Robert Fulton 1

Robert Fulton

Fulton sculpture at the Brooklyn Museum

Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 –February 24, 1815) was an Americanengineer and inventor who is widelycredited with developing the firstcommercially successful steamboat. In1800, he was commissioned by NapoleonBonaparte to design the Nautilus, which wasthe first practical submarine in history.[1] Heis also credited with inventing some of theworld's earliest naval torpedoes for use bythe British Navy.[2]

Fulton became interested in steamboats in1777 when he visited William Henry ofLancaster, Pennsylvania, who had earlierlearned about James Watt's steam engine ona visit to England.

Early lifeRobert Fulton was born on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, on November 14, 1765. He had at least threesisters – Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary, and a younger brother, Abraham. His father, Robert, had been a close friendto the father of painter Benjamin West. Fulton later met West in England and they became friends.

A drawing of Fulton's invention Nautilus

Fulton stayed in Philadelphia for six years, where he painted portraitsand landscapes, drew houses and machinery, and was able to sendmoney home to help support his mother. In 1785 he bought a farm atHopewell, Pennsylvania for £80 Sterling and moved his mother andfamily into it. While in Philadelphia, he met Benjamin Franklin andother prominent figures. At age 23 he decided to visit Europe.

Education and work

Fulton took several letters of introduction to Americans abroad fromthe individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had alreadycorresponded with Benjamin West, and West took Fulton into his home, where Fulton lived for several years. Fultongained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself, but hecontinually experimented with mechanical inventions.He published a pamphlet about canals and patented a dredging machine and several other inventions. In 1797 he went to Paris where his fame as an inventor was well known. In Paris, Fulton studied French, German, mathematics and chemistry. He began to design torpedoes and submarines. In Paris, Fulton met James Rumsey, who sat for a portrait in West's studio, where Fulton was an apprentice. Rumsey was an inventor from Virginia who ran his own first steamboat in Shepherdstown (now in West Virginia) in 1786. As early as 1793, Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels to both the United States and British governments, and in England he met the Duke of Bridgewater, whose canal was used for trials of a steam tug, and who later ordered steam tugs from William Symington. Symington had successfully tried steamboats in 1788, and it seems probable that Fulton was aware of

Robert Fulton 2

these developments. The first successful trial run of a steamboat had been made by inventor John Fitch on theDelaware River on August 22, 1787, in the presence of delegates from the Constitutional Convention. It waspropelled by a bank of oars on either side of the boat. The following year Fitch launched a 60-foot (18 m) boatpowered by a steam engine driving several stern mounted oars. These oars paddled in a manner similar to the motionof a swimming duck's feet. With this boat he carried up to thirty passengers on numerous round-trip voyagesbetween Philadelphia and Burlington, New Jersey.Fitch was granted a patent on August 26, 1791, after a battle with Rumsey, who had created a similar invention.Unfortunately the newly created Patent Commission did not award the broad monopoly patent that Fitch had askedfor, but a patent of the modern kind, for the new design of Fitch's steamboat. It also awarded patents to Rumsey andJohn Stevens for their steamboat designs, and the loss of a monopoly caused many of Fitch's investors to leave hiscompany. While his boats were mechanically successful, Fitch failed to pay sufficient attention to construction andoperating costs and was unable to justify the economic benefits of steam navigation. It was Fulton who would turnFitch's idea profitable decades later.

Location and plaque of the Fulton experiment of9 August 1803.

In 1797, Fulton went to France, where Claude de Jouffroy had made aworking paddle steamer in 1783, and commenced experimenting withsubmarine torpedoes and torpedo boats. Fulton is the exhibitor of thefirst panorama to be shown in Paris, which was complete by 1800 Vuede Paris depuis les Tuilerie painted by Pierre Prévost, Jean Mouchetand Denis Fontaine. The street where his panorama was shown is stillcalled "'Rue des Panoramas'" (Panorama Street) today.[3]

Fulton designed the first working submarine, the Nautilus between1793 and 1797, while living in France. When tested his submarinewent underwater for 17 minutes in 25 feet of water. He asked thegovernment to subsidize its construction but he was turned down twice.Eventually he approached the Minister of Marine himself and in 1800was granted permission to build. The shipyard Perrier in Rouen built itand it sailed first in July 1800 on the Seine river in the same city.

