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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

Since antiquity, Roman architecture and planninghave inspired architects and designers. In thisvolume, Fikret Yegül and Diane Favro offer acomprehensive history and analysis of the Roman-built environment, emphasizing design and plan-ning aspects of buildings and streetscapes. Theauthors explore the dynamic evolution and dissem-ination of architectural ideas, showing how localinfluences and technologies were incorporatedacross the vast Roman territory. They also considerhow Roman construction and engineering expertise,as well as logistical proficiency, contributed to themaking of bold and exceptional spaces and forms.Based on decades of firsthand examinations ofancient sites throughout the Roman world, fromBritain to Syria, the authors give close accounts ofmany sites no longer extant or accessible. Writtenin a lively and accessible manner, Roman Architectureand Urbanism affirms the enduring attractions ofRoman buildings and environments and their rele-vance to a global view of architecture. Lavishlyillustrated with over eight hundred images, includ-ing numerous new plans and drawings as well asdigital renderings, the book will appeal to readersinterested in the classical world and the history of

architecture and urban design, as well as a widerange of academic fields.

Fikret Yegül is a distinguished professor emeritus at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara. Trained as anarchitect and architectural historian, he has extensive fieldexperience in archaeology, notably as a long-term memberof Harvard’s Sardis Excavation. Yegül is completing amajor publication on the Temple of Artemis. Amonghis other books is Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity,which received the prestigious Alice Davies HitchcockAward from the Society of Architectural Historians.

Diane Favro is a distinguished professor emerita in theDepartment of Architecture and Urban Design at theUniversity of California, Los Angeles. Author ofthe influential book The Urban Image of Augustan Rome,she has pioneered research applications of virtual real-ity digital reconstructions with Rome Reborn (1993),the Digital Roman Forum (2002), and Digital Karnak(2007). She was a director of the UCLA ExperientialTechnologies Center, president of the Society ofArchitectural Historians, and the Samuel H. KressProfessor at the Center for Advanced Study in theVisual Arts at the National Gallery of Art.

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-47071-1 — Roman Architecture and UrbanismFikret Yegül , Diane Favro FrontmatterMore Information

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-47071-1 — Roman Architecture and UrbanismFikret Yegül , Diane Favro FrontmatterMore Information

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-

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AND

URBANISM

FROM THE ORIGINS TO LATE ANTIQUITY

-

FIKRET YEGÜL

University of California, Santa Barbara

DIANE FAVRO

University of California, Los Angeles

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-47071-1 — Roman Architecture and UrbanismFikret Yegül , Diane Favro FrontmatterMore Information

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Datanames: Yegül, Fikret K., 1941– author. | Favro, Diane G., author.

title: Roman architecture and urbanism : from the origins to late antiquity /Fikret Yegül, University of California, Santa Barbara; Diane Favro, University of California, Los Angeles.

description : New York : Cambridge University Press, 2018. |Includes bibliographical references.

identifiers: lccn 2018013119 | isbn 9780521470711 (hardback)subjects: lcsh: Architecture, Roman. | City planning–Rome.classification: lcc na310 y44 2018 | ddc 722/.7–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018013119

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CONTENTS

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Preface and Acknowledgments page vii

Introduction: The Question of Romanization 1

1 Urban Design and Architecture in Rome and Italy during the Republic and the Early Empire 4

2 Temple Architecture of Republican Rome and Italy 81

3 Technology of Building 112

4 Julio-Claudian Architecture in Rome 186

5 Residential Architecture 244

6 Imperial Architecture in Rome from the Flavians through the Antonines 294

7 Architecture and Planning in Italy and the Western Provinces: From the Republic to the Empire 409

8 Architecture and Planning in North Africa 487

9 Greece under Roman Rule 556

10 Architecture and Planning in Asia Minor 597

11 The Roman Near East 707

12 The Late Empire in Rome and the Provinces: From the Severans to Constantine 800

General Bibliography 863

Glossary 867

Index 887

Color plate section found between pages 560 and 561

v

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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

-

This book has been a long time in coming – fifteenyears or so. We thank Beatrice Rehl for entrusting uswith this challenging project and having the patiencewhile we attended many other unfinished ones on thefront and back burners. Actually, this book has been inpreparation for thirty-nine years for one of us andthirty-one years for the other, exactly the number ofyears since we first stepped into a classroom to teach“Roman Architecture.” We knew somehow that wewere writing the book all along in response to ourthousands of students’ needs, wishes, and input.Therefore, our first and comprehensive thanksgoes to generations of our students, graduate andundergraduate – some of whom went on to becomevaluable teachers of the subject themselves – whoseinterest in Roman architecture gave us the inspirationand courage to start and finish this work.

