Roman History III: The Conquest of Italy
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Transcript of Roman History III: The Conquest of Italy
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Roman History III: The Conquest of Italy
Culture Lesson for 1st and 2nd year Latin
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Roma, 509 B.C.
• Under Tullus Hostilius, Rome conquered the city of Alba Longa and moved her citizens to Rome.
• Under Servius Tullius, city expanded to it’s traditional seven hills (Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, Esqualine, Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian). Still, all territory within Latium, Rome’s home region.
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Conquest of Latium
•496 B.C.- Romans defeat Latin League at the battle of Lake Regillus
•493 B.C.- Treaty with the League allies cities of Latium with Rome. Rome becomes the dominant partner.
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Conquest of Etruria
• Originally rulers of Rome, evidenced by kings Tarquinius Priscus and Tarquinius Superbus
• Constant war with Veii, capital of Etruria, from 482 to 474 B.C.
• Other enemies weaken the Etruscans, fully fall to Rome in 396 with conquest of Veii
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Issues at home
• Plebeians feel increasingly powerless, complain about lack of codified law.
• Romans give power over to council of the Decemviri (10 men), for the purpose of developing Rome’s first written laws
• Rule from 451-449 B.C., eventually create the laws known as the “Duodecim Tabulae,” 12 Tables.
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Excerpts from the 12 Tables
• Debtors given time to repay debts, then could be sold into slavery (originally could be killed)
• Thieves would be flogged, then made to make restitution to the victim. If a slave, thrown from the Tarpeian Rock
• Demonstrations against causes was permitted, but not against specific people
• Punishment for stealing crops worse than punishment for murder
• Social status of criminal affected punishment (Plebeians get worst, Patricians lesser, slaves Least)
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Galli Opugnant!
• 390 B.C.- Gauls sweep south to Italy, sack Rome. All records destroyed.
• Attempting to take the Capitoline hill at night, the Gauls awaken the sacred geese of Iuno’s temple, and their noise awakens the Roman defenders. Assault turned by commander Camillus
• Romans agree to pay off the Gauls. When Gauls are found cheating in the payment method, their leader, Brennus, shouts Vae Victis, “Woe to the conquered”
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Rome vs. Samnium
• Samnites- mountain people of south-central Italy
• Romans and Samnites fight each other in three wars, starting in 343 and ending finally in 290 with Samnite surrender and alliance to Rome.
• 321 B.C.- Samnites defeat Romans at the battle of Caudine Forks during the 2nd Samnite War; Rome’s worst military defeat to date
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Almost There...
• With the surrender of the Samnites, Rome’s hold on Italia is almost complete.
• To the south, however, are the lands of Magna Graecia, colonies founded and maintained by Greek cities, now controlled by the massive Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great.
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The coming of Pyrrhus
• Romans besiege the city of Tarentum, one of the cities of Magna Graecia
• In response, citizens appeal to Macedonia for aid. King Pyrrhus of Epirus responds to their call.
• Brings with him two great military innovations: the phalanx formation and...
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Pyrrhic Victories
• Pyrrhus initially victorious over the Romans, but his victories are very costly. Is also not getting reinforced from native tribes or Macedonia.
• Eventually defeated by Romans outside the town of Beneventum.
• Pyrrhic Victory- a victory so costly it is practically a defeat.
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Results
• Except for Gallia Cisalpina (modern day northern Italy, not finally pacified till c. 150 B.C.), all Italy is in Roman hands.
• Rome took land from the Macedonians, a world power. This gets the attention of powers around the known world.
• Rome begins eyeing the island across from the boot’s toe, Sicily. Unfortunately, Sicily is currently in the hands of the great Mediterranean sea power– CARTHAGE!