Role of Transparency in Role of Transparency in Nuclear NonproliferationNuclear Nonproliferation

Masato Hori

Technical Development and Support OfficeNuclear Nonproliferation Science and Technology Center

Japan Atomic Energy Agency JAEA)

Oarai International Symposium on Nuclear Nonproliferation

February 7, 2006 JAEA-Oarai

2006 2 7 JAEA

Current Nonproliferation Regime Current Nonproliferation Regime forfor Peaceful Nuclear ProgramsPeaceful Nuclear Programs

Material managementMaterial managementand protectionand protection

InternationalInternational ssafeguardsafeguards

Promotion of peaceful nuclear programs

Con

fiden

ce

Issues Related to Issues Related to CConfidence of onfidence of Peaceful Nuclear ProgramPeaceful Nuclear Program

Material managementMaterial managementand protectionand protection

InternationalInternational ssafeguardsafeguards

Con

fiden

ceIran Issue

Iraqi issue

Libya and BlackMarket issue

9.11 terrorist attack

DPRK issue

Large scale nuclearfuel facility

9.11

Needs of Confidence Building Needs of Confidence Building MeasuresMeasures

Material managementMaterial managementand protectionand protection

InternationalInternational ssafeguardsafeguards

Con

fiden

ce

TransparencyTransparency ProliferationProliferationResistanceResistance

confidence in activity confidence in capability

How to Improve the TransparencyHow to Improve the Transparency

• SystematicallyGuidelines for the Management of Plutonium

• TechnicallyUsing advanced technology to improve transparency

• Additional Protocol

•

•

•

Guidelines for the Management of Guidelines for the Management of PlutoniumPlutonium

1994 Discussion on framework to improve transparency of plutonium utilization among US, Russia, UK, France, China, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland started

1997 Basic rule of plutonium utilization and Guideline for the Management of Plutonium was agreed among above 9 countries

1998 IAEA published the Guideline and annual provision of the information from each country to IAEA was started.(www.iaea.org)

1994

19979

1998 IAEA IAEA

IAEA(www.iaea.org)

Technology to Improve Technology to Improve TransparencyTransparency

• Development of remote monitoring system consist of several types of sensors and detectors at Joyo under joint study with SNL under DOE/JAEA agreement.

• Application of knowledge generation system.• Transparency Workshop

2002 Feb. Oarai, 2003 Nov. Tsuruga2006 Feb. Oarai

Neutron Detector

UPSPower

Break Beam

IR Motion

Door Switch

T-1 Interrogat

or

Pool Neutron

UPSPower

Xfer Motion

Hatch Motion

Lid Motion

RS-232

T-1 ESP

NTVision

Pool Gamma

Hatch Gamma 1

Hatch Gamma 2

DCM-14Camera

Hoist Motion

RS-485

• JAEA/DOE

• knowledge generation •

2002 2 2003 112006 2

Neutron Detector

UPSPower

Break Beam

IR Motion

Door Switch

T-1 Interrogat

or

Pool Neutron

UPSPower

Xfer Motion

Hatch Motion

Lid Motion

RS-232

T-1 ESP

NTVision

Pool Gamma

Hatch Gamma 1

Hatch Gamma 2

DCM-14Camera

Hoist Motion

RS-485

Improvement of Transparency Improvement of Transparency Through Additional Protocol (AP)Through Additional Protocol (AP)

UraniumPlutonium

Area covered by Additional Protocol

R&D activity LOF Site Manufacture

UraniumConversion

UraniumEnrichment

Uranium FuelFablication

Reactor

Reprocessing

Mining, Milling

Waste

PlutoniumConversion

MOX Fuel Fabrication

UF6 (metal)

MOX fuel assembly

Uranium fuel assembly

MOX powderPuO2 powder

UO3

Plutoniumnitratesolution

Spent fuel

High active waste

Area covered by Traditional Safeguards

Yellow cake

Spent fuel

(AP)(AP)

R&D LOF

MOX

UF6

MOX

MOXPuO2

UO3

High active waste

AP Transparency Makes International AP Transparency Makes International Safeguards More EfficientSafeguards More Efficient

Material managementMaterial managementand protectionand protection

InternationalInternational ssafeguardsafeguards

Con

fiden

ce

TransparencyTransparency ProliferationProliferationResistanceResistance

• Improvement of transparency increase the confidence and rationalize international safeguards.

•

AdvancedAdvanced NNuclearuclear EEnergynergy SSystemystem

INPRO•Economy•Minimization of environmental impact•Safety •Proliferation resistance

Generation IV GenIV• Sustainability

• effective use of fuel and • minimization of nuclear waste• proliferation resistance

• Safety and Reliability• Economy

Feasibility Study of FBR recycle systemSafetyEconomyEffective use of resourcesReduction of environmental impactProliferation resistance

INPRO)

(Generation IV GenIV)

FBR

Future Option of Nuclear Future Option of Nuclear Nonproliferation RegimeNonproliferation Regime

Material managementMaterial managementand protectionand protectionC

onfid

ence TransparencyTransparency ProliferationProliferation

ResistanceResistance

• Improve proliferation resistance and international authority such as IAEA to certify it

Verification

• Maintain compliance with international authority such as IAEA and regional

• Maintain material management and protection for future nuclear cycle

• Small and more efficient verification activities to confirm above “material management and protection”, “proliferation resistance” and“transparency”

• IAEA•

•

•