Roman Republican Roman Republican Government:Government:

SPQRSPQR““The Senate and the People Are Rome”The Senate and the People Are Rome”

6.26.2

Roman GovernmentRoman Government2 Classes 2 Classes

PatriciansPatricians&&PlebeiansPlebeians

Why were many Why were many plebeians plebeians dissatisfied with dissatisfied with Roman government Roman government in the early years?in the early years?

Reforms? How did Reforms? How did they get them?they get them?

Reenactors remember the Romans in Reenactors remember the Romans in England…England…

A tortoise manuever

Ancient relief sculpture of a Roman Triumph: A Parade of Victory

Army Reading: 1. How did the Roman government win support from conquered peoples?2. What was army life like?

Rome’s LegionsRome’s Legions

Who fought?Who fought? What privileges do What privileges do

veterans get?veterans get? Why was the legion Why was the legion

more lethal than more lethal than the Greek the Greek phallanx?phallanx?

How did the typical How did the typical legionnaire live?legionnaire live?

Command Command

StructureStructure2 Consuls

Led 5-25 legions

Legate – led one legionA legion was 50-60 centuries

A Centurion commanded one century

80-100 legionaires made up a century

How were the Twelve Tables How were the Twelve Tables as a set of laws? Review as a set of laws? Review

problemsproblems Between 494-287 BC Between 494-287 BC

thousands of plebeians thousands of plebeians refused to fight in refused to fight in expanding Rome expanding Rome unless patricians unless patricians agreed to reformsagreed to reforms

– Enslavement for debt Enslavement for debt was eliminatedwas eliminated

– Marriage between the Marriage between the classes allowedclasses allowed

– AND it was chiseled in AND it was chiseled in stone as written law…in stone as written law…in 451BC 451BC

- hung in the forum- hung in the forum

The Tarpeian RockThe Tarpeian RockWorse…for traitors and special shameWorse…for traitors and special shame

The Forum and the Curia The Forum and the Curia buildingbuilding

where the Senate met at the height of where the Senate met at the height of empire … empire …

Forum

Proportion and Balance were Proportion and Balance were important…*important…*

WisdomWisdom

All 4 of these virtues in All 4 of these virtues in architectural balance: the architectural balance: the

bottom three support bottom three support JusticeJustice

Plato and Aristotle

Justice

Fortitude Temperance

*Developed by Greek philosophers…

Why did the Romans Why did the Romans ultimately consider their ultimately consider their government balanced?government balanced?

SPQR: Balanced SPQR: Balanced GovernmentGovernment

MagistratesMagistrates or or Executive BranchExecutive Branch

2 Consuls2 Consuls And other officials…And other officials…Censors – Censors –

Population, Population, ElectionsElections

Praetors - CourtsPraetors - CourtsAediles – City Aediles – City

Order, Order, ConstructionConstruction

Questors - TreasuryQuestors - Treasury

Prerequisites: Prerequisites: Must serve 20 years Must serve 20 years

in the Army; in the Army; Patrician only at Patrician only at

first, later first, later Plebeian OK.Plebeian OK.

SenateSenate Advises Consuls, who Advises Consuls, who

must obey this must obey this adviceadvice

300 most powerful men300 most powerful menLater 600Later 600

Former magistrates Former magistrates can automatically can automatically enter the Senate w/ enter the Senate w/ approval of censors. approval of censors.

Originally had to be Originally had to be patricians, later patricians, later plebeians can plebeians can enter, first as enter, first as Tribunes, then as Tribunes, then as influential or influential or wealthy menwealthy men

The People

DictatorFor 6 months only

AssemblyAssembly VotesVotes

No debate took place: No debate took place: just yes/no votes on just yes/no votes on

laws laws and votes on electing and votes on electing

magistrates & tribunesmagistrates & tribunes

10 Tribunes- Can veto laws of Assembly

The “unimportant” detailed The “unimportant” detailed version…version…

Skip…Skip…

Cincinnatus: a good DictatorCincinnatus: a good Dictator“…“…Lucius Quinctius Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was appointed Cincinnatus was appointed by universal consent. It is by universal consent. It is worthwhile for those worthwhile for those persons who despise all persons who despise all things human in things human in comparison with riches, comparison with riches, and who suppose that and who suppose that there is no room either for there is no room either for exalted honour, or for exalted honour, or for virtue, except where riches virtue, except where riches abound in great profusion, abound in great profusion, to listen to the following to listen to the following [story of Cincinnatus]…[story of Cincinnatus]…

– Livy, Roman historianLivy, Roman historian

458 BC – a former 458 BC – a former consul is called to consul is called to serve…serve…

(Statue in Cincinnati, (Statue in Cincinnati, Ohio)Ohio)

Three phases of the Three phases of the RepublicRepublic

509 – 265BC509 – 265BC– Rome Conquers ItalyRome Conquers Italy

264-146BC264-146BC– Rome Fights Carthage in 3 Punic WarsRome Fights Carthage in 3 Punic Wars

145-44BC145-44BC– Several Roman military leaders threaten Several Roman military leaders threaten

to ruin the government in the Republic… to ruin the government in the Republic…

Rome’s Expansion on the Rome’s Expansion on the Boot!Boot!