Commemorative plaque to Robert Fultonin the port of Rouen, made in 1918 to

thank the USA for their involvement inthe WWI

In France Fulton also met Robert R. Livingston, who was appointed U.S.Ambassador to France in 1801, and they decided to build a steamboattogether and try running it on the Seine. Fulton experimented with the waterresistance of various hull shapes, made drawings and models, and had asteamboat constructed. At the first trial the boat ran perfectly, but the hull waslater rebuilt and strengthened, and on August 9, 1803, this boat steamed upthe River Seine, but sank. The boat was 66 feet (20.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m)beam, and made between 3 and 4 miles per hour (4.8 and 6.4 km/h) againstthe current.

In 1804, Fulton switched allegiance and moved to England, where he wascommissioned by Prime Minister William Pitt to build a range of weapons for

Robert Fulton 3

East River Ferry, Brooklyn

use by the Royal Navy during Napoleon's invasion scare. Among hisinventions were the world's first modern naval torpedoes, which were tested,along with several other of his inventions, during the 1804 Raid on Boulogne,but met with limited success. Although he continued to develop his inventionswith the British until 1806, the decisive naval victory at the Battle ofTrafalgar greatly reduced the risk of invasion, and Fulton found himself beingincreasingly ignored.

In 1806, Fulton returned to America and married Harriet Livingston, the nieceof Robert Livingston and daughter of Walter Livingston. They had four children: Robert, Julia, Mary and Cornelia.In 1807, Fulton and Livingston together built the first commercial steamboat, the North River Steamboat (laterknown as the Clermont), which carried passengers between New York City and Albany, New York. The Clermontwas able to make the 150-mile trip in 32 hours. From 1811 until his death, Fulton was a member of the Erie CanalCommission.

Fulton's final design was the Demologos the world's first steam-driven warship built for the US Navy for the war of1812. The vessel was not completed until after his death and was renamed the Fulton in his honor.Fulton died in 1815 in New York City from tuberculosis. He had been walking home on the frozen Hudson Riverwhen one of his friends, Addis Emmet, fell through the ice. In the attempt to rescue his friend, Fulton got soakedwith icy water and on the journey home he caught pneumonia. When he got home his sickness worsened. Hecontracted consumption and died at 49 years old. He is buried in the Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City,alongside other famous Americans such as Alexander Hamilton and Albert Gallatin. His descendants include formerMajor League Baseball pitcher Cory Lidle.[4] Often credited with inventing the steamboat, Robert Fulton wasactually the man who put the design into practice. As a young man, Fulton dreamed of becoming a painter and wentto Paris to study. His commissions were few, and he turned to engineering and inventions. In Paris, Fulton designedan experimental submarine, which caught the eye of Robert Livingston, then the wealthy American ambassador toFrance. Livingston convinced Fulton to return to the United States and concentrate on steamboat design.Fulton's first boat, the Clermont, was tested on the Hudson River. The former painter had shipped a small steamengine from England and constructed a hull similar to that of fast ocean- going ships. In the hull, he placed theengine, and on each side, a primitive paddle wheel. At the test in 1807, the Clermont initially failed; however, after afew adjustments to the engine, the boat carried on its way to Albany, arriving thirty-two hours later. It had movedagainst the Hudson current at an average of five miles an hour.

Posthumous honorsIn 1816, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania donated a marble statue of Fulton to the National Statuary HallCollection in the US Capitol Building. Fulton was also honored for his development of steamship technology in NewYork City's Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909. A replica of his first steam-powered steam vessel, the Clermont,was built for the occasion.Many places in the U.S. are named for Robert Fulton, including:•• Fulton Township, Lancaster County, PA• Fulton Elementary School, Fulton Township, Lancaster County, PA[5]

• Robert Fulton School, Philadelphia, PA•• Fulton Elementary School, Dubuque, IA•• Robert Fulton Fire Company, Fulton Township, Lancaster County PA•• Robert Fulton Highway, Lancaster County, PA• Fulton Opera House, Lancaster, PA• Robert Fulton Drive in Columbia, Maryland

Robert Fulton 4

• Robert Fulton Drive in Reston, Virginia• Fulton Avenue in Sacramento• Fulton Street in Brooklyn• Fulton Street in Manhattan• Fulton Center in New York City• Fulton Street in Massapequa Park, New York• Fulton Street in New Orleans• Fulton Street in Alcoa, Tennessee• Fulton Street in San Francisco• Fulton Street in Anaheim, California•• Fulton County, Ohio•• Fulton County, Indiana•• Fulton County, Kentucky•• Fulton County, Illinois•• Fulton County, Pennsylvania•• Fulton County, New York•• Fulton, Mississippi•• Fulton, Missouri•• Fulton, Arkansas•• Fulton, Oswego County, New York•• Fulton, Schoharie County, New York•• Fultonham, Ohio•• Fultonville, New York• Fulton Hall, State Quad, University at Albany SUNY• Fulton Park, New York CityFive ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Fulton in honor of Robert Fulton.

