Rogers digitalmethodsaftersocialmedia nov2013_optimized_

DIGITAL METHODS AFTER SOCIAL MEDIA RICHARD ROGERS

DIGITAL METHODS IN CONTEXT

1. Situating Digital Methods (DMI) in Internet-related research (historically)

2. Situating DMI in Digital Humanities and E-Sciences (contemporary debates)

3. Doing Digital Methods (Both arts-based and empirical research traditions)

4. Digital Methods after Social Media


>1. Situating Digital Methods (DMI) in Internet-related research (historically)




WHERE ARE WE NOW?FROM VIRTUAL TO DIGITAL METHODS 3 VIRTUALS, OR 3 WAYS OF SEEING THE WEB

Web as Cyberspace (1994-2000) Virtual as distinct from the real. Virtual studies

Web as Virtual Society? (2000-2007) Virtual is part of the real. Offline as baseline

Web as Virtual? Society (2007- ) 'Virtual' as indication of the real. Online as baseline

Now: Use online data about society & culture, and make 'online grounded' claims



>2. Situating DMI in Digital Humanities and E-Sciences (contemporary debates)



WEB AS DATA

The Internet offers an entirely different channel for understanding what people are saying... Tracing the spread of arguments, rumors, or positions about political and other issues in the blogosphere… [T]he concerns of an electorate become visible in the searches they conduct. They offer ample opportunities for research that would otherwise be impossible or unacceptable. Lazer et al., Computational Social Science, Science, 323, 2009.

Web data as offering the previously impossible and unacceptable

HISTORICAL PROBLEM WITH WEB DATA

(1) One issue is the messiness of Web data and the need for data cleansing heuristics. The uncontrolled Web creates numerous problems in the interpretation of results (…). (2) Indeed a skeptical researcher could claim the obstacles are so great that all Web analyses lack value. (3) One response to this is to demonstrate that Web data correlate significantly with some non-Web data in order to prove that the Web data are not wholly random. -M. Thelwall et al., "Webometrics," 2005. (Emphasis added.)

Web data's incapacity to stand alone

GOOD DATA

Good data are collected as cleanly as possible and as early as possible in its life cycle; they are captured regularly, and preferably over long periods of time. -C. Borgman, The Digital Future is Now: A Call to Action for the Humanities, Digital Humanities Quarterly 3(4), 2009.

Web data in the context of 'good data'

DIGITAL HUMANITIES DATA & METHOD

Cultural Analytics (Manovich): Analyzes patterns in Time Magazineand Popular Science covers, as well as Mark Rothko paintings. 'Formal' analysis (art history): grayscale, brightness, hue, saturation, and forms Culturomics (Google Books & Scholars): Lexicographical analysisof scanned books over hundreds of years. American spelling takingover from British spelling; celebrity increasingly shorter lived, etc.

Two approaches: Cultural Analytics and Culturomics

DIGITIZED METHODS

Online surveys - Finding the mailing lists to send them to Online samples - Become difficult. Knowability of population?

Online interviews - Record interviewees?

Online user studies - Browser histories?

Online investigative reporting - Order of fact-checking changes?

Imported and migrated methods adapted slightly to the online

Data Method Digitized

Digital

Digitized

Culturomics* Cultural Analytics*

Digital

Webometrics

DMI

*Culturomics and cultural analytics may have digitized qualitative method, but they employ in part digital methods for they use search as research.

NATIVELY DIGITAL

In computing, software has a native mode when it is written for a specific processor. In computing, software has a native support when it is written for a specific operating system. ("native", en.wikipedia.org) "Written for the medium"

Natively digital is meant in a computing sense

DIGITAL METHODS

Which objects and data are available? (links, tags, timestamps...)

How do dominant devices and platforms handle them?

How to learn from and repurpose the device methods?

Are findings grounded in the online? Is the online the baseline?

Distinction between methods that migrate to the medium and those ‘native’ to it

DIGITAL METHODSOBJECTS &APPROACHES

The end of the virtual

The link and the politics of web space

The website as archived object

4. Googlization and the inculpable engine

5. Search as research: Source distance and cross-spherical analysis

DIGITAL METHODSOBJECTS &APPROACHES

*6. National web studies

*7 Wikipedia as cultural reference

*8. Social media and postdemographics

9. After cyberspace: Big data, small data

NATIONAL WEB STUDIES

In the singular. As cyberspace, as a technical infrastructure which gives riseto place-less-ness. As a separate space. As organized by language, or personalized (atomized web). As periodized, from info-web to social web.

How is 'the web' often studied?

