Role of States Training Guide - Coastal Resilience Center · Lea Sabbag Master's Candidate,...
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The Role of States in Disaster Recovery Video Training Guide Department of Homeland Security’s Coastal Resilience Center of Excellence University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Transcript of Role of States Training Guide - Coastal Resilience Center · Lea Sabbag Master's Candidate,...
TheRoleofStatesinDisasterRecovery
VideoTrainingGuide
DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellence
UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill
Authors
GavinSmith,Ph.D.,AICPDirector,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellenceResearchProfessor,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanningTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillLeaSabbagMaster'sCandidate,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning(2016)ResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellenceTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill
AshtonRohmerMaster'sCandidate,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning(2017)ResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellenceTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill
Acknowledgements
ThisguideisbasedonresearchsupportedbytheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,ScienceandTechnologyDirectorateandtheDHS-fundedCenterofExcellence–CoastalHazardsCenter(contract#2008-ST-ND0006)aswellastheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(contract#HSHQDC-10-A-BOA37).Theviewsandconclusionscontainedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeinterpretedasnecessarilyrepresentingtheofficialpolicies,eitherexpressedorimplied,oftheU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity.
Sincetheawardofthiscontract,theCoastalHazardsCenterhasended.TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillhasbeenawardedafive-yeargrantfundedbytheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,ScienceandTechnologyDirectoratetoleadtheCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellence.FormoreinformationontheCRCandacopyoftheRoleoftheStateinRecoveryvideo,seehttp://coastalresiliencecenter.unc.edu/crc-projects/the-role-of-states-in-disaster-recovery.
TableofContents
Overview............................................................................................................................1
DefiningDisasterRecovery....................................................................................1
StateRolesinDisasterRecovery............................................................................1
PurposeofTrainingGuideandVideo.................................................................................2
TargetAudiences................................................................................................................4
HowtoUsethisGuide........................................................................................................5
OverviewofTrainingVideoandAssociatedThemes.............................................5
LimitationsofthisGuide........................................................................................6
TrainingIntroductionandThemes.....................................................................................6
GeneralIntroduction.............................................................................................6
AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues................................................................7
ProcuringFederalandStateFunding.....................................................................8
EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee..............................................................9
ProvidingHousingAssistance...............................................................................10
IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery...................................................10
CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance.................................................................11
PlanningforRecovery...........................................................................................12
LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts........................................................................13
TrainingWrapUp.............................................................................................................14
IntegratingThemeswithFederalTrainingMaterials.......................................................14
FEMA’sE209Course,StateLong-TermRecoveryPlanningandCoordination.....14
NationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenterCourse,AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities..........................15
IntegratingThemeswithotherVenues,IncludingProfessionalAssociations,TrainingCenters,andUniversityDegreeProgramsandCertificates...............................15NationalGovernorsAssociation..........................................................................16
AmericanPlanningAssociation………………………………………………………………………..16EmergencyManagementInstitute.....................................................................16NationalEmergencyManagementAssociation..................................................16InternationalAssociationofEmergencyManagers............................................16NavalPostGraduateSchool................................................................................17Conclusion........................................................................................................................17
References........................................................................................................................17
AppendixA:Resources.....................................................................................................18
JournalArticles,BookChaptersandReports.....................................................18
FederalGuidanceMaterials................................................................................19
AppendixB:InterviewSubjectsandAssociatedRoles.....................................................19
NorthCarolina.....................................................................................................19
JamesB.Hunt,Jr.–GovernorofNorthCarolina.....................................19
BillyRayHall–Director,NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter.............19
GavinSmith–AssistantDirector,NorthCarolinaDivisionofEmergencyManagement............................................................................................20
FayeStone–ExecutiveDirector,NorthCarolinaCommissiononVolunteerismandCommunityService.....................................................20
NormaHouston–NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter;SenatorMarcBasnight’sLegalCounsel...........................................................................20
Mississippi.............................................................................................................20
HaleyBarbour–GovernorofMississippi..................................................20
MikeWomack–Director,MississippiEmergencyManagementAgency..20
GavinSmith–ExecutiveDirector,Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal....................................................................................................21
AshleyEdwards–Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal...............21
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Overview
Fordecades,thestudyandpracticeofdisasterrecoveryremainedlesswell-understoodthanpreparedness,response,andhazardmitigationactivities(SmithandWenger2006;Rubin2009).FollowingHurricaneKatrina,asignificantefforthasbeenmadebyresearcherstostudythephenomenawhilethefederalgovernmentcreatedtheNationalDisasterRecoveryFrameworkinordertofulfilltheintentofaCongressionally-mandatednationaldisasterrecoverystrategy.
Therolethatstateagenciesandgovernorsplayindisasterrecoveryremainsevenlesswell-understood(Smith2011;SandlerandSmith2013).Thislackofknowledgeispresentinbothresearchandpractice,resultinginalimitedunderstandingofstaterolesinrecoveryandreactivepolicy-makingfollowingdisasters.Onewaytobetterunderstandthisprocess,andimprovedisasterrecoveryoutcomes,istoseekinsightsfromstateofficialswhohaveexperiencedmajordisasters,includinglessonsthatcanbesharedwiththeirpeers.Thisguideisintendedtohelpinformtheuseofavideotoachievetheseaims.
DefiningDisasterRecovery
Disasterrecoverycanbedefinedasthe“differentialprocessofrestoring,rebuilding,andreshapingthephysical,social,economic,andnaturalenvironmentthroughpre-eventplanningandpost-eventactions”(SmithandWenger2006,p.237).Thisdefinitionaddressesseveralkeythemesthatwillbediscussedthroughoutthisguide:
1)Disasterrecoveryoccursatdifferingratesfordifferingsegmentsofsocietybasedonseveralpre-eventconditions,includingdifferentialaccesstoinformationandresources,previouslevelsofdisasterexperience,differinglevelsofdisasterrecoverypreparedness,andvariedaccesstopoliticalpowerandinfluence.
2)Recoveryismorethanthereconstructionofthebuildingsandinfrastructure–italsoentailsthereconstitutionofsocialnetworks,themodificationofexistingorganizationsorthecreationofnewones,thereestablishmentoftheeconomy,andtherepairorpreservationofthenaturalenvironment.
3)Recoveryinvolvesanimportanttemporalelementtiedtotasksundertakenbothbeforeandafteradisasteroccurs,includingplanningandpolicymaking.
StateRolesinDisasterRecovery
Statesassumeseveralimportantrolesindisasterrecoveryinbothpre-andpost-disastertimeframes.AccordingtotheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)’sPre-DisasterRecoveryPlanningGuidanceforStates,whichfocusesondisasterrecovery,importantrolesinclude:
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• Establishingclearleadershiproles,includingtheGovernor’soffice,formoredecisiveandearlyleadership.
