Role of Presidents and other Political leaders

• g/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.hthttp://www.pbs.orml

Abraham Lincoln US President • Republican Illinois Elected1860• Refuse to negotiate with Conf• 'Commander in Chief‘

▫ Bad initial choices in leaders▫ Put in more suitable leaders later in

War(Grant, Sherman)• Gettysburg Address and Emancipation

Proclamation▫ improved mindset and morale of Union People

and troops• Primary objective too Unite Nation

▫ Secondary ending of slavery• Increased War Powers

▫ Ordered blockades ▫ Gave money prior to congress▫ Ended Habeus corpus

• Considered Great War Time Pres

Jefferson Davis Confederate 1861

• Democrat Mississippi (senate)▫Against secession( went with

majority opinion)• Sent Initial peace treaty Lincoln

Refused▫South pay for Federal lands and

any southern Debt• Diplomatic failure getting

European Support (Cotton Diplomacy)▫NO support NO cotton

• 'Commander in Chief‘ ▫Too Controlling of the war effort▫Out of touch with Common People▫Mistake fighting too North PA

• Considered a weaker War Leader• Arrested for Treason later released

US Congress•With out slave states in Union Legislation

easy to Pass•13th amendment- ending slavery

▫IN Slave holding Border states

Effects and results of Civil war

End Agreement of the War•Slaves were freed as Union troops

entered areas•Appomattox Court House Lee

surrenders to Grant April 9th 1865.•Troops to return home if they gave

up all weapons▫Some confederate officers put on

trial for war crimes•All Other Confederate generals

agreed to similar terms in surrender

•Reunite the Country and completely end slavery via Reconstruction

Reconstruction 1863-1877 •Divided the 11 confederate states into 5

military districts▫Military commanders can register voters and

hold elections•Write new state constitutions which included

▫suffrage•Ratify 14th amendment•Abolish peonage( paying debt in labor)•Program to reintegrate 11 confed states in the

US with a citizen black population

▫Reconstruction affected political, social, cultural, and economics of the US

Political Repercussions of the War->Reconstruction

•Debate role Fed gov play in south & steps in bringing back Confed StatesRepublicans Control the South•Blacks were given right to vote Majority

in- voted Republican(Only majority 3 states)

•Former confederate leaders could not run for office

•(Carpet Baggers)- Northerners in South who gained political power (rep)

Reconstruction Amendments

• 1865 13th-Ended Slavery

• 1866 14th- All people born in US Citizens

Deny former confederate officials right hold office

• 1869 15th- Prohibit denial of suffrage based on race, color, or from being former slave

How did the War and reconstruction change society?

•Casualties▫ Over 600,000 deaths▫More died of diseases

•Southern Whites▫Southern White male population was

devastated 18 % population(13-45)▫Remained Angry with Reconstruction

changes and elevation of Blacks▫Created a sense of White Unity

Against Blacks▫Many poor whites were equally bad

economic conditions

Changes in African American SocietyNorth increased sense of unity to

country▫Role as veterans and citizen

status▫Large migration of southern

BlacksSouth enter as US citizens

▫Able to reunite family members▫vote and elect Black officials

Later denied this right First African American Senators

and congressmen▫Majority still lived in Poverty-

uneducated former slaves

Changes in African American Society cont

•Schools for Blacks▫segregated▫Ran by abolitionist or Educated Northern Blacks

•Creation of Black Churches▫Longest lasting effect▫ Center of Black community-

Post war Economies

•Southern lost massive amounts of wealth•Prosperous farm land was destroyed•Wealthy Plantation Owners lost wealth when

Slaves (property of Value)became free

•Cotton becomes King Again▫Share Cropping- 2/3 were Black 1/3 poor

Whites

•North massive economic Industrial Boom.▫Industrial Revolution fueled by European

immigrants and Migrant Southern Blacks▫Massive source of cheap labor

The Reconstruction Backlash

•angry Southern Whites•Black Codes- laws denying

black s rights•Refusal of Seeing blacks as

equals•Formed KKK 1866

▫Former Confederate troops▫attack Blacks and Liberal

Republicans▫So much fear in opposition

blacks would not vote or demand rights

•Force the Federal Gov to send More troops regain order

Post Reconstructions• Federal support for reconstruction

Ended • Troops pulled out 1877 under

President Hayes▫Federal support for reconstruction

Ended

Southern whites regain political and Economic Control

• Jim Crow Laws- local and state laws segregation and inequality of Blacks and whites▫Blacks were denied basic rights