THE WEB IS GROUNDED (NATIONALLY) Content is served according to one's IP address (location)

How else to study the Web? As grounded geographically

NATIONAL WEB STUDIES

Demarcate a national web Diagnose its 'health' through metrics (in a form of country profiling)

How else may they be studied? As national webs to be studied for their 'health'

DIAGNOSING THE CONDITIONOF A NATIONAL WEB

Demarcate a national web, normally, by domain name, language, IP range, Whois, crawling (blogosphere) We harvest URLs from 'device cultures': Google (regional) Web Search, DoubleClick Ad Planner, Alexa national sites, Blog aggregators, crowd-sourcing recommender sites

METHODS FOR DEMARCATING NATIONAL WEBS

DIAGNOSING THE CONDITIONOF A NATIONAL WEB

Diagnose condition of a national Web a. 'Youthfulness' (freshness through datestamps)b. 'Brokenness' (link valiators)c. 'Responsiveness' (200 OK http response codes)d. 'Datedness' (software versions running)e. 'Dated users' (browser versions of users)

METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING NATIONAL WEBS

Crowd-sourced web

(Balatarin)

Surfer’s geoweb

(Alexa)

Advertiser's web

(Google Ad Planner)

Searcher's web

(Google Web Search)

Blogger's web

(Likekhor)

Crowd-sourced web

(Donbaleh and Sabzlink)

Other

502 Bad Gateway

500 Internal Server Error

410 Gone

404 Not Found

403 Forbidden

401 Unauthorized

400 Bad Request

0 Connection Problem

200 OK

The health of the Iranian web

WIKIPEDIA STUDIES

Wikipedia is compared to Encyclopedia Brittanica. Quality; bias. Publicity management tool. As abnormally vigilant community of free-labourers (with bots). As bureaucracy and as stigmergy. As having a relationship with Google. (understudied)

How is it often studied? As a question of accuracy, as a scandal-maker

WIKIPEDIA / BRITANNICACOMPARISON

Nature conducted a peer review of 42 entries from Wikipedia and the Encyclopedia Britannica. The results: Only eight serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important concepts, were detected in the pairs of articles reviewed, four from each encyclopaedia. But reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 and 123 in Wikipedia and Britannica, respectively.

Jim Giles, "Internet encyclopedias go head to head," Nature 438, 900-901, 2005.

WIKIPEDIA AS CULTURAL REFERENCE

As articles mature, they may express a national as opposed toneutral point of view. Neutral to whom? Compare article elements: title, authors (or editors), table of contents, images and references. Also: location of the anonymous editors (based on IP address), and a reading of the talkpages. How to have language Wikipedia versions show cultural reference?

How else may it be studied? As cultural reference

Referenced hosts in the Srebrencia articles per Wikipedia language version, colored by frequency, and ordered by frequency and by alphabet, 20 December 2010

1 2 3 4 5 6

Serbian Bosnian Dutch Croatian Serbo-Croatian English un.org un.org un.org un.org un.org un.org srebrenica.ba srebrenica.ba icty.org srebrenica.ba srebrenica.ba srebrenica.ba

icty.org ic-mp.org groene.nl icty.org srebrenica-zepa.ba icty.org

bosnia.org.uk idc.org.ba vandiepen.com bosnia.org.uk srebrenica.nl bosnia.org.uk guardian.co.uk srebrenica-zepa.ba books.google.nl guardian.co.uk vladars.net guardian.co.uk

ic-mp.org helsinki.org.yu dutchbat.luchtmobiel.nl icj-cij.org ic-mp.org

icj-cij.org hlc.org.yu dutchbat1.com idc.org.ba icj-cij.org

iwpr.net ogrish.com emperors-clothes.com iwpr.net idc.org.ba

news.bbc.co.uk sense-agency.com nu.nl news.bbc.co.uk iwpr.net nytimes.com vladars.net ochtenden.nl nytimes.com news.bbc.co.uk ohr.int dzemat-oberhausen.de volkskrant.nl ohr.int nytimes.com srebrenica-zepa.ba inzl.unsa.ba vreme.com ohr.int vreme.com preventgenocide.org balkaninsight.com vreme.com

128.121.186.47 srebrenica-genocide.blogspot.com bim.ba 128.121.186.47

b92.net zeneucrnom.org domovina.net b92.net helsinki.org.yu edition.cnn.com balkaninsight.com hlc.org.yu europarl.europa.eu bim.ba news.independent.co.uk independent.co.uk domovina.net

ogrish.com newsweek.com edition.cnn.com reuters.com pbs.org europarl.europa.eu slobodan-milosevic.org potocarimc.ba groene.nl

Burial of 465 identi!ed Bosniaks,Poto"ari, 2007.