• Improvingpublicconfidenceinstatesleadershipthroughearly,ongoingandconsistentcommunicationofshort-andlong-termpriorities.
• Avoidingoften-difficult,ad-hocprocessofpost-eventdiscoveryofnewroles,resourcesandroadblocks.
• Gainingsupportfromwhole-communitypartnershipsnecessarytosupportindividuals,businessesandcommunities.
• Improvingstakeholderandsurvivorinvolvementaftertheeventthroughadefinitionofoutreachresourcesandtwo-waycommunicationmethodsthestatewillemploy.
• Maximizingfederal,privatesectorandnon-governmentaldollarsthroughearlyandmoredefinedstatefundingprioritiesandpostevent-planningactivity.
• Creatingmorerapidandeffectiveaccesstofederalresourcesthroughbetterunderstandingoffundingresourcesandrequirementsaheadoftime.
• Enablingstateleadershiptobringtobearallstatecapability,andmoreeasilyidentifygaps,throughacoordinationstructureanddefinedroles.
• Creatingbetterleverageandapplyinglimitedstateandnon-governmentalresourceswhenthereisnofederaldisasterdeclaration.
• Maximizingopportunitiestobuildresilienceandriskreductionintoallaspectsofrebuilding.
• Speedingidentificationoflocalrecoveryneedsandresourcesandultimatelyreducingcostsanddisruptionthatresultfromchaotic,ad-hocorinefficientallocationofresources.
• Improvingcapabilityoflocalgovernmentsthroughpre-identificationofwhenandhowthestateofferssupportforlocalgovernmentpost-eventplanning,capacityneeds,recoverymanagementandtechnicalassistance.
• Proactivelyconfrontingrecoveryandredevelopmentpolicychoicesinapre-eventenvironment.
• ImprovingtheabilitytointerfacewiththefederalRecoverySupportFunctionstructure.
PurposeofTrainingGuideandVideo
Thisguideandaccompanyingvideohighlighttherolesplayedbystateagencyofficials,leadersofstaterecoveryorganizations,andgovernorsindisasterrecoveryfollowingextremeevents.1Theguideandvideoareintendedto:
1) SupplementexistingandemergingguidanceprovidedbyFEMA,professionalassociations,anduniversities.
1Thevideocanberetrievedathttp://coastalresiliencecenter.org.
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2) Enhanceourunderstandingofdisasterrecoveryamongpractitioners,universityfaculty,andstudents.
3) Enhancestatecapacityandcommitmenttoaddressrecoveryissuesandchallenges.4) Fosterinnovativethinkingamongstateofficials.5) Improverecoveryoutcomes.6) Enhancedisasterresilienceatthecommunitylevel.
ParticipantsinthevideorepresenttheStatesofNorthCarolinaandMississippifollowingHurricanesFloyd(1999)andKatrina(2005),thetwoworstdisastersineachstate’srespectivehistory.2Thepurposeofthevideoistosharethelessonsofthesetwostateswithothers.
ThevideoisdesignedtosupplementFederalEmergencyManagementAgencycourses,includingE209:StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination,andAdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities(developedforFEMAbytheNationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenter).Thevideomayalsobeusedaspartofeducationaleffortsdeliveredbyprofessionalassociations(e.g.,NationalEmergencyManagementAssociation,NationalGovernor’sAssociation)andincorporatedintouniversitycourses,degreeprograms,andcertificates.3
Itisimportantforstateofficialsandgovernorstogainagreaterunderstandingofthecomplexitiesofdisasterrecoveryaswellastheirroleintacklingtechnical,administrative,andpoliticalchallenges.Thevideostrivestoaccomplishthisobjectivebyrelyingonasetofinterviewquestionsthatareundergirdedbytheacademicliteratureandtheinsightsderivedfrompractitionerswhohaveexperienceddisasterrecoverypolicymaking,planning,andoperations.
Anotheraimoftheguideistohelpstatesdevelopanenhancedlevelofcapacityandcommitmenttoaddressdisasterrecoveryissues.Thisisachievedbydrawingontheknowledgeandexperienceofstatestoincludehowtheymettargetedgoals.Examplesincludeaddressinglocalneeds,coordinatingthetimingofassistance,improvingtheintegrationofhazardmitigationintorecovery,andfosteringgreaterinter-organizationalcoordination.
Onewaytoimproverecoveryoutcomesandenhanceresilienceatthelocallevelistoexploreandemulateinnovativestateactivities.Theguideincludesanumberofrolesandassociatedactions,someofwhichareuniquetothestatesdiscussedinthisdocument.TwoexamplesincludethecreationofnewstaterecoveryprogramsintheStateofNorthCarolinaandthecreationoftemporaryhousingalternativesintheStateofMississippi.Theseexamplesare
2SeeAppendixBforalistofthoseinterviewedinthevideo,includingtheirtitlesandrolesinrecovery.3ThevideohasbeenincorporatedintotheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill’sGraduateCertificateinNaturalHazardsResilience.Formoreinformationseehttp://planning.unc.edu/nhrcp.
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foundinthe“ProcuringFederalandStateFunding”and“ProvidingHousingAssistance”sectionsofthevideo.
Keyelementsofresilienceincludethecreationandmaintenanceofanorganizationalcapacitythatisabletoreboundfromashockinatimely,yetthoughtfulmanner.Inmostcircumstances,thisincludesreturningtoa“newnormal”thatislessvulnerableandmoreadaptabletofutureevents.Drawingonlessonsfrompastexperiencesandactingonthatinformationtochangebehaviorandadapttonewconditionsisalsocriticallyimportant(Beatley2009).Thisguideisintendedtohelpenhanceresiliencebybuildingandsustainingstate-levelcapacityandcommitmenttoincludetransferringdisasterrecoverylessonsfromthosewhohaveexperiencedamajordisastertothosestateofficialswhomayfaceadisasterinthefuture.4Theselessonsareintendedtohelpstatesthinkthoroughhowtheycanmoreproactivelyundertakeactionsthatassistcommunitiesbecomemoredisaster-resilient.
TargetAudiences
Theintendedusersofthisguidearestateofficials,includinggovernors;federalofficialsinvolvedindisasterrecoverypracticeandtraining;professionalassociations;anduniversityfacultyandstudents.Thisguidemayalsobeusedbyothersasitisimportantforthelargernetworkoforganizationsinvolvedintherecoveryprocesstobeawareofthecriticalrolesthatstatesplay.Forinstance,statesoftenserveasa“linchpin”betweenfederalagenciesandtheirassociatedprogramsandlocalgovernments,manyofwhomareoverwhelmedfollowingdisastersastheytrytomakesenseofthearrayofpoliciesandfundingsources.Statesoftenhelptranslatetheprogrammaticintentoffundingandotherassistancestrategiesandbuildlocalcapacitythroughtraininginitiatives.
