Role of Senate in Pakistan’s politics (1973-1977) with analysis of Chief Executive, Bureaucracy...
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Transcript of Role of Senate in Pakistan’s politics (1973-1977) with analysis of Chief Executive, Bureaucracy...
Role of Senate in Pakistan’s politics (1973-1977) with analysis of Chief Executive, Bureaucracy and Army’s interferenceSidra Jabeen Khan
Abstract Role of first Senate Analyze Senate’s actual
formation objective What did it deliver in return Contribution in politics Analyze senate’s working in
3 different dimensions:o Chief executiveo Armyo Military Their interference results
on institution
Introduction Came into being on
1973 British Parliamentary
system Bicameral legislature No of members: 45
(raised to 63 in 1977)
Reason for formation Senators
Parliament
Upper House Senate
Lower House
National Assembly
Hypothesis
First senate of Pakistan couldn’t provide best role in politics due to too many external and internal factors i.e. pressure of that time chief executive, will of bureaucracy and side profile of military at its head.
Review of Literature Hussain Haqqani’s book of 2005, “Pakistan:
between mosque and Military’s” chapter old and new Pakistan
The research by Mahboob Hussain in 2015 on “Power dynamics of state institutions in Pakistan, discourse analysis of bureaucracy and the legislature 1971-1977”
Another research paper of Mahboob Hussain on Parliament in Pakistan 1971-1977 and chief executive: an analysis of Institutional autonomy
Review of Literature
Elliot L. Tepper’s research of 1974 “The New Pakistan: Problems and Prospects”
Another research work of Mahboob Hussain “Institutional relationship in Pak: A study of the Army and the Parliament 1971-1977”
Research Gap
Upper House of Parliament Meant for checks and balance Embankment for the protection of
smaller provinces Term of office (4 years)
Federal Legislative List
Part I
Federal Subjects
Part II
Provinces special interest (railways, minerals, oil and
natural gas, council of common
interests)
Upper House of Parliament Bills origination Inaugural session:
6 Aug 1973 Khan Habibullah
Khan: Chairman Mirza Tahir M
Khan: Deputy Chairman
KHAN HABIBULLAH KHAN
Upper House of Parliament Members of Senate 1975: Formation of Senateo Rao Abdus Sattar was leader of the
house and Mr. Muhammad Hashim Ghilzai was leader of the opposition.
1977: Formation of Senateo members were raised from 45 to 63
Working of Senate Decisions of Chair: 229o 5 – absentee memberso 132 – adjournment motionso 7 – amendment in billso 15 – related to billso 4 – decorumo 6 – motionso 28 – point of orderso 1 – presso 22 – privilege motionso 7– questionso 1 – relevancyo 1 – resolutionso 1 – unparliamentary expression
Working of Senate
Rule of passing Sessions: 507 days Actual sitting: 305 days Meetings: 570 hours (74% of time
was devoted to legislative business) 243 bills: considered and passed
243 Bills
115: referred to standing
committee
107: recommended
for passage without
amendments
8: amendments suggested
243 Bills
Working of Senate
Standing Committee: 94 meetings Finance Committee: constitute under
article 88 of the constitution Expenditure: controlled by senate
itself 50 ordinances laid: 1 lapsed, 49
Passes as bill
Govt Party
337
Qazi Faizul Haq (66
questions)
Opposition Party
836
Khawaja Muhammad Safdar (525 questions)
Total Questions asked
Working of Senate
Debates: 305 have been printed
Interference of Chief Executive Interference in parliament Ghaus Baksh Bizenjo arrest,
18th April 1974 Bangladesh recognition Firing in Quetta, 6th August
1974 Misbehaving with LCW staff,
13th Nov, 1975 Large entourage of PM in
foreign tour, 17 March 1976 Land reforms bill, 1974 Mighty hold of Chief
executive
Interference of Bureaucracy Strong institution Authoritarianism Statement of Federal Minister, 27 Feb, 1976 Mature Bureaucracy
Interference of Army Temporarily successful in
asserting primacy of Civilian Government
Powerful institution Grave Situation in
Balochistan, 14th Dec, 1973 Unwarranted attack in
Village Sheerani, 6th August, 1974
Interference of Army
Refusal to opposition leaders to visit Chamalang, 6th August, 1974
Alleged bombing of Air force, June, 1974
Defence was subject out of the order of Parliament
Couldn’t assert power in contrast of Army
Conclusion
Started well in decisions & policies Affected by other powerful
institutions Especially by chief executive Members were favoured Govt party dominated Weak institution, powerful chief
executive Irony of Pak’s History
Bibliography British Ambassador, I. (1973, August 16). Diplomatic Report No. 392/73. FCO 37/1334.
London: The National Archives (TNA). Constitution of Islamic Republic Pakistan, 1973 Dawn, 7 August 1973 Decisions of Chair (1973-1977) Islamabad, 1981 Elliot L. Tepper. (1974). the New Pakistan: Problems and Prospects. Pacific Affairs, 47(1), 56–
68. Http://doi.org/10.2307/2755895 First Senate of Pakistan Islamabad, 1980 Haqqani, Hussain Old and New Pakistan. (2005). Old and New Pakistan. In Pakistan:
Between Mosque and Military (pp. 87–130). Hasan Askari Rizvi, the Military: Role Enhancement and the Political, Hussain, M. (2013). Parliament in Pakistan 1971-77 and Chief Executive: An Analysis of
Institutional Autonomy. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1), 83. Hussain, M. Institutional Relationship in Pakistan: A Study of the Army and the Parliament. Khan, Hamid Constitutional and political history of Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2009) Kokab, M. H. (2013). Institutional Influence in Pakistan, Bureaucracy, Cabinet and
Parliament, Asian Social Science, 173-178 M Hussain
Power Dynamics of State Institutions in Pakistan, Discourse Analysis of Bureaucracy and the Legislature (1971-1977) - South Asian Studies, 2015
Senate Debates, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976
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