390BC Rome sacked by marauding Gauls. 390BC Rome sacked by marauding Gauls. – In response, larger, longer and stronger wallsIn response, larger, longer and stronger walls– Won’t happen again for 800 yearsWon’t happen again for 800 years

282 BC - Greek colonists seek help from 282 BC - Greek colonists seek help from Greece General Pyrrhus wins a “pyrrhic Greece General Pyrrhus wins a “pyrrhic victory”, which is: victory”, which is: __________________________________________________________________________

275 BC –Independent Greeks driven out of 275 BC –Independent Greeks driven out of ItalyItaly

What were the Punic Wars?What were the Punic Wars?

Before the First Punic War

Carthage

Before the 2nd Punic War, Hannibal and the Battle of Zama

After the Punic Wars: Expansion by 44 BC

Expansion to the Eastern Expansion to the Eastern MediterraneanMediterranean

Why do the Greeks celebrate the Why do the Greeks celebrate the Roman’s arrival at first?Roman’s arrival at first?

Why did their attitudes change?Why did their attitudes change? At the Greek city-state of Corinth: At the Greek city-state of Corinth:

What happened and why?What happened and why?

The (3) Punic Wars: The (3) Punic Wars: 11st 264-241 st 264-241

BCEBCE

22nd 218 – 202 nd 218 – 202 33rdrd 149-146 149-146

Key Events to KnowKey Events to Know

Begun over SicilyBegun over Sicily

Rome struggles Rome struggles until it finds a Punic until it finds a Punic ship washed up on ship washed up on beachbeach

Man to man fightingMan to man fighting

““The raven”The raven”

Hamilcar Barca diesHamilcar Barca dies

Saguntum Spain Saguntum Spain attackattack

Hannibal crosses the Hannibal crosses the Alps w/37 eleph. Alps w/37 eleph. 50,000 soldiers.… 50,000 soldiers.… 6000 cavalry6000 cavalry

Battle of CannaeBattle of Cannae

15 years in Italy 15 years in Italy

Battle of ZamaBattle of Zama

Senator Cato: Senator Cato: “Carthage must be “Carthage must be destroyed”destroyed”

Rome attacksRome attacks

Scipio’s grandson, Scipio’s grandson, Scipio Aemilianus Scipio Aemilianus sets Carthage afiresets Carthage afire

He mourns…why?He mourns…why?

Outcomes: Sicily Outcomes: Sicily becomes Romanbecomes Roman

North Africa North Africa becomes Roman becomes Roman territoryterritory

Roman versus CarthaginianRoman versus Carthaginian

+ Strength+ Strength ++

- Weakness- Weakness --

Hannibal: Rome’s Worst Hannibal: Rome’s Worst Nightmare (BBC Miniseries)Nightmare (BBC Miniseries)

Pt 1 Meet HannibalPt 1 Meet Hannibal

and 2 Battle of Cannaeand 2 Battle of Cannae

And 3 The End of Hannibal And 3 The End of Hannibal (by Titus Labienus)(by Titus Labienus)

How they got the elephants ready for battleHow they got the elephants ready for battle

Click on links above to beginClick on links above to begin

Battle of Zama ends the 2Battle of Zama ends the 2ndnd Punic War- Punic War- 202BC202BC

Battle of Zama, 1597 Battle of Zama, 1597 drawingdrawing

CarthageCarthage Roman Roman RepublicRepublic

HannibalHannibal Scipio AfricanusScipio Africanus StrengthStrengthAlmost 50,000 infantry Almost 50,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry4,000 cavalry

80 war elephants80 war elephants 34,000 Roman infantry34,000 Roman infantry3,000 Roman cavalry3,000 Roman cavalry6,000 African allied 6,000 African allied

cavalrycavalryCasualtiesCasualties

20,000 killed,20,000 killed, 1,500 killed,1,500 killed,11,000 wounded,11,000 wounded, 4,000 wounded4,000 wounded15,000 captured15,000 captured

Battle of Zama

Do you agree? Why or why Do you agree? Why or why not?not?

““Hannibal was a very effective Hannibal was a very effective general.”general.”

The thesis must present an The thesis must present an argument.argument.

Can I reasonably argue the opposite?Can I reasonably argue the opposite? 1. No1. No 3. Yes3. Yes

2. “Hannibal was a very effective general.”2. “Hannibal was a very effective general.”Although 1, 2 because of 3.Although 1, 2 because of 3.

?True or False??True or False?

““The Carthaginian loss in the 2The Carthaginian loss in the 2ndnd Punic War due more to Roman skill Punic War due more to Roman skill than Hannibal’s mistakes or than Hannibal’s mistakes or ineffectiveness.”ineffectiveness.”

The thesis must present an The thesis must present an argument.argument.

Can I reasonably argue the opposite?Can I reasonably argue the opposite? 1. No1. No 3. Yes3. Yes

2. “The Carthaginian loss in the 22. “The Carthaginian loss in the 2ndnd Punic War due Punic War due more to Roman skill.”more to Roman skill.”

Although 1, 2 because of 3.Although 1, 2 because of 3.

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