Manystatesandtheirgovernorshavelimitedexperiencewithdisastersandassociatedrecoverychallenges.Eveninthecaseofexperiencedstates,thedegreetowhichtheydocumentandsharetheselessonswithnewstateemployeesandincominggovernors-orinstitutionalizetheselessonsinplansandpolicies-variessignificantlyandoftenfailstospanadministrations.Asstatesdevelop,exercise,andimplementstaterecoveryplansovertime,itiscrucialtodrawlessonsfromthosestatesthathaveexperiencedmajordisastersandincorporatetheselessonsintotheirplans,policies,andoperationsbeforeandafterdisasters.
TheFEMA’sCommunityPlanningandCapacityBuildingSectionassistsstatesandlocalgovernmentstoenhancetheircapacitytorecoverfromdisasters,andthisguideisdesignedtoassistFEMAinthiseffort.Amoredetaileddescriptionofhowthisvideocanbeintegratedwithfederaltrainingmaterialsisdiscussedlaterinthisdocument.
4Thereport,StateDisasterRecoveryGuide,providesamoreextensivediscussionoftheconnectionbetweendisasterresilienceandstate-leveldisasterrecoveryplanning(seeSmithandSandler2012).TheStateDisasterRecoveryGuideisavailableathttp://coastalresiliencecenter.org.
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InadditiontoFEMA,thereareseveralprofessionalassociationsthatplayanimportantroleinimprovingdisasterrecoveryprocesses.TheseincludetheAmericanPlanningAssociation’sHazardMitigationandDisasterRecoveryPlanningDivisionandtheNaturalHazardsPlanningCenter5;NationalEmergencyManagementAssociation(NEMA);NationalGovernor’sAssociation(NGA);InternationalAssociationofEmergencyManagers(IAEM);andAssociationofStateFloodplainManagers(ASFPM).Eachoftheseorganizationsmayusethistrainingvideoatworkshops,annualconferences,andothervenues.
Theguideisalsointendedtosupplementcoursecurriculaintherapidlygrowingnumberofdegreeandcertificateprogramsaddressingnaturalhazardsanddisasters.Manyoftheseprogramsplacelessemphasisondisasterrecoverywhencomparedtothestudyofpreparedness,hazardmitigation,andresponse(Smith2011).Ofthosedegreeandcertificateprogramsthatdoaddressdisasterrecovery,manytendtofocusontherolesoffederalandlocalstakeholders,withalimiteddiscussionoftherolethatstatesplay.Thisguideandassociatedvideoisintendedtohelpbegintoaddresstheseshortfalls.Formoreinformationontheseorganizations,see“IntegratingThemeswithotherVenues,IncludingProfessionalAssociations,TrainingCenters,andUniversityDegreeProgramsandCertificates”onpage15.
HowtoUsethisGuide
Theuseofthisguideispredicatedonabasicunderstandingofdisasterrecoveryandtherolestatesplayinthisprocess.Thedefinitionsandrolesdescribedearlierinthisdocumentprovideageneraloverviewandhelpframethemorespecificlessonsderivedfromthevideoandassociatedthemes.Ifamoredetailedunderstandingoftheroleofstatesinrecoveryisdesired,asetofresourcesarelistedinAppendixA.
OverviewofTrainingVideoandAssociatedThemes
Thevideoisframedbykeyconceptsincludingtherolethatstatesplayinlinkingavailableresourcesandlocalneeds,thetimingofassistance,andinter-organizationalrelationships.Theseconceptsareconnectedtoasetofpracticallessonsforstates.
Ineachofthethemesasetoflearningobjectivesareidentified.Learningobjectivesaredefinedaskeylessonsthatparticipantsshouldtakeawayfromthevideoasdescribedwithineachtheme.Eachoftheobjectivesandconceptsarefurtherclarifiedbyasetofdiscussionquestionsandknowledgechecks.Thisapproachisintendedtostimulatereflectionanddiscussioninaclassroomortrainingsetting.
5SeePlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:NextGeneration,publishedbytheAmericanPlanningAssociation.Thisreportprovidesguidanceacrossarangeoftopicsincludingtheimportanceofpre-eventplanning,adiscussionoftheplanningprocess,developinglong-termgoalsandpolicies,thechallengesofplanimplementation,andadescriptionofhowplanningcanleadtogreaterresilience(Schwab2014).
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LimitationsofthisGuide
Whiledisasterrecoveryrequiresastrongcommitmenttoharnessingtheresourcesofalargenetworkofplayers,thevideofocusesontherolesthatstatesplayinthisprocess.FEMAreferstothecollectionofstakeholdersasthewholecommunityconcept.Formoreinformationonthewholeofcommunity,seeAWholeCommunityApproachtoEmergencyManagement:Principles,Themes,andPathwaysforAction(FEMA2011).Formoreinformationonthestakeholdersinvolvedindisasterrecovery,seePlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:AReviewoftheUnitedStatesDisasterAssistanceFramework(Smith2011).TrainingIntroductionandThemes
Next,wediscusstheintroductionofthevideofollowedbythetrainingthemes.Foreachthemeweprovideasummary,asetoflearningobjectives,andaseriesofquestionstoassesslearningandelicitadialogueamongparticipants.Knowledgechecksareintendedtoassesswhereyourstateororganizationstandsintermsofidentifiedlearningobjectives.Thisapproachalsoallowsforeducatorstousethisinformationtoguideclasslecturesandgroupdiscussion.
GeneralIntroduction
Thevideobeginsbydescribingtheintentofthevideo,outliningthethemestobediscussed,andprovidingintroductorystatementsmadebyGovernorsBarbourandHunt.
Themes
Eachofthethemesrepresentdiscretesectionsasnotedbelow,toincludethetimeinwhichitappearsinthevideo.Thisallowstheviewerorinstructortotailortheviewingofmaterialthatmaybeofinterestortouseaspartoftheirowntrainingoreducationalcoursematerialsanddiscussion.
• AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues Time: 2:05• ProcuringFederalandStateFunding Time: 7:30• EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee Time: 11:50• ProvidingHousingAssistance Time: 15:50 • IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery Time: 19:22• CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance Time: 22:28• PlanningforRecovery Time: 27:02 • LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts Time: 29:28
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AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues
Summary:
Thisthemefocusesonsomeoftheactionstakenbystatesintheimmediateaftermathofadisaster(manyoftheactionsdiscussedinthisthemeandothersareideallydevelopedbeforeadisasteroccurs).Actionsdescribedinclude:1)developingstatepoliciestohelpcoordinatevolunteersanddonations,includingVolunteerOrganizationsinDisasters(VOAD),creatingaGovernor’sReliefFundandassociatedhotlinetoacceptfinancialdonationsandcreategrantsfornon-profitrelieforganizationstohelpwithrecovery;2)coordinatingtheactionsofthestate’slegislativeandexecutiveleadership,includingmembersoftheminorityparty;3)transitioningfromresponsetoshort-termrecovery;4)documentinglossesandidentifyinglocalneedsunmetbyfederalprograms;and5)seekingstateappropriationstoaddressunmetneedstoincludetheroleofthegovernorinthisprocess.
