CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s...

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CLOUDS Cornelius Schiller Cornelius Schiller Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany [email protected]

Transcript of CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s...

Page 1: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

CLOUDS

Cornelius SchillerCornelius SchillerForschungszentrum Jülich, Germany

[email protected]

Page 2: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

OutlineIntroduction• Role of clouds in the climate system• Cloud types• Cloud life cycle

Cloud formation and precipitation• Cooling• Cooling• Warm Clouds• Cold clouds• Precipitation

Special aspects from recent studies• IWC of cirrus clouds• Super-Supersaturation• Contrails

Page 3: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Literature

• Seinfeld, J. H. and S. H. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Wiley Interscience, 1997

• Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1978

• Lynch, D. K., K. Sassen, D. O‘C. Starr, G. Stephens • Lynch, D. K., K. Sassen, D. O‘C. Starr, G. Stephens (eds.), Cirrus, Oxford Univ. Press., 2002

• IPCC, Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge Univ. Press., 2007

• Peter, T. et al., When dry air is too humid, Science, 2005• + many individual publications• + Meteorology standard textbooks

Page 4: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Role of clouds in the climate system

• Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget

• Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle• Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

• Clouds provide a medium for (heterogeneous) chemical reactions

• Clouds affect significantly vertical transport and redistribution of species in the atmosphere

Page 5: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle
Page 6: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

More CCN→ more but smaller drops (cloud albedo/Twomey effect)→ higher reflectivity & longer lifetime→ less sun on Earth’s surface→ cooling

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Aerosols – Clouds – Climate

considered in IPCC RF

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Hydrological cycle

total water on Earth: 1.4·109 km3

oceans 97.4 %polar ice 1.9 %ground water 0.5 %soil 0.01 %soil 0.01 %biosphere 0.003 %atmosphere 0.001 %

atmospheric H2O 4% - 1 ppmv

total atmospheric H2O 25 mmannual precipitation 800 mmH2O exchange rate 10-11 days

Page 9: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Chemical reactions in clouds: washout

Page 10: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Chemical reactions in clouds: surface reactions

stratospheric ozone

source gas reservoirs reactiveCFC HCl, ClONO2 Cl2, Cl, ClO, (ClO)2

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Cloud impact on vertical transport

Corti et al.

Page 12: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Cloud types

-80°C

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Low Clouds Stratus (St)

Cumulus (Cu)Cumulus Congestus

Page 14: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Medium-high Clouds

Altostratus (As)

Altocumulus (Ac)

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Cirrostratus (Cs)

High Clouds

Subvisible cirrus (SVC/UTTC)

Cirrocumulus (Cc)Cirrus (Ci)

+ contrails

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anvil: source of cirrus

Cumulonimbus (Cb)

anvil: source of cirrus

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Polar Stratospheric Clouds (mother-of-pearl; nacrea ous)Noctilucent Clouds

Page 18: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle
Page 19: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Liu & Zipser, TRMM cloud occurence > 14 km

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Precipitation staircase

Prerequisites for cloud formation:• water• low T• supersaturation• Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)

or Ice Nuclei (IN)

Page 21: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle
Page 22: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Cloud formation and precipitation

• Cooling• Warm Clouds• Cold clouds• Precipitation• Precipitation

Page 23: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Cooling

• Isobaric cooling• Adiabatic cooling

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Page 25: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Frontal cloud formation

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Convective cloud formation

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Orographic cloud formation

also up to cirrus / PSC altitudes

Page 28: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

lifting condensation level

latent heat release ∆Hv by condensationmoist adiabatic lapse rate:

< Γ

Adiabatic cooling

dry adiabatic lapse rate

or dT/dt = -Γ·w

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Page 30: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Cumulus formation

depends on H2O content and stability of atmosphere

1: stable atmosphere

2: unstable atmosphereupdraft stopped high upcumulus congestus

LCL

∆T causes updraft

{

1: stable atmosphereupdraft stopped earlycumulus humilis

Page 31: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Stability in the atmosphere

unstable stablestrong T-gradient weak T-gradient or inversion

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Warm Clouds

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Equilibrium between phases:Clausius Clapeyron equation

vapour/water

∆Hv(T) specific heat (water evap.)Mw molecular weight supercooled water

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Page 35: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Equilibrium of water droplet vs flat surface

Kelvin equation

pw > p° → for equilibrium of droplet, air needs to be supersaturated

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Supersaturation of several 100% required in particle-free air →cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) required

Vapour pressure over an aqueous solution: Köhler eq uation

activation of particles to drops particles < critical size < drops

Higher critical supersaturationis needed for• less particle solubility(bad water uptake)

• smaller particles

curvature term solute effect

Page 37: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Activation of aerosol particles to drops

Good CCN: large, high water soluble fraction, i.e. saltsBad CCN: small, high insoluble fraction, i.e. soot, dust or high organic fraction

Page 38: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Aerosol Composition

Water soluble inorganicWater soluble organicInsoluble

McFiggins et al. (2006), ACP

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Cold (ice) clouds

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Supercooled water, mixed phase, ice clouds

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vapour/ice

∆Hs molar enthalpy for ice sublimation

Clausius Clapeyron equation

∆Hs molar enthalpy for ice sublimation

Integration ln pH2O = -A/T + C[Marti & Mauersberger, GRL 1993]