Map of the Srebrenica military operations, made by the U.S. Central

Intelligence Agency, with green arrow showing the route of the

Bosnian forces.

Map of the location of Srebrenica, the Republika Srpska, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Srebrenica-Poto"ari Memorial and Cemetery, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Grave of a 13-year old Bosniak boy.

Ratko Mladic.

An exhumed body with blindfold and hands tied behind his back. As of September 2012, the photo has been removed from Wikipedia article.

Exhumed grave of victims, 2007.

Podrinje Identi!cation Project's facility for storing, processing, and handling exhumed remains..

"UN left 8,000 to die in Bosnia." Headline in The Independent,

30 October 1995.

Satellite photo of Nova Kasabamass grave.

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Den Haag,

the Netherlands.

Srebrenica Genocide Memorial Stone at Poto"ari, with the victim count of 8,372.

Skull exhumed outside of Poto"ari, July 2007.

Wall of names at the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial.

War-damaged buildings in Srebrenica.

The Bosniak enclaves of Srebrenica and Zepa, declared safe areas by the U.N. in 1993.

DUTCH ENGLISH BOSNIAN CROATIAN SERBIAN SERBO-CROATIAN

WIKIPEDIA STUDIES

Wikipedia as cultural referenceWikipedia as controversy diagnostics machine

Digital Methods contributions to the study of Wikipedia

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SOCIAL MEDIA STUDIES

1. Web data becomes a main source of social data (also Twitter) 2. Postdemographics as emerging object of study 3. Ethics and Leaky gardens 4. Networked content as avenue of analysis

Digital Methods contributions to the study of social media

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DIGITAL METHODS AFTER SOCIAL MEDIA

>1. Web data becomes main source of network analysis (and how to study Twitter)

2. Postdemographics as emerging network culture and object of study

3. Ethics and Leaky gardens

4. Networked content as avenues of analysis

ONLY ONLINE DATA?

"When all you have is a Twitter API, every problem looks like a hashtag" - Michael Stevenson

Web data as preferred data to study social phenomena

TWITTER STUDIES WITH DIGITAL METHODS

First, decide whether you are studying Twitter I, Twitter II or Twitter III Twitter I: Banal, phatic, ambient friend-following Twitter II: News-following, elections and disasters Twitter III: Generic data on social phenomena, any topic

Digital Methods contributions to the study of social media

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TWITTER I, TWITTER II, TWITTER III

Twitter I (2006-2009): Urban lifestyle tool (origins) and 'Banal' Tagline: "what are you doing?" Twitter II (2009-2012): Elections, disasters and revolutions. Tagline: "what's happening?" Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market Tagline: "compose new tweet"

'Twitter' as object of study and critique


>Twitter I (2006-2009): Urban lifestyle tool (origins) and 'Banal' Tagline: "what are you doing?" Twitter II (2009-2012): Elections, disasters and revolutions. Tagline: "what's happening?" Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market Tagline: "compose new tweet"


Source: BBC News, 17 August 2009

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8204842.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8204842.stm

40.5% could be classified as pointless babble, 37.5% as conversational, 8.7% as having pass-along value, 5.85% as self promotion, and3.75% as spam.

What are tweets?


Twitter I (2006-2009): Urban lifestyle tool (origins) and 'Banal' (what did you have for lunch?) >Twitter II (2009-2012): Elections, disasters and revolutions. Monitoring tool for 'what's happening' and change agent Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market (politics of Twitter data)


Berman, Ari (2009), “Iran's Twitter Revolution,” The Nation blog, The Nation, 15 June.

method.

Step 1: Capture all tweets with #iranelection between 10 and 30 June 2009, and archive them at rettiwt.net.

the collection.

#iranelection dataset (10-30 June 2009):

Tweets tagged with #iranelection: 653,883Unique number of Twitter users with #iranelection tag: 99,811

Twitter users of #iranelection with multiple tweets: 46,702Twitter users of #iranelection with more than 20 tweets: 6,000

Twitter users of #iranelection with 1 tweet: 53,109 Twitter users of #iranelection who were retweeted: 36,913

Twitter users of #iranelection retweeted multiple times: 16,336Twitter users of #iranelection retweeted at least 10 times: 2,829

Twitter users of #iranelection retweeted 1 time: 20,577Number of languages using #iranelection: 26

Number of tweets with #iranelection in English: 612,373

method.

Step 2. Filter out top 3 RTs per day

Turn Twitter into sory-telling machine

T

What’s happening in Iran just after the disputed election (DMI, 2009)?