Robert Fulton (with Samuel Morse) depicted on thereverse of the 1896 $2 Silver Certificate

Bronze statues of Fulton and Christopher Columbus representcommerce on the balustrade of the galleries of the Main ReadingRoom in the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library ofCongress on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. They are two of 16historical figures, each pair representing one of the 8 pillars ofcivilization.

In 2006, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall ofFame.[6]

In popular culture

A probably largely fictionalised account of Fulton's role wasproduced by BBC children's television. In the first season, Triton(1968), two British naval officers, Captain Belwether andLieutenant Lamb, are involved in spying on Fulton while he is working for the French. In the second season,Pegasus (1969), they are surprised to find themselves working with him after he changed sides.

In the children's TV series "TUGS" a steam powered ferry is named the Fulton Ferry, named after the Fulton Ferrycompany, founded by Robert Fulton in 1814.James McGee used Fulton's experiments in submarine warfare as a major plot element in his novel Ratcatcher. Invasion, the tenth novel in the Kydd naval warfare series by Julian Stockwin, also uses Fulton's submarine as an

Robert Fulton 5

important plot element.Additionally, he is referenced in The Beach Boys song "Steamboat" (Dennis Wilson/Jack Rieley) from the 1973album Holland.

Gallery

Fulton presentshis steamship to

Bonaparte in1803

Robert Fulton'stombstone at

Trinity Church inNew York City

The marblestatue byHoward

Roberts inStatuary Hall ofthe U.S. Capitol

Building

Hudson ~ Fulton CelebrationNew York City, Commemorative

stamp, 1909 issue.

Robert Fulton 200th Anniversaryissue of 1965.

An 1806 submarine design incross section by Robert Fulton.

Publications• Torpedo war, and submarine explosions [7] published 1810.• A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation [8], 1796. From the University of Georgia Libraries in DjVu

& layered PDF [9] formats.• A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation [10] 1796. From Rare Book Room.

References[1] American Treasures of the Library of Congress: "Fulton's Submarine" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ treasures/ trr024. html)[2] Best, Nicholas (2005). Trafalgar: The Untold Story of the Greatest Sea Battle in History. London: Phoenix. ISBN 0-7538-2095-1.[3] Alice Crary Sutcliffe, Robert Fulton and the "Clermont", page 63 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=YjMEAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA63&

lpg=PA63& dq="robert+ fulton"+ panorama& source=bl& ots=-pLnhxue9-& sig=nKiFib7YlGoKg5MpIXytYiq3M60& hl=en&ei=AsadSeBXk8e2B5HZnd4E& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=1& ct=result).

[4] Lidle dies after plane crashes into NYC high-rise - MLB - ESPN (http:/ / sports. espn. go. com/ mlb/ news/ story?id=2621860)[5] Fulton Elementary School website (http:/ / www. lancaster. k12. pa. us/ elementary/ fulton/ )[6] National Inventors Hall of Fame (http:/ / www. invent. org/ hall_of_fame/ 268. html)[7] http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ torpedowarsub00fultrich[8] http:/ / fax. libs. uga. edu/ TC744xF97/[9] http:/ / fax. libs. uga. edu/ TC744xF97/ 1f/ canal_navigation. pdf[10] http:/ / www. rarebookroom. org/ Control/ fulcan/ index. html

Robert Fulton 6

Sources• This article contains content first published in 1909 as Old Steamboat Days on The Hudson River (http:/ / www.

hrmm. org/ diglib/ oldsteam/ chapter1. html).Wikipedia:Link rot

External links• Robert Fulton Birthplace (http:/ / www. fieldtrip. com/ pa/ 75482679. htm)• Photos of Fulton's Birthplace (http:/ / www. yorkblog. com/ cannonball/ 2010/ 11/ fultons-folly-changed-transpor.

html)• An article on Fulton and the War of 1812 (http:/ / warof1812. casebook. org/ articles/ dissertation.

html?id=ae79ee88073d87c50f2f1f5538e0a65e)Wikipedia:Link rot• William Symington (http:/ / www. gsk58. dial. pipex. com/ symington/ index. shtml)Wikipedia:Link rot• CHAPTER XIII: ROBERT FULTON (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 15161/ 15161-h/ 15161-h.

htm#CHAPTER_XIII) in Great Fortunes, and How They Were Made (1871), by James D. McCabe, Jr.,Illustrated by G. F. and E. B. Bensell, a Project Gutenberg eBook.