Learningobjectives:
• Coordinatingvolunteerdonations,includingworkingwiththestateVOAD.• Workingcollaborativelywithstatelegislativeandexecutivebranches.• Documentinglossesandlocalneeds.• Procuringstate-leveldisasterrecoveryappropriations.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• DoesyourstatehaveinplacetheproceduresandorganizationalcapacitytocoordinatewiththestateVOADeffectively?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceprocedurestocoordinatefinancialdonations,suchasaGovernor’sReliefFundandassociatedhotlinetoincludeadequatestaffingandaprocesstodistributethefunds?
• Doesyourgovernorcoordinatewithyourstatelegislature,includingrelevantcommitteesregardingdisasterrecoverypoliciesandfundinginitiatives?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceprocedurestotransitionfromresponsetoshort-termrecovery?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplacethemeanstodocumentdisasterlossesandlocalneeds,comparethemtoavailablesourcesoffederalassistance(bothStaffordActandsupplementalappropriations),anddevelopstate-levelpoliciesandprogramstoaddressthegapinassistance?
• DoesyourstatehaveinplaceprocedurestoseeksupplementalCongressionalappropriationsthatmayrequirepolitical,administrative,andtechnicalskills?
• Isyourgovernorpreparedtoseekstateappropriationstoaddressidentifiedgapsinfederalassistance?
• Havestaterecoveryprogramsbeendevelopedinanticipationoffutureunmetneeds?
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ProcuringFederalandStateFunding
Summary:
Thisthemeaddressestheapproachtakenbystatestoseekfederalandstate-levelassistance.Specificactionsinclude:1)buildingbackbetter(e.g.,reducedhazardrisk,enhancedresilience)thanwhatwasinplacebeforethedisasterandtoobtainsupplementaltypesoffundingtoachievethisaim;2)engagingwithFEMA,Congress,theWhiteHouse,andmembersofthestatelegislaturetoseekfederalassistance;3)identifyingpost-disasterassistancethroughtheStaffordAct,determiningidentifiedshortfalls,anddevelopingasupplementalCongressionalrequestforadditionalassistance;4)coordinatingthetimingofrequestsforassistancewiththePresident’sproposedplanforpost-disasterrelief;5)developingafundingproposalthatidentifiesneedsandhowthefundsaretobeused;and6)developingastateappropriationproposal,whichmayincludedrawingfromstatereservesandstateagencybudgetsorincreasingtaxes.
Learningobjectives:
• Procuringfederalfunding,includingmoneytoinjecthazardmitigationintodisasterrecovery.
• EngagingFEMA,Congress,andtheWhiteHouseaspartofalargerprocurementstrategy.
• Identifyingshortfallsandthefundstoaddressthem,includingdevelopingasupplementalappropriationrequest.
• Developingstateprogramsthatarelinkedtoidentifiedneeds.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doesyourstatehaveaspecificstrategyinplacetousepost-disasterprogramsandassociatedfundingtorebuilddamagedcommunitiesbetterthanwhattheywerebeforethedisaster?Thismayincludereducingfuturelosses,addressingequity,improvingeconomicopportunities,andrepairingorrestoringdamagedenvironmentalsystems.
• DoesyourgovernorhaveastrategytoengageFEMA,otherfederalagencies,membersofCongress(particularlymembersofrelevantappropriationscommittees),WhiteHousestaff,andthePresident?
• Doesyourgovernorhaveastrategytocollaboratewithmembersofyourstatelegislature,includingmembersofbothparties?Thismayincludedescribinglosseseffectivelyandclearlyarticulatingastrategytoaddressunmetneeds.
• Doesyourgovernorhaveinplaceastrategytosolicitstatereserves,drawfromstateagencybudgets,orobtainfundingfromotherrevenuegeneratingsourcesasameanstofundstatedisasterrecoveryinitiativesandprograms?Aretheseprogramscodifiedinlaw?
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EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee
Summary:
Thisthemeaddressessettingupastaterecoverycommitteeanditsassociatedrolesandresponsibilities.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)developingastateorganizationthatcomplementsexistingfederalandstateemergencymanagementsystems;2)identifyingunmetneedsinpartnershipwiththoseatthelocallevel;3)exposingpeopletodifferentideasthatmaybepursued;4)advisingthegovernorandcabinetonlong-termrecoverypolicyissues;5)conductingtraining,education,andoutreachefforts(capacity-building),recognizingthatinformation(e.g.,estimatedlosses,granteligibility)issubjecttochangeovertime;6)managingandcoordinatingfederalandstateassistance;7)servingaslocaladvocates;8)fosteringavisionofthefuture;and9)engenderinghopeandconfidence.
Learningobjectives:
• Developingastaterecoveryorganization.• Identifyingunmetlocalneeds.• Engagingincapacity-buildingefforts.• Managingandcoordinatingfederalandstateassistance.• Fosteringavisionofthefuture.• Engenderinghopeandconfidence.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceanorganization(e.g.,committee/commission)oragencytaskedwiththeoversightoflong-termdisasterrecoveryactivities?Doesithaveasoneofitsresponsibilitiesidentifyingunmetlocalneeds?Howaboutlocalcapacity-buildingthrougheducation,outreachandtrainingefforts?
• Arethedutiesofyourstaterecoverycommitteeclearlydefined,includingbeforeandafterdisasters?Howoftendotheymeet?Aretheseactivitiescodifiedinlaw?Doesyourstatehaveadequatesupportstaff,toincludestateemployeeswithdesignatedrecoveryduties,on-callcontractors,andareservistcadre(oftenretiredformerstateorlocalemployees).Doesyourstatehavethecapacitytorapidlyincreasestaffingpost-disaster,drawingontheexamplesjustmentioned?
• Doyouhaveinplaceaclearstate-levelvisionforrecovery?Howdoesthisvisioncomplementfederalprogramsandsupportlocalplansandprograms?Areyoupreparedtomodifyyourstatevisionforrecoveryfollowingadisasterbasedonuniquepost-disastercircumstances?
• Howdoesyourgovernorandstateagencyleadersplantoengenderhopeandconfidencefollowingadisasterasawaytofacilitaterecoveryatthelocallevel?
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ProvidingHousingAssistance
Summary:
Thisthemeaddressesthecentralrolethathousingplaysinmanyfacetsofdisasterrecovery.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)creatingstateprogramstocomplementfederalhousingassistance;2)conductingpost-disasterhousingassessments;3)addressingthepoliticalimportanceofactivelyaddressinghousingissues;4)consideringalternativehousingoptionsbeyondthosetraditionallyprovidedbyFEMA.