Mousavi holds an emergency press conference. The voter turn-out is 80%. SMS is down; Mousavi’s website and Facebook are blocked. Police are using pepper spray. Mousavi is under house arrest; he is prepared for martyrdom. Neda is dead. There’s a riot in Baharestan Square. First aid info is here. Bon Jovi sings “Stand by Me” in support. Ahmadinejad is confirmed the winner.

Light a candle for the ppl of Iran.


Twitter I (2006-2009): Urban lifestyle tool (origins) and 'Banal' (what did you have for lunch?) Twitter II (2009-2012): Elections, disasters and revolutions. Monitoring tool for 'what's happening' and change agent >Twitter III (2012- ): Research tool and data market (politics of Twitter data)


TWITTER III - DATA MARKET

"[Twitter is not] considering the myriad number of PhD students who basically just lost their work, or the researchers that were close to saying something meaningful and now have no way to do it" (Watter, 2011). Must you work at Twitter to use it as researcher?

Terms of service change and Twitter softens blow by donating to Library of Congress - effects of platforms on research

TWITTER III - DATA MARKET

What kind of research tool is the Twitter archive?

Access. Any portion of the Collection originally posted to the Twitter service six months prior to the then-current date may be made available to Library staff and to bonafide researchers according to the policies of the custodial division of the Library responsible for the administration and service of materials of this nature, provided that the researcher signs a notification mutuallyagreed upon by Donor and the Library prohibiting commercial useand redistribution of all or a substantial part of the Collection (Library of Congress, 2010).

Politics of archived Twitter


1. Web data becomes main source of network analysis (and how to study Twitter)

>2. Postdemographics as emerging object of study (and how to study Facebook)



POSTDEMOGRAPHICS

Postdemographics is the study of how preferences organize social media networks. Examples:Showing compatibility of the interests of 'friends' of Democratic and Republican presidential candidates. Showing relatedness of an interest (e.g., Islam or Christianity) to other interests.

Web data as preferred data to study social phenomena




>3. Ethics and Leaky gardens


ETHICS AND LEAKY GARDENS

Social media encourages more exposure just as scholarshipincreasingly encourages care (and far less scraping than before) Examples:Profiling a user according to which web services she subscribes to Loc Pinpointing highly networked right-wing extremists

"But the data is already public" (Zimmer, 2010)

F O R Z A N U O VA S I C I L I A

ATA K A

P L ATA F O R M AP E R C ATA L U N YA

R I S P O S T EL A I Q U E

L I G U E D ED E F E N C EF R A N C A I S E

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N O R -W E G I A N

D E F E N C E L E A G U E

S W E D I S HD E F E N C EL E A G U E

D E R D A N S K EV O R E N I N G

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B L O CI D E N T I TA I R E

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L I G U E D E D E F E N C E F R A N C A I S E

N O R W E G I A N D E F E N C E L E A G U E

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List of Counter-jihadist Facebook Groups' top administrators, according to their degree centrality in the total network.�e dimension of each node is based on the total number of connections in the larger counter-jihadist network.

159 CONNECTIONS

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>4. Networked content as avenues of analysis

NETWORKED CONTENT ANALYSIS

Networked content as avenue of analysis Examples:Likes, shares, comments, liked comments (Facebook)Public highlights (Amazon Kindle)

Social media data as means to study content

1 q. / 3 h.

T H E M Y T H O F I S L A M I C T O L E R A N C E

1 q. / 3 h.

W H AT T H E K O R A NR E A L L Y S AY S

10 q. / 151 h.

C R U E L A N D U S U A LP U N I S H M E N T

10 q. / 174 h.

T H E Y M U S TB E S T O P P E D

4 q. / 12 h.

W I L L F U LB L I N D N E S S

5 q. / 15 h.

L E AV I N GI S L A M

6 q. / 18 h.

J I H A DI N C O R P O R AT E D

10 q. / 128 h.

T H E A L Q A E D AR E A D E R

10 q. / 32 h.

I S L A MU N V E I L E D

10 q. / 33 h.

E U R A B I A

9 q. / 112 h.

N O W T H E YC A L L M E I N F I D E L

10 q. / 34 h.

J I H A D I N T H E W E S T

10 q. / 38 h.

U N D E R S TA N D I N GJ I H A D

11 q. / 39 h.

T H E O R I G I N SO F T H E K O R A N

10 q. / 48 h.

I N F I L T R AT I O N

7 q. / 56 h.

F U T U R EJ I H A D

13 q. / 56 h.

R E L I G I O N O F P E A C E ? : I S L A M ’ S WA R A G A I N S T T H E W O R L D

11 q. / 65 h.

A M E R I C A NJ I H A D

11 q. / 73 h.

S T E A L T H J I H A D

13 q. / 83 h.

