ROMAN THEATRE. Brief Roman History 509 B.C Etruscan (from Etruria) ruler was expelled, and Rome...
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Transcript of ROMAN THEATRE. Brief Roman History 509 B.C Etruscan (from Etruria) ruler was expelled, and Rome...
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ROMAN THEATRE
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Brief Roman History509 B.C
• Etruscan (from Etruria) ruler was expelled, and Rome became a republic (just as Athens became a democracy).
• Roman theatre and festivals highly influenced by Etruscan practices
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by 345 B.C• There were over 175 festivals
a year
240 B.C• The beginnings of Roman
theatre recorded• The first record of drama at
the ludi Romani (Roman Festival or Roman Games).
Brief Roman History
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55 B.C
• First stone theatre built in Rome by order of Julius Caesar.
Brief Roman History
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Roman Theatre
• Borrowed Greek ideas and improved (?) upon them
• Topics less philosophical
• Entertainment tended to be grandiose, sentimental, diversionary
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• Included more than drama : • acrobatics• gladiators• jugglers• athletics• chariots races• naumachia (sea battles) • boxing• venationes (animal fights)
Roman Theatre
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3 Major Influences• Greek Drama
• Etruscan influences, which emphasized circus-like elements
• Fabula Atellana – which introduced FARCE (Atella was near Naples).
Roman Theatre
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Roman TheatreFarce• Short improvised farces, with
stock characters, similar costumes and masks
• based on domestic life or mythology
• burlesque, parody
• Most popular during the 1st century B.C., then frequency declined
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Roman TheatreFarce• Probably was the foundation
for commedia dell ‘Arte
• Productions included “stock” characters:• Bucco: braggart, boisterous
• Pappas: foolish old man
• Dossenus: swindler, drunk, hunchback
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Roman TheatrePantomime
• solo dance, with music (lutes, pipes, cymbals) and a chorus.
• Used masks• The story-telling was
usually mythology or historical stories, usually serious but sometimes comic.
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Roman TheatreMime• overtook after 2nd century
A.D.• The Church did not like Mime• Most common attributes of
mime:• Spoken• Usually short• Sometimes elaborate casts
and spectacle
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Roman Theatre
• Serious or comic (satiric)• No masks• Had women• Violence and sex depicted
literally (Heliogabalus, ruled 218-222 A.D., ordered realistic sex)
• Scoffed at Christianity
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Roman Festivals• Held in honor of the gods, but
much less religious than the Greeks
• Performances at festivals probably paid for by the state.
• Were often lengthy and included a series of plays or events, and probably had prizes awarded tp those who put extra money in.
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Roman Festivals• Acting troupes (perhaps
several a day) put on theatre events.
• Festivals were sometimes repeated, since whenever any irregularity in the rituals occurred, the entire festival, including the plays, had to be repeated. (known as instauratio)
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Roman Festivals
ludi = official religious festivals
these were preceded by pompa = religious
procession
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Roman Festivals
ludi Romani
• oldest of the official festivals
• held in September and honored Jupiter
• regular performance of comedy and tragedy began in 364 B.C.
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Roman Tragedy
Characteristics of Roman Tragedy
• 5 acts/episodes divided by choral odes
• included elaborate speeches
• interested in morality• unlike Greeks, they
depicted violence on stage
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Roman TragedyCharacteristics of Roman
Tragedy• characters dominated by a
single passion which drives them to doom (ex: obsessiveness or revenge)
• developed technical devices such as: soliloquies, asides, confidants
• interest in supernatural and human connections
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Roman TragedySeneca (5 or 4 B.C. – 65
A.D.)• only playwright of tragedy
whose plays survived
• Nine extant tragedies, five adapted from Euripides (Gr.)
• Though considered to be inferior, Seneca had a strong effect on later dramatists.
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Roman TragedySeneca (5 or 4 B.C. – 65
A.D.)• WroteThe Trojan Women,
Media, Oedipus, Agamemnon, etc., which were all based on Greek originals
• His plays were probably closet dramas—never presented, or even expected to be.
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Roman Comedy
Characteristics of Roman Comedy
• Chorus was abandoned
• No act or scene divisions
• Concerned everyday, domestic affairs
• Action placed in the street
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Roman Comedy
Material from only 2 playwrights survived
• Platus (c. 254-184 B.C.)
• Terence (195 or 185-159 B.C.)
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Roman ComedyPlatus (c. 254-184 B.C.)• Very popular.
• Plays include: Pot of Gold, The Menaechmi, Braggart Warrior
• All based on Greek New Comedies, probably, none of which has survived
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Roman ComedyPlatus (c. 254-184 B.C.)• Added Roman allusions,
Latin dialog, witty jokes
• varied poetic meters
• Developed Slapstick & Songs
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Roman ComedyTerence (195 or 185-159
B.C.)
• Wrote only six plays, all of which survive, including: The Brothers, Mother-in-Law
• More complex plots – combined stories from Greek originals.
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Roman ComedyTerence (195 or 185-159
B.C.)• Character and double-plots
were his forte
• Less boisterous than Plautus, less episodic, more elegant language.
• Used Greek characters.
• Less popular than Plautus.
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Roman Theatre Design
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Roman Theatre Design
• First permanent Roman theatre built 54 A.D. (100 years after the last surviving comedy)
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Roman Theatre Design
General Characteristics• Built on level ground with
stadium-style seating (audience raised)
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Roman Theatre Design
General Characteristics• Stage raised to five feet
• Stages were large – 20-40 ft deep100-300 ft long
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Roman Theatre DesignGeneral Characteristics• Theatre could seat 10-15,000
people
• dressing rooms in side wings
• stage was covered with a room
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Roman Theatre Design
General Characteristics
• trap doors were common
• cooling system – air blowing over streams of water
• awning over the audience to protect them from the sun
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Roman Theatre DesignScaena
• “stage house”
• joined with audience to form one
architectural unit
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Roman Theatre DesignScaena frons• front/façade of the stage
house
• was painted and had columns, niches, porticoes, statues
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Roman Theatre Design
Orchestra• becomes half-circle
• was probably used for gladiators and for the display and killing of wild animals
• if entertainment permitted, people were sat here
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Roman Theatre DesignVomitori
a• corridors
under the seats that lead onto the orchestra
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Roman Theatre DesignPulpitum• the stage
Cavea• the
auditorium
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Roman Theatre DesignOther structures
included:
Circus Maximus
Ampitheatres
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Roman Theatre DesignCircus Maximus• Primarily for Chariot racing• Permitted 12 chariots to race
at once
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Roman Theatre DesignAmpitheatres• For gladiator contests, wild
animal fights, and occasionally naumachia
• Had space with elevators below to bvring up animals, etc.
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Roman Actors
• Referred to as histriones, cantores (means declaimers), and mimes – later primarily histriones
• Mostly male – women were in mimes
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Roman Actors
• Mimes were considered inferior; some believed they were slaves.
• In the 1st century B.C., a "star" performer seems to have been emphasized
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Roman Actors
Style of Acting
• Mostly Greek traditions – masks, doubling of roles
• Tragedy – slow, stately,
• Comedy—more rapid and conversational
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Roman Actors
Style of Acting
• Movements likely enlarged
• Actors probably specialized in one type of drama, but did others
• Encores if favorite speeches given (no attempt at "realism")
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Roman Actors
Style of Acting
• Mimes – no masks
• Used Greek or Roman costumes
• Lots of music