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Roger G. Faix, MD Division of Neonatology University of Utah Primary Childrens Intermountain Medical Center Slide 2 0 DISCLOSURE The content of this presentation does not relate to any product in which I have a financial interest or potential conflict of interest. Slide 3 Learning Objectives 1- Learn why breast milk is the recommended form of enteral nutrition for all infants. 2- Learn how commercial formulas differ from human breast milk. 3-Appreciate longitudinal and other changes in content of human breast milk. Got Breast Milk? Got Milk? Slide 4 Breastfeeding and Use of Human Milk Policy Statement. Pediatrics 2012;129:e827-841 Breastfeeding and use of human milk confer unique nutritional and non-nutritional benefits to infant and mother and, in turn, optimize infant, child, and adult health as well as child growth and development. Recently published evidence-based studies have confirmed and quantitated risks of not breastfeeding. Infant feeding should not be considered as a lifestyle choice but rather as a basic health issue. Slide 5 Improving Outcomes with Human Milk Lifestyle Choices Have a family Have a career Have a snowmobile Basic Health Issues Deliver in a hospital Immunize your baby Use a car seat Infant feeding (breast milk) Slide 6 Improving Outcomes with Human Milk in the Nursery and NICU Provider Choices Switch ventilators Order a -natriuretic peptide assay Be nice to residents Basic Health Issues Treat respiratory failure Treat sepsis Be nice to staff Infant feeding (breast milk) Slide 7 Meinzen-Derr J, et al. Role of human milk in extremely low birth weight infants risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or death. J Perinatology 2009;29:57-62 o Each 100 ml/kg increase in HM intake during the first 14 d was associated with decreased risk of NEC or death. (HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.77, 0.97) NEC (7.7%) or death > 14d, 173/1272(13.6%) Slide 8 Ronnestadt A, et al. Late-onset sepsis in a Norwegian national cohort of extremely premature infants receiving very early human milk feedings. Pediatrics 2005;115:e269 o RR of LOS if full feedings not established within a certain age (days) Survival free from LOS according to week when full feedings established Feedings started at 1-2 mL q2-3h within a few hours of delivery and advanced 0.5- 1 mL q 6-8h 80/405 LOS (23%) 92% MM 6% donor Slide 9 Infectious Diseases Influenced by Infant Diet Pediatrics 2012;129:e827-841 Infants - Children Slide 10 Diseases and Conditions influenced by Infant Diet Pediatrics 2012;129:e827-841 Slide 11 Basic Nutrients Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Vitamins Minerals Water All are present in milk of all species, but types and proportions vary by species, making each specific and apparently uniquely suited Breast milk is more than good nutrition Slide 12 Milk Protein Species Specific Content ProteinHuman MilkCows Milk QuantityLow3-4X Higher TypeWhey predominantCasein predominant DigestibilityCurds soft, easy to digestCurds rubbery, harder to digest Brain and Eye development Taurine presentTaurine absent Bioactive proteinsPresent Calves are mostly muscle and bone. They double their weight in Colostrum is Part of Transition ConstituentColostrum 1-5 d Mature BM > 30 d Lysozyme (g)218161 Lactoferrin (g)330167 IgA (g)364142 1) Colostrum (Birth-4d) is high in protein, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and immunoglobulins. It is different because normal transition requires it. 2) Transitional milk (2d-2wks) includes high levels of fat, lactose, water-soluble vitamins, and contains more calories than colostrum Slide 19 Composition of Cow Milk formulas Based on nutrient content of human milk at 1-3 mo o Protein: nonfat bovine milk and whey concentrate o Fat: blend of vegetable oils o Carbohydrate: corn syrup solids and lactose o Vitamin and mineral mix o Additional ingredients are manufacturer-based: iron (1959), taurine (1984), DHA (2000), leutein (2012) Content is regulated by the FDA and is based on the AAP Committee on Nutrition recommendations Slide 20 Milk Protein ProteinHuman MilkCows Milk Formula QuantityLow3-4X Higher TypeWhey predominantCasein predominant DigestibilityCurds soft, easyMore intolerance Bioactive proteins Species-specific differences associated with better outcomes Different in many ways o Human milk protein is not merely for nutrition. It displays medicinal qualities that initiate and modulate development resulting in profound effects on infant survival and health Slide 21 Milk Fat Species Specific Content Differences FatHuman MilkCows Milk Formula Content during feedingLow HighConstant Content if feed