• South stayed deeply divided and unequal until civil rights movement of the 1960’s

Reconstruction

• America was United• All southern states drafted

new constitutions • ratified the amendments 13-

15• Civil Rights act of 1866- all

born are equal citizens • Civil War and Reconstruction

settled the states’ rights vs. federalism debate

• As one historian noted, the United States before the Civil War were a country, but the United States after the war was a nation.

• Civil Rights Act 1875-end discrimination in social and in public places (not followed)

• swift changes in political power in the South rendered most of the legislation passed useless

• Removal of federal troops allow Confed and slave owners to regain power▫ return to the policy of the old South

• Southern politicians passed black codes

• voter qualifications laws (poll tax, reading test)

• Sharecropping system to thrived▫ Keeping the poor indebted to land

owner• northerners tired of Reconstruction

▫ lost interest in supporting black civil rights

• black civil liberties and racial equality set aside to put the Union back together

Good Bad

Resistance Movements

•Soldiers saw themselves as risking their lives for "rich man's war"

•In both the North and South, money bought exemption from draft

•Desertion -as high as one in three among Union two in three among Confederate

North Resistance•conscientious objectors, pacifists

and anti-draft rioters held back the war effort

•white men resented that army was drafting them and excluded blacks.

•Resented fighting to end slavery (after Emancipation Proclamation)

•Rioted against African Americans, who they accused of stealing their jobs.

•Drafts -affected working class▫$300 fee exclude from draft

cont

•Civil War Draft Riots 1863 New York City – attacked blacks and homes of wealthy over draft▫regiments of militia and volunteer troops to control the city.

▫at least 120 civilians were killed. At least eleven black men were lynched

•Many blacks refused to enlist because of the discriminatory pay$7 vs $13 per month,

South Resistance• white southerners also refused to support the

Confed• Draft 1862

▫ Wealthy exempted early on▫ "20 slave law" exempted owned 20 +slaves

• Anti-Confederate and anti-war organizations,▫ draft evaders and deserters were organized &

armed ▫ fought -guerrilla warfare, spying for the Union▫ Three hundred thousand southern whites joined the Union army

• 1863, food shortage, Riots , inflation, and strikes▫ Southern women, in bands of hundreds and

thousands, raided, axes in hand, gov depots for food.

• Thousands of slaves escape south support Union Forces▫ Slave owners thought slaves would be loyal

Abolition Debate

• ABOLITIONIST• Abolition was first challenged by

slaves and free blacks• suggestion of deportation

• Send them back to Africa , • assumed that black were not

citizens• Abolitionism to improve American

society• David Walker (Black Author) in his

book Appeal • Abolitionist Cited the Bible and

Declaration of Independence• believed U.S. was as much home

to black people as it was to white people

• insisting black people were also Americans- full rights

• The slavery question g• Personal liberty• Political community

• Book Uncle Toms Cabin brought attention to horrors of slavery

PRO SLAVERY• States should choose slave or

free• Compromise o f1850

• Fugitive slave act when Southerners began appearing in Northern states to pursue fugitives

• People felt end of slavery was a threat to the freedom of white Americans.

• Slaves would take their jobs• Abolitionist meetings were

broken up, their presses destroyed and congress often refused to receive their petitions

• William Lloyd Garrison, a prominent abolitionist, 1854, he said: I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration of American Independence in which it is set forth, as among self-evident truths, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Hence, I am an abolitionist. Hence, I cannot but regard oppression in every form—and most of all, that which turns a man into a thing—with indignation and abhorrence.

• Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens

• (Thomas Jefferson's) ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error.... Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition

The two sides

Why was this an issue

• Slavery was usually only a political issue when territorial problems arose

• Growing fears of labor competition for white workers and farmers because of the growing number of free blacks prompted several northern states to adopt Black Codes

• Whether or not slavery would b able to expand westward or not for this affected the balance of power between the north and the south

• the whole Missouri wanting to be a state issue