Transforming British Government: Changing Roles and Relationships Volume 2 (Transforming Government)
Roles, Relationships, and Social Support Chapter 44.
-
Upload
ashley-freeman -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Roles, Relationships, and Social Support Chapter 44.
44-2Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Historical Trends of the Family as a Social Institution
The family has been recognized as a social institution that exists in some form in all cultures and societies.
44-3Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Historical Trends of the Family as a Social Institution
The Family In Agrarian Time• Members of small groups worked together
and roles were clearly defined.• Genetic linkage was the inevitable outcome,
laying the foundation for the development of modern conjugal families.
• Family groups collected into small towns, increasing the complexity of society and social relationships.
44-4Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Historical Trends of the Family as a Social Institution
The Family In Agrarian Time• Dependence on the family and related small
groups for basic needs led to the development of collectivism.
• Collectivism was characterized by shared values and norms of behavior.
44-5Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Historical Trends of the Family as a Social Institution
Post-Industrial Revolution• People moved away from their extended
families on farms and in small towns to factory jobs in the cities.
• Over time, socialization of children was increasingly delegated to institutions outside of the family.
• Individual values began to gain favor over those of the original family unit.
44-6Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Historical Trends of the Family as a Social Institution
Individualism• The predominate cultural type in the United
States and many other industrialized countries
• Formation of nuclear families in urban settings
44-7Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Historical Trends of the Family as a Social Institution
The Purposes of Family• A social institution to socialize children.• A family serves the needs of the individual
family members.
44-8Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Structural-Functional Theory
The family functions to serve the needs of its members.
Individual behavior is based on norms and values learned within the family.
44-9Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Structural-Functional Theory
Family Function• Affective function• Socialization• Conjugal/reproductive function• Family coping function• Economic function• Basic needs function• Health promotion function
44-10Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Structural-Functional Theory
Family Structure• Multi-generational extended family• Nuclear family• Blended families• Single adults living alone• Single adults living communally• Cohabiting heterosexual couples• Cohabiting homosexual couples
44-11Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Structural-Functional Theory
Family Structure• The genogram is a graphic representation of
the family form.
44-13Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Formal Roles Informal Roles
44-14Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Formal Roles for Family• Contemporary families assign roles in a
variety of ways.• Societal sanctions exist when adult family
members fail to ensure a minimal degree of family functioning.
44-15Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Position in the Family• Socioculturally constructed• Share social expectations for role
performance• In nontraditional families, dysfunction in the
family process can occur and is related to unclear consensus about assigning responsibilities.
44-16Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Role of Children in Family• Limited by developmental stage, societal
sanction, and law• In most developed nations, law prohibits
children from entering the work force outside of family enterprises.
• In developing countries, children may be assigned into servitude or sent out to pedal food or wares.
44-17Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Performance of Roles in Family• Role competency requires individuals to
understand their roles.• Role performance depends on established
norms for how roles should be enacted.
44-18Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Performance of Roles in Family• Gender
44-19Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Performance of Roles in Family
Role Disorders• Role Stress• Role Strain• Role Conflict• Role Overload
44-20Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family Role Structure
Role Transition• Situational role transitions are changes that
are made in role when families experience the addition or loss of a family member.
• Role transition related to illness can be temporary or long term, requiring flexibility, or changes in role assignment and role expectations.
44-21Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Values and Their Effect on Family Function
A family’s functioning is strongly influenced by the values system learned during the socialization process.
Value incongruence with the surrounding community can lead to conflict within the family.
44-22Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Communication Patterns in the Family
Native language patterns are related to the primary language learned and spoken as a child.
Clear and open communication among family members is a strong determinant of how the family performs in any of its functions.
44-23Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Communication Patterns in the Family
Culturally sanctioned communication prepares children to communicate with elders and to live in a civilized society.
44-24Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Power Structure
Power is the ability to control, influence, or change another person’s behavior.
Power is related to resources. In most families, parents and other
competent adults control the resources.
44-25Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Power Structure
Family Power• Chaotic power• Symmetrical power• Complementary power
44-26Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Decision Making about Health Behaviors
Often decided within the power structure of the family.
Many health decisions are made by the family prior to accessing the health care system.
44-27Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Decision Making about Health Behaviors
Bargaining Coercion De-facto
44-28Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Theories that Explain Family Processes
Family Development Theory• Human families move linearly and
predictably through developmental stages in time.
• Developmental transitions are characterized by stress that must be managed.
44-29Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Theories that Explain Family Processes
Family Systems Theory• Based on a very broad and abstract theory
known as General Systems Theory.- Systems are made up of interacting parts.- Systems are holistic and greater than the sum of
its parts.
44-30Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Family-Based Social Support
Concept of Social Support Social Isolation Social Support from Others Conflict and Negative Social Support
44-31Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Mental Health and Family-Based Social Support
Mental illness is a common response to overwhelming stressors related to major family transitions and health problems.
Management of the client’s mental health and that of the family requires a multidisciplinary approach.
44-32Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Social Support
Social class is associated with inequities in accessing resources and power.
The health status and longevity of socially and culturally marginalized groups is less optimal than it is for members of more privileged classes.
44-33Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Social Support and the Nursing Process
Assessment• Family structure• Patterns of communication• Power base• Family’s perception of family health• Evidence of family cohesiveness, including
emotional and instrumental social support
44-34Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Nursing Diagnoses
Ineffective Family Coping: compromised/disabling/risk for
Altered Family Processes
44-35Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Outcome Identification and Planning
Role expectations will be renegotiated. Open communication between family
members will be enhanced. Multidisciplinary sources of social support
will be identified and accessed.
44-36Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Implementation
Provide information to the client and family regarding alteration in health state.
Encourage family members to verbalize their concerns.
Suggest supportive behaviors for family members.
44-37Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Implementation
Assist family members in identifying social network resources.
Assist in role performance and support.
44-38Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Evaluation
Affirmation by client of increased self-esteem, self-efficacy, and lessened symptomatology from the client.
Family members report adequate rest and nutrition.
Family is receiving assistance from a broader network of resources.
44-39Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Evaluation
Observation by the nurse of beginning coping skills and calmer emotions.
There is evidence of improved communication between family members.
Family members display affective functioning in the form of nurturing interactions.