I N S I D E I S L A M

19 q. / 85 h.

L O N D O N I S TA N

I N F I D E L

A M E R I C A A L O N E T H E P O L I T I C A L L YI N C O R R E C T

G U I D E T O I S L A MT H E T R U T H

A B O U TM U H A M M A D

10 q. / 77 h.

R E L I G I O NO F P E A C E ?

8 q. / 226 h.

W H I L EE U R O P E S L E P T

10 q. / 182 h.

W H Y I A MN O T A M U S L I M

11 q. / 2.556 h.

10 q. / 1.117 h.8 q. / 778 h.

9 q. / 431 h.

10 q. / 176 h.

B E C A U S ET H E Y H AT E

Chapter Seven / More experimental methods

Total highl ighted quotes and number of t imes per book and categor y

To p e x a m p l e s o f h i g h l i g h t e d q u o t e s p e r c a t e g o r y

“EVERY SOCIETY THAT IS STILL IN THE RIGID GRIP OF ISLAM OPPRESSES WOMEN AND ALSO LAGS BEHIND IN DEVELOPMENT. MOST OF THESE SOCIETIES ARE POOR; MANY ARE FULL OF CONFLICT AND WAR. SOCIETIES THAT RESPECT THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND THEIR FREEDOM ARE WEALTHY AND PEACEFUL.”

“THE BREAKING OF THE TREATY IN THIS WAY, WOULD REINFORCE THE PRINCIPLE THAT NOTHING WAS GOOD EXCEPT WHAT WAS ADVANTAGEOUS TO ISLAM, AND NOTHING EVIL EXCEPT WHAT HINDERED ISLAM.”

“ S O W E H AV E A G L O B A L T E R R O R I S T M O V E M E N T I N S U L AT E D W I T H I N A G L O B A L P O L I T I C A L P R O J E C T I N S U L AT E D W I T H I N A S E V E R E LY S E L F - S E G R E G AT I N G R E L I G I O N W H O S E A D H E R E N T S A R E T H E FA S T E S T - G R O W I N G D E M O G R A P H I C I N T H E D E V E L O P E D W O R L D . ”

“ S O W E H AV E A G L O B A L T E R R O R I S T M O V E M E N T I N S U L AT E D W I T H I N A G L O B A L P O L I T I C A L P R O J E C T I N S U L AT E D W I T H I N A S E V E R E LY S E L F - S E G R E G AT I N G R E L I G I O N W H O S E A D H E R E N T S A R E T H E FA S T E S T- G R O W I N G D E M O G R A P H I C I N T H E D E V E L O P E D W O R L D . ”

“I FOUND MYSELF THINKING THAT THE QURAN IS NOT A HOLY DOCUMENT. IT IS A HISTORICAL RECORD, WRITTEN BY HUMANS. IT IS ONE VERSION OF EVENTS, AS PERCEIVED BY THE MEN WHO WROTE IT 150 YEARS AFTER THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD DIED. AND IT IS A VERY TRIBAL AND ARAB VERSION OF EVENTS. IT SPREADS A CULTURE THAT IS BRUTAL, BIGOTED, FIXATED ON CONTROLLING WOMEN, AND HARSH IN WAR.”

“ISLAM IS A RELIGION OF THE PEACE THAT WILL COME WHEN EVERYONE IS MUSLIM OR AT LEASTSUBJECT TO THE ISLAMIC STATE. AND TO ESTABLISH THAT PEACE, MUSLIMS MUST WAGE WAR.”

“IN ISLAM, BECOMING AN INDIVIDUAL IS NOT A NECESSARY DEVELOPMENT; MANY PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY WOMEN, NEVER DEVELOP A CLEAR INDIVIDUAL WILL. YOU SUBMIT: THAT IS THE LITERAL MEANING OF THE WORD ISLAM: SUBMISSION. THE GOAL IS TO BECOME QUIET INSIDE, SO THAT YOU NEVER RAISE YOUR EYES, NOT EVEN INSIDE YOUR MIND.”

Infidel, Ayaan Hirs i Al i , 325 highlights.

The Pol i t ical ly Incorrect Guide to Is lam (and the Crusades), Rober t Spencer, 109 highlights.

America Alone: The End of the World as We Know I t , Mark Steyn, 115 highlights.

America Alone: The End of the World as We Know I t , Mark Steyn, 122 highlights.



The Pol i t ical ly Incorrect Guide to Is lam (and the Crusades), Rober t Spencer, 106 highlights.

DIGITAL METHODS THANK YOU

Further information: R. Rogers, Digital Methods, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013 Digital Methods Initiative, http://www.digitalmethods.net [email protected]

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