Note:TheMississippiAlternativeHousingProgramdescribedinthisvideorepresentsapilotprogramthathasnotbeenusedinsubsequentdisasters.TheprogramwasfundedthroughaCongressionalappropriationfollowingHurricaneKatrina.Theintentofdocumentingthisprocessistoshowanexampleofaninnovativeideachampionedbythestate,includingprocuringthefundstoconstructanddeploytheunitsaswellasdescribingwhythestatesoughttodevelopimprovedtemporaryhousingalternatives.
Learningobjectives:
• Assessinglocalhousingneeds.• Creatingstatehousingrecoveryprogramsbasedonneeds.• Discussingthepoliticalimportanceofaddressingidentifiedhousingissues.• Developinghousingalternatives.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doyourstateofficialsandgovernorrecognizetheimportanceofproactivelyaddressinghousingissuesandthepoliticalimplicationsoffailingtodoso?Doyouhaveanexplicitstrategytoaddressunexpectedhousingissuesthatmayemergepost-disaster,toincludethoseissuesthatmayormaynotbecoveredbyfederalprograms(seebelow)?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceahousingstrategytoincludethedevelopmentofstate-levelprogramstoaddressfederalshortfallsinpost-disasteremergency,temporary,long-term,andpermanenthousing?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplacethemeanstoconductpost-disasterhousingassessmentsandbasedonthatassessmentimplementfederalandstatehousingprograms?
IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery
Summary:
Thisthemeaddresseshazardmitigationaspartofthelargerdisastermanagementcycle,toincludewaysthathazardmitigationcanbeinjectedintopost-disasterrecoveryefforts.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)takingadvantageoftheopportunitytoincorporatehazard
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mitigationintorecovery;2)leadinghazardmitigationeffortstoincludestate-levelhazardmitigationactivitiesandbuildinglocalcapacity.6
Learningobjectives:
• Incorporatinghazardmitigationintodisasterrecovery.• Maximizingtheuseoffederalpost-disastermitigationprograms.• Assessinghowexistingstateprogramsandpoliciescouldbeusedtohelpreducefuture
losses.Thismayrequiremodifyingtheseprogramstoachievethisaim.• Developingnewstateprogramsandpoliciestohelpreducefuturelosses,toinclude
howtheseprogramscanbesustainedovertime/codifiedinstatelaw.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doesyourstateuseyourstatehazardmitigationplantoinformhowtoincorporatehazardmitigationintothepost-disasterrecoveryandreconstructionprocess?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplacestatehazardmitigationprograms?Dotheycomplementfederalmitigationefforts?Examplesmayincludestate-levelgrantsandpoliciesaswellasoutreacheffortstoencouragetheadoptionofmorerigorousriskreductionpoliciesandtheimplementationoftargetedhazardmitigationprojectsatthelocallevel.
CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance
Summary:
Thisthemeaddressestheroleofthestateincoordinatingthetimingofdisasterrecoveryassistance.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)recognizingthespeedwithwhichfederaldisasterrecoveryprogramsareimplemented;2)strikingabalancebetweenrapiddisasterrecoveryassistanceandthetimeneededtocreatestate-levelprogramspost-disaster,toincludehowstateprogramswillbedelivered;3)speedingupthedeliveryofpost-disasterhazardmitigationfunding;and4)developingpost-disasterreconstructionguidanceandstandardsbasedonthelatestunderstandingofhazardrisk(recognizingthatthismayslowrecoverywhileachievingimportantbenefitssuchasreducingfuturelossesandenhancingresilience).
Learningobjectives:
• Balancingthedeliveryoffederalandothertypesofdisasterassistancewiththetimerequiredtodevelopstateprograms.
• Coordinatingthetimingofassistanceacrossmultipleprogramsandorganizations,includingfederalandstateagencies.
6SeetheRoleoftheStateinBuildingLocalCapacityandCommitmentforHazardMitigationPlanning(Smith,LylesandBerke2013).
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Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doesyourstatehaveproceduresinplacethatcoordinatethetimingofassistanceacrossfederalandstateprogramsaswellasotherresourceproviders?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplacewaystospeedupthedeliveryofhazardmitigationprogramspost-disaster?Ifso,whatarethey?Aretheyeffective?
• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceplanstoamendcodesandstandardsthatareexposedasoutdated(e.g.,donotreflectanaccurateestimationofrisk)ordonotreflectthelatestuseoftechnologicaladvances(e.g.,analyticaltoolsandmappingtechniques)andnewdata?Doyouhavethepoliticalsupportinplaceneededtoadoptmorerigorousregulations?Inmanycases,itisthecombinedresultoftechnicalandadministrativecapacity,defensibledata,andpoliticalsupportthatenablesastatetoimplementchangespost-disaster.
PlanningforRecovery
Summary:
Thisthemefocusesontheroleofplanningfordisasterrecoverybeforeandafteradisaster.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)buildingthestate’sinstitutionalinfrastructuretoaddresslong-termrecoveryissues;2)developingthestate’slegalauthoritytoact,toincludeimplementingstaterecoveryprograms;3)creatingthestructurethatwillbeusedintheaftermathofadisastertoincludeidentifyingthepersonnelassignedtotheorganization,thetimeframesinwhichvariedprogramswillbeimplemented,andthemeansbywhichtheorganizationwillbeactivatedanddirectedafterdisasters;4)recognizingandaddressingthenegativeeffectsoffailingtoplanforrecoveryaswellasthebeneficialeffectsofplanningtoincludeharnessingthevariedresourcesmaintainedbyvariousstakeholders;and5)developingarecoveryplanincoordinationwithothers,fundingtheprocessandprogramstoensureitsimplementation,andexercisingtheplanovertime.
Learningobjectives:
• Buildingthestate’sdisasterrecoveryinfrastructure.• Developingarecoveryplan.• Ensuringstate-levellegalmechanismsareinplacetoimplementpoliciesandprograms.• Recognizingthebenefitsofplanningforrecovery.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doesyourstatehaveinplacetheinstitutionalinfrastructureneededtomanagethecomplexitiesofdisasterrecovery?
• Doesyourstatehaveanadequatenumberoftrainedpersonnelthatareabletoimplementthepoliciesandprogramsfoundinyourstaterecoveryplan?
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• Doesyourstatehaveinplacearobustrecoveryplan,developedbyabroadsetofrelevantstakeholdersthatisregularlyexercised?
• Doesyourstatehavethelegalstanding/authoritytoimplementstaterecoverypoliciesandprograms?
LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts
Summary:
Thisthemeemphasizestheroleofleadership,particularlythatprovidedbygovernors.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)puttingsomeoneinchargeatthestatelevel;2)engagingintheprocessatthelocallevel,understandinglocalneeds,conveyingtheseneedstostateandfederalofficials,andtellingthemwhatshouldbedone;3)makingdecisionsandtakingaction;4)creatingarecoverycommission,providingadequatefundingandleadership,andholdingpeopleaccountable;5)leadingpeoplethatdon’treporttothem;and6)takingadvantageoftheuniqueopportunityadisasterpresentstohelptheirconstituents.
Learningobjectives:
• Identifyingthosethatshouldbeinchargeofstate-levelrecoveryefforts.• Takinganactiveroleinrecoverytoincludeaddressinglocalneedsnotmetbyfederal
programs(e.g.,seekingcongressionalandlegislativeappropriations,creatingagovernor’sfund).
• Creatingarecoverycommission,includingthenecessarypreconditionsrequiredforittosucceed(e.g.,funding,leadership,accountability).
• Ensuringthegovernorisawareofhowdisastersprovideanopportunitytoassisttheirconstituentsandrecognizingthepoliticalimplicationsoffailingtodoso.
Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:
• Doesyourstatehaveclearguidancedescribingleadershiprolesinrecovery,includingthoseofthegovernor,theheadofyourstaterecoverycommission,andotherkeystateagencies?
• Isyourgovernorpreparedtotakeaninformedandactiveroleinrecovery?Howhasyourgovernorbeenmadeawareoftheirresponsibilitiesandauthorities?Whataresomeoftheactionsyourgovernorispreparedtoundertake?
• Isthereaclearandcoordinateddecision-makingprocessinplacethatyourgovernorleads?Howwouldyoudescribethisprocess?
• Whatstrategiesdoesyourgovernorusetoleadthosethatdonotreporttothem?
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TrainingWrapup
Atthispoint,theinstructorshouldallowstudentstoexploreissuesthatwerenotaddressedinthegeneralquestionandanswersessionsandassociatedknowledgechecks.Followingageneraldiscussion,theinstructorshouldconsidertheinterrelationshipsacrossthemes.Integrativequestionsmightinclude:
• Whataretherolesofyourstaterecoveryorganizationregardingtheprocurementoffederalandstatefunding?Howaretherolesoftherecoverycommitteecoordinatedwiththegovernor’soffice?
• Howdotheactivitiesintheearlyphasesofrecovery(e.g.,damageassessments,identificationoflocalneeds)informwaystoincorporatehazardmitigationintorecovery?
• Whatroledoesyourstaterecoverycommitteeplayinthedevelopmentandimplementationofyourstaterecoveryplan?
• Howwouldyoudescribeyourstateshousingrecoverystrategy?Whatrolesdoesyourcommitteeandgovernorplayinthisprocess?
• Howdoesgubernatorialleadershipinfluenceeachofthethemesdescribedinthevideo?
IntegratingThemeswithFederalTrainingMaterials
Thethemesdiscussedintheaccompanyingvideoaredesignedtosupplementthefollowingfederalguidanceandcourses:1)E209StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination,and2)NationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenter’sAdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunitiesCourse.Additionalopportunitiesforintegrationarediscussedinthenextsectionofthisguide.
FEMA’sE209Course,StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination
Thisfour-daycourse,typicallyheldattheEmergencyManagementInstituteinEmmitsburg,Maryland,providesparticipantswithinformationthatwillsupportStatesinpre-andpost-disasterrecoveryplanning,managementandcoordination.Italsoprovidesapeer-to-peerlearningopportunity.
Keycourseobjectivesinclude:
• Describingtheprocessofpre-disasterrecoveryplanning.• Discussingcriticalstakeholdersandpartnersinrecoveryplanning.• Articulatingtostateagenciesandorganizationstheirroleinrecoveryplanningand
implementation.• DescribingconsiderationsinselectingaStateDisasterRecoveryCoordinatorand
developingastateRecoverySupportFunction(RSF)structure.
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• Describinghowstatescansupportlocalrecoveryplanningpre-andpost-disaster.• Developinganapproachtoengageandmaintainrecoverypartnershiprelationships.• Explaininghowtoidentify,coordinate,andmanagerecoveryresources.• Developingorrefiningastaterecoveryplan.7
Whilemanyofthe“RoleofStatesinDisasterRecovery”videothemesspanmultipleunitsinE209,someareasinwhichthethemes(notedinparenthesesbelow)couldbeintegratedintotheStateRecoveryPlanningandCoordinationcourseinclude:
• Day1,Unit2:Leadership(LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts,EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee);
• Day2,Unit3:InvolvingStakeholdersandBuildingPartnerships(PlanningforRecovery,AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues,IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery);and
• Day3:Resources(ProcuringFederalandStateFunding,CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance,ProvidingHousingAssistance).
ThecourseandthedatesitwillbedeliveredattheEmergencyManagementInstitutecanbefoundinthecoursecatalogueathttps://training.fema.gov/emicourses/schedules.aspx.
NationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenterCourse,AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities
TheNationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenter,locatedattheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa,developsanddeploystrainingcoursesfortheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency.Oneofthecourses,AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities,includestheuseofvideosatthediscretionoftheinstructor.Examplesofcoursemoduleswherethevideothemesmaybemostappropriateinclude:
• Module2:IntroductiontoDisasterRecoveryPlanning• Module3:PartnersinDisasterRecovery
FormoreinformationontheNationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingProgram,includingcoursedeliveryschedules,seehttps://ndptc.hawaii.edu.
IntegratingThemeswithotherVenues,IncludingProfessionalAssociations,TrainingCenters,andUniversityDegreeProgramsandCertificates
ThevideoisdesignedtobeusedbyprofessionalassociationsandthegrowingnumberofuniversitydegreeandcertificateprogramsacrosstheUnitedStates.Thefollowingorganizationsrepresentexamplesofassociations,centers,anduniversitydegreeprogramsthat
7CourseobjectivesweredrawnfromtheEmergencyManagementInstitute’sE-0209StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordinationcourseannouncementdatedMay12,2016.
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appearpoisedtousethevideoaspartoftheirexistingtrainingprograms.Bynomeansisthisanexclusivelistandothervenuesareencouragedtousethevideo.
TheNationalGovernorsAssociation(NGA)isabipartisanorganizationcomprisedofthenation’sgovernorswhoseintentistorepresenttheirinterests,improvestategovernment,anddevelopinnovativesolutionstopublicpolicyissues.OneofthewaysinwhichthisisaccomplishedisthroughtheNGA’sCenterforBestPractices,inwhichtargetedinformationisprovidedtogovernorsandtheirstaff.TheNGACenterforBestPracticesHomelandSecurity&PublicSafetyDivisionprovidesinformation,research,policyanalysis,technicalassistance,andresourcedevelopmentforgovernorsandtheirstaffaboutemergingpolicytrendsacrossarangeofhomelandsecurityandpublicsafetyissues.Formoreinformation,seehttp://www.nga.org/cms/center/hsps.