frequentlyHighConstant DigestibilityLipoprotein Bile Salt-stimulated lipase No Lipases Essential FA6-10 times HigherLower ARA, DHA (brain/eye)PresentRecent additives Breastfeeding is associated with improved child cognitive development. MA Quigley et al. J Pediatrics 2012;160:25-32 Slide 22 Preterm Lipid Study Pediatrics 2001;108:359 371 Whether or not formulas designed for the premature infant should be supplemented with long-chain PUFA, including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid has become one of the most controversial issues in infant nutrition today... ... Several lines of logic suggest that premature infants fed formulas without AA and DHA may be at increased risk of slower development related to suboptimal blood and tissue levels of these fatty acids compared with the term infant. Slide 23 Milk Carbohydrate Breast Milk is not just Lactose Oligosaccharides - nonnutritive, the third most common solute in human milk after lactose and fat. Cows-milk formulas contain very little. Prebiotic agents that encourage the growth of beneficial (probiotic) organisms Anti-infective in the intestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts. >130 identified pathogen-specific, binding (decoy) inhibitors Functional components of brain gangliosides essential to nerve cell transmission, memory formation and cell-to-cell communication. Miller JB. Invited Commentary: Human milk oligosaccharides: 130 reasons to breast-feed. British Journal of Nutrition 1999;82:333335 Ballard O and Morrow A. Human Milk Composition. PCNA 2013;60(1)49-74 Slide 24 Milk Vitamins and Minerals Species Specific Content Differences All vitamins and minerals in human milk have a higher bioavailability than in cow milk formula 50-75% of Fe in BM is absorbed compared to 4% in formula To compensate, more is added to formula: Excess, unabsorbed minerals (especially iron) alter gut flora and facilitate growth of potentially harmful bacteria HM (T)HM (PT) HM (PT) +HMF 1 HM (PT) + HMF 2PF1 - 24PF2 - 24 Fe (mg/L) 0.3-0.91.214.5815.614.6114.6 Slide 25 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation Pediatrics 2012;129:e827-e841 Vitamin K 0.5 to 1.0 mg IM after the first feeding at breast and before 6 hours Vitamin D 400 U/day PO at hospital discharge No Fluoride during the first 6 months and thereafter only if [fluoride] < 0.3 ppm Iron orally before 6 months if low iron stores Premature infants need multivitamins and iron until ingesting a mixed diet and growth is normalized Slide 26 Optimal Source of Nutrients Breast milk content is essential for optimal development Basic nutrient and bioactive component content and proportions are species specific. Many differences exist. Breast milk content can be (and is) altered by individual needs and circumstances. Formula content is fixed. Formula is not milk. Many components are missing. Content is further altered by pasteurization. What formula lacks or has in it can make a difference Slide 27 Term vs Preterm Milk Content Nutrient/LTermPreterm Cal/oz19.5-2120.1 Protein, g914.09 Fat, g39.0538.93 Carb, g7966.4 Calcium, mg200-250248 Iron, mg0.3-0.91.21 Sodium, mg120-250248 Zinc, mg1-33.42 VitaminsTermPreterm Vit A, IU22523899 Vit D, IU20 Vit E, IU4.110.7 Vit K, mcg2-32 mOsm/L257255 Composition of human milk varies with maternal diet, lactation stage, within feedings, diurnally, and among mothers. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook 2009 Slide 28 Morton J, et al. Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases the caloric content of milk in mothers of preterm infants J Perinatol 2012;32:791-796 o Frequency of hand expression in first 3d Group I < 2 times/day Group II 2-5 times/day Group III > 5 times/day Increased frequency of hand expression in first 3d increases milk production. Slide 29 Formula content Neofax 2011, 24 th Edition Nutrient/LTerm MilkPretermPF-1 20 Cal/oz19.5-2120.120 Protein, g914.0920 Fat, g39.0538.9336.7 Carb, g7966.469.7 Calcium, mg200-2502481217 Iron, mg0.3-0.91.2112.2 Sodium, mg120-250248291 Zinc, mg1-33.4210.1 Because of poorer bioavailability, more is often needed Slide 30 Vohr B, et al. Beneficial effects of breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit on the developmental outcome of extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of age. Pediatrics 2006;118(1) no BM< 20th20-4040-6060-80> 80thp BM (ml/kg) qd0172464111- BM @ discharge022456795124 Mean MDI767477788087.004 Mean PDI81 8384 89.003 BRS percentile464552505259.028 Rehosp < 1y302532262313.046 No diff BW, GA, sex, IVH gr 3-4, PVL, NEC, sepsis, BPD, LOS, CP, blindness, hearing loss, weight and OFC @ 18 mo. Adj for mom age, edu, race, income For every 10 ml/kg/d increase in BM, there was an increase in MDI (0.53 points), PDI (0.63 points), BRS (0.82 %ile), and a decreased likelihood of re-hospitalization (6%) Slide 31 Vohr B, et al. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age. Pediatrics 2007;120(4) o The principal effects of BM in children at 30 months CA are on cognition and behavior. Slide 32 Cost to Use Breast milk (no cost) Expressed ($15/mo pump) Donor ($3.50/oz + freight) Commercial ($30.00/oz) PF1 ($1.18/oz) Elemental 1 ($1.77/oz) Elemental 2 ($2.48/oz) HMF/packet ($1.08-1.50) Slide 33 Cost to Not Use Breast Milk If 90% of US families followed guidelines to BF exclusively for 6 mo, the US would annually save $13 billion from reduced medical and other costs. Bartick, M. Pediatrics 2010;125:e1048-e1056 (2007 dollars) Health care costs for newborns are three times lower for babies whose mothers participate in the companys employee maternity and lactation program. www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/breastfeeding/ CDCStart Any BF 6 mo Any BF 12 mo Exclusive 3 mo Exclusive 6 mo US74%43%21%32%12% Utah90%60%26%43%17% Healthy People 201075%50%25%40%17% 2012 AAP Policy90% Slide 34 ( *p De Onis M, et al. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92(5):1257-64 o Children age 0-5 years > 2SD weight for height median 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Slide 43 Standards for Normal Growth have Changed www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/ All young children have the potential to grow similarly, regardless of their ethnic group or place of birth, if they are in a healthy environment and receive adequate nutrition. 8000 Infants Slide 44 Characteristics and Potential Functions of Human Milk Adiponectin Protein hormone produced by adipose tissue which enhances fatty acid metabolism and reduces inflammation Low levels are associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease Higher levels in human milk are associated with lower infant weight in the first 6 months of life in BF infants and may attenuate inflammatory processes Newburg DS et al. J Pediatr 2010;156:S41-6 Slide 45 Adequate Growth Summary Historically, preterm infants gain weight faster on formula than on human milk (breast or donor). Because protein and energy content of human milk vary, more than standard fortification may be needed to achieve short-term growth standards. However, faster early growth may be associated with higher rates of obesity. Growth norms (mostly formula- fed infants) are too high. Despite slower growth, breastfed infants have better neurodevelopmental outcomes. Slide 46 Consider these Suggestions: What % of your NICU infants receive all BM to discharge? Make lactation support a part of parent interactions Educate all mothers on the value of human milk Explain the need for breastfeeding mothers to pump and express milk early and often (8-12 times daily) Know they are doing it and doing it effectively Strongly encourage exclusive human milk feedings (as you would treatment for presumed sepsis) Slide 47 Providing up to 12 weeks unpaid leave only applies to companies with 50 or more employees Fewer than 11% of US working parents receive paid leave when a child is born Slide 48 Human Milk Banking Association of North America www.hmbana.org o Slide 49 Milk Bank Donor Requirements In good health. Non-smoker. No use of any Nicotine products. Negative blood test for viruses (Prenatal results are NOT used). Using no medications during the time milk is collected for donation, except for: vitamins and minerals; food supplements, progestin-only birth control, or replacement hormones: thyroid, insulin Limited use of caffeine; and a waiting period is required after alcohol use before donating milk Willing to donate a minimum of 150 ounces total during the time they are a donor Slide 50 How is Donor Milk Processed? http://www.milkbankcolorado.org/ Milk from 3-5 donor mothers is thawed, transferred to glass flasks, and mixed. o Slide 51 How is Donor Milk Processed? http://www.milkbankcolorado.org/ Milk samples are cultured during the pasteurization process then frozen at -4F and stored Culture-positive milk is discarded j Milk is shipped frozen overnight to hospitals and individuals Slide 52 Types of Donor Milk Available Early Full Term: from first 7-10 days post partum - 2 oz bottles (when available) Preterm: for infants under 1500 grams and/or less than 36 weeks gestation - 2 oz bottles (when available) Full Term: (20 cal or higher) for infants at or over 36 weeks gestation - 4 oz bottles (Also used routinely for premies when preterm not available ) Non-fat: for chylothorax therapy (0.0 - 0.3% fat) - 2 oz bottles Each Batch is also Analyzed for Macronutrient Content