• 1911 Britannica biography (http:/ / www. 1911encyclopedia. org/ Robert_Fulton)• Buckman, David Lear (1907). Old Steamboat Days on The Hudson River (http:/ / www. hrmm. org/ diglib/

oldsteam/ chapter1. html). The Grafton Press.Wikipedia:Link rot• Examples of art by Robert Fulton (http:/ / www. artrenewal. org/ asp/ database/ art. asp?aid=3833)Wikipedia:Link

rot at the Art Renewal Center• Robert H Thurston, A history of the growth of the steam-engine. Chapter V The Modern Steam Engine (http:/ /

www. history. rochester. edu/ steam/ thurston/ 1878/ Chapter5. html)• Iles, George (1912), Leading American Inventors (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ leadingamericani00ilesrich),

New York: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 40–75• Booknotes interview with Kirkpatrick Sale on The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream,

November 25, 2001. (http:/ / www. booknotes. org/ Watch/ 166459-1/ Kirkpatrick+ Sale. aspx)

Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsRobert Fulton  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=600030112  Contributors: 14colin, 2001:db8, 7&6=thirteen, A2brute, A8UDI, AAK, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Aaron Brenneman,Accurizer, Addshore, AdjustShift, Adsims2001, Airviper, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Ale jrb, Alexanderaltman, Alexf, AllanHainey, Alphachimp, Amwyll Rwden, Andy Dingley, AnnaKucsma,Anorexic abe, Antonio Lopez, Apranam2, Arnon Chaffin, Assa121221, Assa212121, Astronautics, Attilios, Avoided, Awetoebawt2, Aymatth2, Ayrton Prost, Azcolvin429, BPK2, BRG,Bacchus87, Badseed, Bbq896, Beao, Bellhalla, Bencherlite, Berean Hunter, Berlin-George, Bigmak, Bill37212, Billy Hathorn, Bkobres, Bob204, BobDaGangsta, Bobblewik, Bolwerk,Bongwarrior, Brandmeister, Brian0918, Bryan Derksen, Btphelps, Burnthisname, CFIF, CWY2190, Caltas, Calum MacÙisdean, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,CanadianLinuxUser, CardinalDan, Carmichael, Chosenby, Chris the speller, Chris9522, ChrisGualtieri, 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Robert Fulton sculpture IMG 3769.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Fulton_sculpture_IMG_3769.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Billy HathornImage:FultonNautilus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FultonNautilus.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Kneiphof, Korrigan, Makthorpe, Rcbutcher, WorldImaging, 1 anonymous editsFile:Location and plaque of the Fulton experiment 9 August 1803.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_and_plaque_of_the_Fulton_experiment_9_August_1803.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:World ImagingFile:Plaque commémorative à Robert Fulton, Rouen.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plaque_commémorative_à_Robert_Fulton,_Rouen.JPG  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:NortmannusFile:USA-NYC-East River Ferry.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USA-NYC-East_River_Ferry.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:IngfbrunoFile:US-$2-SC-1896-Fr.247.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US-$2-SC-1896-Fr.247.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Godot13Image:Robert Fulton presents the first steamship to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Fulton_presents_the_first_steamship_to_Napoleon_Bonaparte_in_1803.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lotje, World ImagingImage:Robert Fulton's Tombstone.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Fulton's_Tombstone.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:DePeeperImage:Fultonnshc.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fultonnshc.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Airviper at en.wikipediaStatue byHoward Roberts (1843 - 1900)file:Fulton on Hudson 1909 Issue-2c.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fulton_on_Hudson_1909_Issue-2c.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Post OfficeImage:Robert Fulton Issue 1965-5c.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Fulton_Issue_1965-5c.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Post OfficeImage:Fultondesign7.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fultondesign7.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Robert Fulton

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