TheAmericanPlanningAssociationapprovedtheHazardMitigationandDisasterRecoveryPlanningDivision(HMDR)in2015toinformlanduseplannersabouttheirroleinreducingfuturehazardslossesthroughhazardmitigationplanningandprovidethemwiththeinformationneededtodevelopandimplementstateandlocaldisasterrecoveryplans.Formoreinformationseehttps://www.planning.org/divisions/hazardmitigation.TheAmericanPlanningAssociation’sNaturalHazardsPlanningCenteradvancespracticesthatpromoteresiliencebyreducingtheimpactofnaturalhazardsoncommunitiesandregions.ThecenteriscloselyalignedwithHMDRandfrequentlyengagesinjointeducationalinitiatives.Formoreinformationseehttps://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/hazards.
TheEmergencyManagementInstituteprovidestrainingtoU.S.officialsinemergencymanagementtoenhancetheirabilitytopreparefor,respondto,mitigateagainst,andrecoverfromemergenciesanddisasters(seehttps://training.fema.gov/emi.aspx).EMIalsomaintainstheHigherEducationProgram,whichmanagestheannualHigherEducationSymposiumandlistofuniversityandcollegedegree,certificate,andminorsassociatedwiththestudyofnaturalhazardsanddisasters(seehttps://training.fema.gov/hiedu).
TheNationalEmergencyManagementAssociation,(NEMA)representsstateemergencymanagementdirectorsandtheiragencies.Thisassociationprovidesanaturalvenuetousethevideotoassistinthetrainingofstateemergencymanagementagenciestaskedwiththedevelopmentofstatedisasterrecoveryplansandtheadministrationofpre-andpost-disasterprograms.FormoreinformationontheNationalEmergencyManagementAssociation,seehttps://www.nemaweb.org.FormoreinformationaboutNEMA’sResponseandRecoveryCommittee,seehttps://www.nemaweb.org/index.php/response-and-recovery-committee.
TheInternationalAssociationofEmergencyManagers(IAEM),comprisedofmorethan9,000membersworldwide,isfocusedonadvancingtheprofessionofemergencymanagementtoincluderepresentingthosewhosemissionistoprotectlivesandpropertyfromtheeffectsofemergenciesanddisasters.FormoreinformationonIAEM,seehttp://www.iaem.com.
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TheNavalPostgraduateSchool(NPS)includesafocusonthetrainingofemergencymanagementprofessionals.TheNPShoststheExecutiveEducationSeminars,focusedonprovidingtrainingforhighrankinggovernmentofficials.TargetaudiencesatthestatelevelincludesGovernor’sandcabinet-levelexecutives.FormoreinformationontheExecutiveEducationSeminarprogram,seehttp://www.chds.us/?met.
Conclusion
Thisguideinformstheuseofavideothatfocusesontheroleofstatesindisasterrecovery,includinggovernors.Keythemesinclude:1)addressingshort-termrecoveryissues,2)procuringfederalandstatefunding,3)establishingastaterecoverycommittee,4)providinghousingassistance,5)incorporatinghazardmitigationintorecovery,6)coordinatingthetimingofassistance,7)planningforrecovery,and8)leadingdisasterrecoveryefforts.Learningobjectivesandmodule-specificquestions/knowledgechecksassistthosewhousetheguideaspartofatrainingoreducationaleffort.Bydrawingontheexperienceofgovernorsandstateagencyofficials,thepeer-to-peerexchangeofthisinformationcanhelpstatesbecomebetterpreparedtoaddressthecomplexitiesofdisasterrecoveryandassistintheeducationofothers,includingthenextgenerationofnaturalhazardsscholarsandpractitioners.
References
Beatley,Timothy.2009.PlanningforCoastalResilience:BestPracticesforCalamitousTimes. Washington,D.C.:IslandPress.
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.2011(December).AWholeCommunityApproachto EmergencyManagement:Principles,Themes,andPathwaysforAction.FDOC104-008- 1.Accessedathttp://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1813-25045- 0649/whole_community_dec2011__2_.pdf
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,E209:StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination.
AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities.NationalDisasterPreparedness TrainingCenter.UniversityofHawaiiatManoa.
Rubin,C.2009.Longtermrecoveryfromdisasters—TheNeglectedComponentofEmergency Management.JournalofHomelandSecurityandEmergencyManagement,6(1):1-17.
Sandler,DylanandGavinSmith.2013.AssessingtheQualityofStateDisasterRecoveryPlans:ImplicationsforPolicyandPractice.JournalofEmergencyManagement.11(4):281-291.
Schwab,Jim.2015.PlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:NextGeneration.Chicago:APAPress.Smith,GavinandDennisWenger.2006.SustainableDisasterRecovery:Operationalizingan
ExistingAgenda.Chapter14,pp.234-257.HandbookofDisasterResearch,editedbyHavidanRodriguez,E.L.QuarantelliandRussellR.Dynes.NewYork:Springer.
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AppendixA:Resources
Thefollowingreferencesincludejournalarticles,governmentreports,andpolicydocumentsfocusedonstaterolesinrecovery,someofwhichareduplicativeofthosecitedintheabovereferencesectionofthisreport.Thelimitedamountofinformationisindicativeoftheneedtoinvestmoretimeandeffortinthecreationoftrainingmaterialswhileconductingadditionalresearchinthisarea.
JournalArticles,BookChaptersandReportsSandler,DylanandGavinSmith.2013.AssessingtheQualityofStateDisasterRecoveryPlans:
ImplicationsforPolicyandPractice.JournalofEmergencyManagement.11(4):281-291.Smith,GavinandDennisWenger.2006.SustainableDisasterRecovery:Operationalizingan
ExistingAgenda.Chapter14,pp.234-257.HandbookofDisasterResearch,editedbyHavidanRodriguez,E.L.QuarantelliandRussellR.Dynes.NewYork:Springer.
Smith,Gavin.2011.PlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:AReviewoftheUnitedStatesDisaster AssistanceFramework.Washington,D.C.:IslandPress.Smith,GavinandDylanSandler.July2012.StateDisasterRecoveryGuide.ChapelHill,North
Carolina:DepartmentofHomelandSecurityCoastalHazardsCenterofExcellence.Smith,Gavin,WardLyles,PhilipBerke.2013.TheRoleoftheStateinBuildingLocalCapacity
AndCommitmentforHazardMitigationPlanning.InternationalJournalofMassEmergenciesandDisasters.Vol.31,No.2:178-203.