A book that takes some forty years of gestation isnaturally shaped in accordance to the changes anddevelopments informing the field through the hardwork and discoveries of hundreds of our colleagues.We are the grateful beneficiaries of the evolving arch-aeological, architectural, historical, literary, and theor-etical research on Roman architecture and urbanism;we followed with admiration (and sometimes contrib-uted to) the research, analyses, and re-creative synthe-ses of the present and the past. Four decades brought alot of new, hard data on which to base our knowledge,but more importantly they changed the way we look atand see the evidence. Naturally, it also brought a lot ofdifferences and controversies in our perceptions andinterpretations of issues and their meaning. We arethankful to all searchers and researchers for their tire-less labors and insight, ideas, and recommendations,some of which we shared and reflected, others we

considered, always with interest, and merged them ingreater or lesser degree into our own understanding ofRoman architecture and its evolving parameters. Beingaware, even appreciative, of conflict and polemics doesnot necessitate the taking of sides, especially in a bookof this sort, but when we needed to we tried to makeour critical opinion clear and accessible. (Roman artand architecture has its own strong, indigenous, Italianroots, as recent scholarship underlines, but was notdeaf to the influences from their Etruscan and Greekneighbors; Greek and Jewish civilizations were not theonly ones that shaped the Roman presence in the NearEast as occasionally claimed; there are architecturallymore meaningful and gratifying ways of looking atNero’s Domus Aurea than endless antiquarian debatesabout its rotating dining hall, etc.) Throughout, ourtendency was to emphasize the aspects of concern toarchitects – structure, space, light, experience, sequen-cing, order – without compromising those of classi-cists, historians, and archaeologists.

Now, to the book itself. The primary audience forthis book is the university community, interestedpublic, architects, and designers. It is a broadly con-ceived book on the architecture, cities, and urbanism ofthe ancient Romans from the early Republic to the endof their Empire. We aim to cover this vast architecturalgeography with many examples and many illustrationspresented in the context of a continuous and chrono-logical narrative emphasizing social, political, and cul-tural issues that served as a framework for the worldthey shaped and built. Although we try to avoid detailand sometimes privileged overviews, we seek generalmeanings that illuminate the particular. Still, weinclude in our discussion the new horizons and thenew controversies current in our field not so much to

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advocate specialized views, but to illustrate how suchcontroversies, varying opinions, creative debates, andnew discoveries can enliven scholarship even when theymay not lead us to verifiable solutions.

While acknowledging that Rome was the center ofpower that ruled and shaped the cultural and artisticoutput of the far-flung periphery of the Empire, asstrong believers in the dynamism of the provinces, wetry to avoid the all-too-common Rome-centric andItalo-centric approaches in our coverage. We thusexplore the creative role played by the provinces inshaping Roman architecture and urbanism. We enjoyproviding ample stage to the contributions of this vastperiphery (five or six of the total twelve chapters), butenjoy even more presenting on this stage the interde-pendent and interactive nature of the play between allsides. Neither Rome nor its creative provincesstood alone.

We start each chapter with a relevant backgroundof social and political history – fundamental to anystudy of Roman art and society. Yet, as trained archi-tects and architectural historians, our emphasis lies inelucidating the structural, spatial, functional, and sym-bolic aspects of architecture within its larger civic andnatural setting. We strive to highlight the humancomponent of architecture by attempting to recreatethe world of Roman patrons and builders; and byinviting the reader to an experiential tour of the realmthey built and left for us. Following a traditionalframework, we present our narrative in twelve chrono-logically and/or regionally organized chapters. Duringour research it became clear to us that a tightly organ-ized chronological framework following the traditionalsequence of emperors, their architectural and civiccontributions, is effective for Rome and Italy, but lessso for the provinces. Although an overall chronologicalnarrative of the policies and events in each provincecan set the stage and highlight certain specific imperialthemes (such as those of Hadrian in Athens andSeptimius Severus in Lepcis Magna), a more cogentdiscussion results by treating buildings and architectureas types in the context of cities. Consequently, ourmethodology varies in different chapters dependingon what we think serves best in presenting the materialclearly and cogently.

The scope and complexity of the field makes cer-tain overlaps in the material unavoidable, even mean-ingful and beneficial. Early chapters on the technologyand process of building and on residential architectureinform more specialized discussions in other chapters.We are comfortable with repeating some informationin specific cases if it makes the chapters individuallymore complete and clarifies their meaning. In order tomaintain an integrated and running narrative, we avoid

notes except when we refer directly to ancient ormodern sources, or quote from them, where they aregiven in short form in the text. However, we include afairly extensive and specialized bibliography for eachchapter that verifies our indebtedness to the commu-nity of Roman scholars and archaeologists, but goes farbeyond what we are able to cover in our discussion.Our gratitude in acknowledging those who gave us thefacts and ideas, new discoveries and theories, gave usthe courage to plow our own rows in the field.