∆[H2O] = 1 ppmv ⇒ ∆Tfrost ≈ 1 K

water/ice

∆Hm enthalpy for melting

p = 40 hPa

Page 42: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

p-T phase diagram for water

metastable equilibriumsupercooled water/vapour T=0°C, p=6.1 hPa

Page 43: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Bergeron-Findeisen process

T < 0°C, p sat,w > psat,isupercooled droplets cannot coexist in equilibrium with ice crystals

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Ice Nuclei (IN)

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Homogeneous / heterogeneous ice nucleation

determind by IN composition and supersaturation

bad IN: soluble solutions good IN: sootorganics mineral dust

Page 46: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

A hom. freez. of solution droplets D het. freez. of solution dropletsB deliquescence + hom. freez. E deposition nucl. on insoluble/anhydrous particleC hom/het freez. + secondary phase cryst. F contact freezing nucleation

(immersion freezing)

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Ice saturation at low T: Homogeneous nucleation

Koop et al., 2000 AIDA experiments

Page 48: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Ice saturation at low T: Heterogeneous nucleation

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Supersaturation in the atmosphere

inside clouds outside clouds

Ovarlez et al.

Page 50: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Precipitation

(some) drops need to grow to precipitable size

mechanisms:• water vapour condensation• droplet coalescence• droplet coalescence• ice processes

Page 51: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Diffusional growth of drops

Page 52: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Droplet coalescence

falling (large) drops collect smaller drops in fall path (Mt 25,29)

For everyone who has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. taken from him.

Denn wer hat, dem wird gegeben, und er wird im Überfluss haben; wer aber nicht hat, dem wird auch noch weggenommen, was er hat.

Car à celui qui a, on donnera, et il aura encore davantage; mais à celui qui n'a pas, on ôtera même ce qu'il a.

Page 53: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Ice processes

Page 54: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Example: Microphysics in a Cb cloud

Page 55: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle
Page 56: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Clouds 3Special aspects from recent studies

• IWC of cirrus clouds• Super-supersaturation (part 1, part 2 by TP)• Contrails and contrail cirrus

Page 57: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Ice Water Content (IWC) of cirrus

Measurement: total water – gas phase water

T/K

> 5 aircraft campaignstropical cirrus midlatitude cirrus polar cirrus

Schiller et al., 2008

Page 58: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Detection limits

1st methodtotal water –measured gas phase

2nd methodtotal water – saturation(from pT measurement)

Page 59: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

FISH/FLASH vs FSSP IWC

Page 60: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Mean IWC and frequency distribution

Page 61: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

IWC and cooling / convection

Page 62: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Utrathin tropical cirrus (UTTC)final step of dehydration of stratospheric air

Peter et al., 2002

Page 63: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Stabilisation of UTTC

Vertical motion of a particle

Growth/evaporation of particles

Page 64: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle
Page 65: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

The High Supersaturation Puzzleal

titud

e [k

m]

14

13

12

14

13

12

Peter et al., 2007

2.2

1.6

10 time minutes to hours

altit

ude

[km

]ic

e sa

tura

tion

ratio

S

12

14

13

12

nucleation

threshold

Page 66: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

FLASH/OJSTER: supersaturation climatology

green: mid latitudesblue: high latitudesred/yellow: tropics

AircraftGeophysicaFalconLear Jet

Krämer et al., 2009

Page 67: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Supersaturation: frequency distribution and T-depen dence

reprocessed data (28 flights)

• only few data > homogeneous f.t.• no data > water saturation• inside cloud RHi peaks at 100%• broader distribution at T < 205 K

clear sky

inside clouds

Krämer et al., 2009

Page 68: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Saturation ratio with respect to ice:

partial pressure of water

vapor pressure of ice

S > 1 � ice particles grow

S= 1 � ice particles are in equilibrium with the gas phase

S < 1 � ice particles evaporate

Page 69: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

How does water vapor condense on ice particles?

Sedimentation

How is supersaturation maintained?

pvap(T ) = A e –B/T

Page 70: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Sedimentation

…

…

Page 71: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Steady-state S in an upwelling air parcel (w)

= 0

Page 72: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Ice crystal number densities- vertical velocity w- frost point at which air starts- aerosol properties varied

Kärcher & Lohmann, 2002

Mean ice crystal radiiIce water content

Page 73: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Growth time of ice particles

(up to 80% of equilibrium radius)

Page 74: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Supersaturation and N ice

(persisitent) supersaturation consistent with low Nice

supersaturation puzzle → freezing suppression puzzle

inside clouds

FSSP measurements from 20 flights by S. Borrmann and M. deReus

homogen. freezing and low uz?

heterogen. freezing?

freezing supression by organics?

Page 75: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Contrails / contrail cirrus

Page 76: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

RHi > 100%persistent contrails

Contrails and RHi

RHi < 100%lifetime of minutes

embedded in (sub-)visible cirrus?generating new cirrus?

Page 77: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Krämer, CONCERT 2008

Page 78: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Schumann, 2002

Page 79: CLOUDS · Role of clouds in the climate system • Clouds are a major factor in the Earth‘s radiation budget • Clouds are a key step in the hydrological cycle

Particles in a fresh contrail

During CONCERT large ice crystals (100µm) observed in short-lived contrail→ entrainment from surrounding cirrus

contrail


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