Smith,Gavin,DylanSandler,MikeyGoralnik.October2013.VermontStateAgencyPolicy
Options.SmartGrowthImplementationAssistanceProgram:DisasterRecoveryandLong-TermResiliencePlanninginVermont.ChapelHill,NorthCarolina:DepartmentofHomelandSecurityCoastalHazardsCenterofExcellence.
Smith,Gavin,DylanSandlerandMikeyGoralnik.2013.AssessingStatePolicyLinking
DisasterRecovery,SmartGrowthandResilienceinVermontFollowingTropicalStormIrene.VermontJournalofEnvironmentalLaw.15,67-102,http://vjel.vermontlaw.edu/files/2013/11/Smith.pdf.
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FederalGuidanceMaterials
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.LongTermCommunityRecoveryPlanningProcess:A Self-HelpGuide.December2005.Accessedat:
http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1538-20490-8825/selfhelp.pdfFederalEmergencyManagementAgency.December2011.AWholeCommunityApproachto
EmergencyManagement:Principles,Themes,andPathwaysforAction.FDOC104-008-1.Accessedathttp://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1813-25045-0649/whole_community_dec2011__2_.pdf
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.Pre-DisasterPlanningGuidanceforStates,Tribesand Territories.2015.CapacityBuildingBranch,NationalDisasterRecoveryPlanning Division.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.Pre-DisasterRecoveryPlanningGuidanceforStates (draft).April2016.CapacityBuildingBranch,NationalDisasterRecoveryPlanning Division.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.IS-2900,NationalDisasterRecoveryFramework (NDRF)Overview.Thematerialscanbefoundat: http://training.fema.gov/is/searchis.aspx?search=2900
AppendixB:InterviewSubjectsandAssociatedRoles
ThefollowingisabriefsummaryofthoseinterviewedinthestatesofNorthCarolinaandMississippi,includingtheirtitlesandrolesindisasterrecovery.
NorthCarolina
JamesB.Hunt,Jr.–GovernorofNorthCarolina.Gov.Hunt(D-NC)wasinhisthirdtermwhenHurricaneFloydstruckin1999.Threeyearsearlier,HurricaneFranstruckthestate,andwasatthetimethecostliestdisasterinthestate’shistory.FollowingHurricaneFloyd,GovernorHuntcreatedtheNorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenterandsuccessfullylobbiedthestatelegislaturetodraw$836millionfromthestate’srainydayfundandstateagencybudgetstocreate22staterecoveryprogramsdesignedtoaddressunmetneeds.GovernorHuntwasalsosuccessfulinprocuringCongressionalappropriationsfromWashingtonandlobbyingforthemodificationoffederalprograms.
BillyRayHall–Director,NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter.BillyRayledtheNorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter,whichwastaskedwiththeidentificationoflocalneedsthatwerenotbeingmetbyfederalprograms,thecreationofstaterecoveryprograms,andthewritingoftherequestforsupplementalCongressionalassistance.
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GavinSmith–AssistantDirector,NorthCarolinaDivisionofEmergencyManagement.GavinledtheNorthCarolinaDivisionofEmergencyManagement’sHazardMitigationSection,advisedGovernorHuntonrecoverypolicy,andworkedwithBillyRayHalltodevelopstaterecoveryprograms,focusingonthosethataddressedhazardmitigation-relatedactivitiessuchastheStateAcquisitionandRelocationFundandtheStateofNorthCarolina’sFloodplainMappingProgram.Keyhazardmitigationinitiativesincludedtheacquisitionandrelocationofmorethan5,000homesandthecreationofthestateHazardMitigationPlanningInitiativewhichrequiredlocalgovernmentstodevelophazardmitigationplansinordertobeeligibleforHurricaneFloydrecoveryassistance.ThisrequirementinformedsimilarnationalrequirementsaspromulgatedundertheDisasterMitigationActof2000.
FayeStone–ExecutiveDirector,NorthCarolinaCommissiononVolunteerismandCommunityService.FayeworkedintheGovernor’sOfficefollowingHurricaneFloydwheresheledeffortstocoordinatevolunteersanddonations.Morespecifically,shehelpedcreatetheGovernor’sEmergencyHotlineandtheGovernor’sHurricaneFloydReliefFund,toincludeestablishingthemeansbywhichfundsandgoodsweredispersed.
NormaHouston–NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter;SenatorMarcBasnight’s(SpeakeroftheStateSenate)legalcounsel.NormaworkedwiththeNorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenterandmembersofthestatelegislaturetodraftNCSenateBill300,whichcodifiedmanyofthestatedisasterrecoveryprogramscreatedafterHurricaneFloydandestablishedathree-tiereddisasterdeclarationprocessthattriggereddifferinglevelsofstaterecoveryassistancebasedontheseverityoftheeventanditsassociateddamages.
Mississippi
HaleyBarbour–GovernorofMississippi.Gov.Barbour(R-NC)establishedtheGovernor’sCommissiononRecovery,RebuildingandRenewalseveralweeksafterHurricaneKatrina.TheCommissionhostedtheMississippiRenewalForum,oneofthelargestdesigncharretteseverheld,focusingonthecreationoflocaldesign-basedrecoveryplans.TheCommission’sreport,AfterKatrina:BuildingBackBetterthanEver,providesanassemblageofpolicyrecommendationsthatinformedthestate’srecoveryefforts.Uponthecompletionofthecommission’sreport,theGovernorcreatedtheGovernor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal.Thegovernoralsoledthedevelopmentofthestate’srequestforsupplementalCongressionalassistance,includingfundsfortheconstructionandmanagementoftheMississippiAlternativeHousingProgram.
MikeWomack–Director,MississippiEmergencyManagementAgency.IntheaftermathofHurricaneKatrina,MikewastheDeputyDirectoroftheMississippiEmergencyManagementAgency.Hewaslaterpromotedtoserveasthestate’sdirector.Inthisroleheledstateemergencymanagementefforts,includingtheadministrationofStaffordActprograms.MikeworkedcloselywiththeGovernor’soffice,includingtheGovernor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal,toincludemanagingtheMississippiAlternativeHousingProgram.
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GavinSmith–ExecutiveDirector,Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal.Inthisrole,GavinledtheOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal,reportingtotheGovernor.SpecificrolesincludedidentifyingsourcesoffundingbeyondtheStaffordAct,identifyingwaystoimplementthecommission’srecommendations,advisingtheGovernorandhiscabinetonrecoveryissues,andconductingeducation,training,andoutreachactivitiesintendedtobuildlocalawarenessandcapacity.HealsoledthewritingoftheMississippiAlternativeHousingProposal.
AshleyEdwards–Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal.AshleyworkedasamemberoftheOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal,ultimatelybecomingtheExecutiveDirector.Inhisinitialrolehehelpedtoconveyinformationtolocalofficialsregardingstateandfederalrecoverypolicy,soughtfeedbackfromlocalofficials,andhelpedtocraftandimplementstaterecoverypolicy.