When we were completing our studies, an out-standing cadre of scholars, who had come of age inthe 1940s and 1950s, were changing our views and ourunderstanding of Roman art, architecture, and urban-ism in an outpouring of seminal and synthetic research.We are fortunate to have had many of these names(which still define the modern approach to the study ofRoman art, culture, and identity) as directly ourteachers or mentors: George M. A. Hanfmann, ErnstKitzinger, Frank Brown, Richard Brilliant, LarryRichardson, John B. Ward-Perkins, and, of course,William L. MacDonald – we modestly perceive thatone could not have asked for a better tutorial staff inour chosen field. Our book, of course, reflects much oftheir inspiration, knowledge, and methodologies; but itgoes beyond to include the contributions of a verylarge number of our valuable peers, and students,who are defining the new and future horizons of thefield – as the many quotations and acknowledgmentsincluded in our text show. We refrain from givinglong, customary lists of thanks to individuals. Thosewhom we owe thanks, and there are many, know it, andto them we send our gratitude. We also send specialthanks to colleagues and institutions who generouslyshared their visual material as a matter of friendshipand courtesy. We thank the students and friends whocreated and critiqued the numerous new drawingswhich we hope enhance understanding and visualpleasure. We thank the readers of our lengthy manu-script for their positive and invaluable advice. Ourrespective home institutions, the University of Califor-nia, Santa Barbara and University of California, LosAngeles, provided professional and financial supportthrough sabbaticals and minor research grants. Thesewere helpful in allowing us to travel far and wide intothe world of the Romans; there are very few sites andmonuments mentioned in this study that we have notactually seen, often repeatedly. The American Academyin Rome, especially its library (where much of thisbook was written) provided over many years the priv-ileged atmosphere of research and collegiality, ourheartfelt gratitude is extended to their administratorsand staff. The Center for Advanced Study in theVisual Arts at the National Gallery gave us an

Preface and Acknowledgments

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inspiring collegial and architectural environment inwhich to finalize the manuscript, and the unstintinghelp of Lara Langer and Elise Ferone with imagepermissions. And, of course, our families in Americaand Turkey have been in our minds as they lavishedtheir interest and impatience through every stage ofthis long project (“Now, when are you going to finishthat book!”).

Like Cicero’s three aims for a story – to interest, toteach, to move (and, add Vitruvius’ quest for delight) –this story, too, aims to do those things and inspire ourreaders to set their own sails for further adventures inRoman architecture across three continents; it hascertainly instructed and delighted us in its stages ofresearch and writing. One of us an architectural histor-ian, the other an architectural historian and architect,Roman architecture and cities have been our lifetimelove and inspiration. This is partly because Romanarchitecture is complex, sophisticated, and endlesslyengaging, reflecting the full range of the factual andsymbolic experiences of a complex and sophisticatedsociety. For the researcher, the subject offers the chal-lenge and satisfaction of an all-out multidisciplinaryand scholarly involvement. It is informed by institu-tional and personal concerns alike. It can be appraised

from a practical and technical angle, as well as froman intellectual and theoretical one with equal pleas-ure and passion. Yet there is a final secret we wouldlike to share with our readers. Like all true architec-ture, the value and appeal of Roman architecture,too, ultimately and beyond all archaeological, cul-tural, and symbolic content, resides in its own archi-tectonic qualities: its dramatic setting; its powerful,sublime, immeasurable form; its space, shape, mass,volume alive in rotating light – ultimately it is aboutits sheer, joyous, visceral presence – the great archesof Alcantara leaping over the fast-flowing Tagus; thecomplex spaces of Nero’s Octagon searching fortheir order in light; and the complex iterations, end-less variations, multiple curves and countercurves ofintersecting Roman vaults and domes everywhere. Aswe finish writing this introduction, we enjoy lookingat one of these vaults just above our desks at thelibrary of the American Academy in Rome, windowscut into the cryptoporticus vault with superbly mod-eled curves of dissolving light – designed in the earlytwentieth century by the firm of McKim, Mead andWhite, many of whose masterful neoclassical cre-ations, such as these windows, were directly inspiredby Roman architecture.

Preface and Acknowledgments

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ATLANTIC OCEAN

BLACK SEA

M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A

IONIAN

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map 1

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-47071-1 — Roman Architecture and UrbanismFikret Yegül , Diane Favro FrontmatterMore Information

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0 200km

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map 2

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GERMANIA

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ine

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map 3

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GREECE

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map 4

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0 200 m

Bulla Regia

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NUMIDIA

map 5

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Halys R

iver

Lycus

Sangarius River

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map 6

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Euphrates River

Tigris River

Apamea

Aquaba

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Palmyra

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map 7

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