materials and local
inspirations.
Collegiate Church of Nivelles
Dover Castle in England• Dover Castle took its recognizable shape during
the rule of Henry II.
• New constructions were added to the castle
due to a French siege in 1216.
• The Moat Bulwark was added during the Tudor
age to combat new weapons that used
gunpowder.
• Massive rebuilding took place at the end of the
eighteenth century to defend the castle during
the Napoleonic Wars.
• The castle carried militaristic significance into
the twentieth century with WWII and is now a
Scheduled Monument.
Dover Castle
• Baileys A motte-and-bailey castle is a fortification with a wooden or stone keep
situated on a raised earthwork called a "motte," accompanied by an enclosed
courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.
• Cistercian A member of a monastic order, related to the Benedictines, who hold
a vow of silence
• First Romanesque First Romanesque is the name due to Josep Puig i Cadafalch to
refer to the Romanesque art developed in Catalonia since the late 10th century.
• Romanesque Refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise
of the Gothic style in the 13th century or later, depending on region.
Works of Art
Collegiate Church of Nivelles– The Collegiate Church of Nivelles, Belgium uses fine shafts of
Belgian marble to define alternating blind openings and windows.Upper windows are similarly separated into two openings by colonettes.
Notre Dame du Puy– The facade of Notre Dame du Puy, le Puy en
Velay, France, has a more complex arrangement of diversified arches: doors of varying widths, blind arcading, windows and open arcades.
Way of St. James– The Way of St. James or St. James' Way is the
pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried.Many churches were built along this route and reflect the Romanesque architectural style.
Fountains Abbey– The abbeys of 12th century England were stark
and undecorated – a dramatic contrast with the elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine houses – yet to quote Warren Hollister, "even now the simple beauty of Cistercian ruins such as Fountains and Rievaulx, set in the wilderness of Yorkshire, is deeply moving".
Ripoll Monastery– The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a
Benedictine monastery, built in the Romanesque style, located in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia, Spain.Although much of the present church in 19th century rebuilding, the sculptured portico is a renowned work of Romanesque art.
Dover Castle– The architecture of Dover Castle is
reflective of its militaristic significance throughout England's history.
SCULPTURE
• Majestat Batilo
• Mary as the Throne of Wisdom
• Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia
• Reiner of Huy
Important Characteristic
Majestat Batilo - Carved wooden images were a fundamental element in churches as objects of
worship.One of the most elaborate types in Catalonia was the Christ in Majesty, images of Christ on
the Cross that symbolize his triumph over death, of which the most outstanding is the Batlló
Majesty.
Mary as the Throne of Wisdom - Images of Mary as the Throne of Wisdom are especially
prevalent throughout Roman Catholic art. When the Virgin is depicted in ("Mary as the Throne of
Wisdom") icons and sculptural representations, she is seated on a throne with the Christ Child on her
lap.
Tomb of Rudolf Swabia - Rudolf of Rheinfelden was the alternative king, or antiking, for the
politically oriented anti-Henry German aristocrats.He died during the Great Saxon Rebellion.
Works of art
Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia– The tomb of Rudolf of Swabia is
exemplary of Romanesque sculpture.
Batlló Majesty– The Batlló Majesty is a large 12th century
Romanesque wooden crucifix, now in the National Art Museum of Catalonia in Barcelona.It is one of the most elaborate examples in Catalonia of an image of Christ on the Cross symbolizing his triumph over death.
Mary as the Throne of Wisdom– Madonna as Seat of Wisdom, 1199, inscribed
as by Presbyter Martinus, from the Camaldolese abbey in Borgo San Sepolcro near Arezzo, Italy.
Baptismal Font at St. Bartholomew's Church– Reiner of Huy, a 12th century
metalworker and sculptor, is generally attributed with creating the baptismal font at St. Bartholomew's Church.
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Architecture
Painting and other Forms of Art
Important Characteristic
Architecture The Holy Roman Empire existed from 962 to 1806, and at its peak
included territories of the Kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, Italy and Burgundy.
Pre-Romanesque architecture is thought to have originated with the Carolingian
Renaissance in the late 8th century.
The Romanesque period (10th - early 13th century) is characterized by semi-circular
arches, robust appearance, small paired windows, and groin vaults.
Painting and other Forms of Art most common type of object to survive from medieval
times is the illuminated manuscript, under the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne.
The court of the Holy Roman Emperor, then based in Prague, played an important part in
forming the International Gothic style in the late 14th century.
Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
movable type Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation).
mysticism A transcendental union of soul or mind with the divine reality or divinity.
Ottonian Renaissance a minor renaissance that accompanied the reigns of the first three emperors of the Saxon Dynasty, all named Otto: Otto I (936–973), Otto II (973–983), and Otto III (983–1002).
Rococo Rococo, also referred to as Late Baroque, is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, which affected several aspects of the arts,, including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theater.
Works of Art
Speyer Cathedral, Image by Alfred Hutter– Speyer Cathedral was built during the
Romanesque era; in the 11th century it was the largest building in the Christian world and an architectural symbol of the power of the Salian dynasty.
Die Frauenkirche in Dresden– The rebuilt Frauenkirche in Dresden was
created by George Bähr between 1722 and 1743, and is an example of Baroque architecture in Germany.
Cologne Cathedral– Cologne Cathedral is - after Milan
Cathedral - the largest Gothic cathedral in the world, and was built over 600 years.
Veronica holding her veil, Hans Memling, c. 1470– The Veil of Veronica is an example of an
image that reflected the intensely emotional devotional life of Gothic-style art.
The Heller Altar by Albrecht DürerAlbrecht Dürer is thought to be the greatest artist of the German Renaissance
GOTHIC ART
MEMBERS:
KER AMIMITA PAUL JAMES MONTECILLO MITCH LOVE ROCHEL LUGO
INSIGHTS
I realized that there is a lot of styles that we
adopt from the gothic period.
“Paul James Montecilllo”
INSIGHTS
I realized that in our generation today many structures like cathedrals still use.
“LUGO, ROCHEL”