Roads to RevolutionRoads to Revolution

Chapter 5Chapter 5

* According to Pitt the colonists should be responsible for what regarding their military * According to Pitt the colonists should be responsible for what regarding their military protection?protection?* How did Pitt view the colonist’s role in the French and Indian War and what trend was * How did Pitt view the colonist’s role in the French and Indian War and what trend was developing that needed to be dealt with quickly?developing that needed to be dealt with quickly?* What were the two intentions of the 1764 Sugar Act?* What were the two intentions of the 1764 Sugar Act?* Who were the Sons of Liberty and what were their tactics to protest the Stamp Act?* Who were the Sons of Liberty and what were their tactics to protest the Stamp Act?* Discuss the Townshend Act of 1767 for the following:* Discuss the Townshend Act of 1767 for the following:

what new duties/taxes it imposedwhat new duties/taxes it imposed payment of salaries for governors and payment of salaries for governors and judgesjudges

* Why did Britain send troops to Boston in 1768?* Why did Britain send troops to Boston in 1768?* Why did Britain believe if they did a full repeal of the Townshend Act they would lose * Why did Britain believe if they did a full repeal of the Townshend Act they would lose credibility?credibility?* Discuss what each of the Coercive Acts of 1774 (British response to Boston Tea Party)* Discuss what each of the Coercive Acts of 1774 (British response to Boston Tea Party)* Why did the colonists view the Quebec Act as threatening?* Why did the colonists view the Quebec Act as threatening?* Why was the First Continental Congress summoned?* Why was the First Continental Congress summoned?* What did the colonies agree on for the following at the First Continental Congress:* What did the colonies agree on for the following at the First Continental Congress: Non-importation non-exportationNon-importation non-exportation Coercive ActsCoercive Acts Legislation and consent Legislation and consent * What was the Olive Branch Petition?* What was the Olive Branch Petition?* What was the impact of Thomas Paine’s * What was the impact of Thomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense??

Questions for Group DiscussionQuestions for Group Discussion

I.I. Imperial warfare Imperial warfare

A.A. War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War) 1739-1748War) 1739-1748

1.1. Outcome/effects on coloniesOutcome/effects on coloniesB.B. Ohio Valley (big time territory disputes)Ohio Valley (big time territory disputes)

1.1. IndiansIndians2.2. FrenchFrench3.3. BritishBritish

a.a. George WashingtonGeorge Washingtonb.b. Fort Duquesne/Fort NecessityFort Duquesne/Fort Necessity

4.4. Albany Meeting/Plan (details next slide)Albany Meeting/Plan (details next slide)C.C. Braddock/WashingtonBraddock/Washington

1.1. Another expeditionAnother expedition2.2. Indian resistance stiffensIndian resistance stiffens

I.I. Imperial warfare Imperial warfare

A.A. War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War) 1739-1748War) 1739-1748

1.1. Outcome/effects on coloniesOutcome/effects on coloniesB.B. Ohio Valley (big time territory disputes)Ohio Valley (big time territory disputes)

1.1. IndiansIndians2.2. FrenchFrench3.3. BritishBritish

a.a. George WashingtonGeorge Washingtonb.b. Fort Duquesne/Fort NecessityFort Duquesne/Fort Necessity

4.4. Albany Meeting/Plan (details next slide)Albany Meeting/Plan (details next slide)C.C. Braddock/WashingtonBraddock/Washington

1.1. Another expeditionAnother expedition2.2. Indian resistance stiffensIndian resistance stiffens

The Albany Congress and The Albany Congress and the Onset of Warthe Onset of War

• War: New France vs. VirginiaWar: New France vs. Virginia• Albany Congress 1754 “The Albany Plan Albany Congress 1754 “The Albany Plan

of Union”of Union”– Keep Six Nations (Iroquois) neutralKeep Six Nations (Iroquois) neutral– Benjamin Franklin and the Albany PlanBenjamin Franklin and the Albany Plan

• President General and Grand CouncilPresident General and Grand Council• Raise soldiers, levy taxes, deal with IndiansRaise soldiers, levy taxes, deal with Indians• RejectedRejected

– Centralized relations with IndiansCentralized relations with Indians– Failed due to colonies unwillingness to Failed due to colonies unwillingness to

surrender any independencesurrender any independence

Imperial Tensions: From Imperial Tensions: From Loudoun to PittLoudoun to Pitt

• Earl of Loudoun, British military Earl of Loudoun, British military commander in N. America 1755commander in N. America 1755– Coercion to force colonial cooperationCoercion to force colonial cooperation

• William PittWilliam Pitt, Prime Minister 1757Prime Minister 1757– Consent to gain colonial cooperationConsent to gain colonial cooperation– Replaces Loudoun with James AbercrombieReplaces Loudoun with James Abercrombie

• By 1758, Britain finally had a military force By 1758, Britain finally had a military force capable of overwhelming New Francecapable of overwhelming New France

• Cooperation between redcoats and Cooperation between redcoats and provincials became routine and effective provincials became routine and effective in warfare against French & Indiansin warfare against French & Indians

D.D. French and Indian (Seven Years’ ) War (1756-French and Indian (Seven Years’ ) War (1756-1763)1763)1.1. Nova ScotiaNova Scotia

a.a. French loss of Nova ScotiaFrench loss of Nova Scotiab.b. Final Expulsion of Acadians (Cajuns)Final Expulsion of Acadians (Cajuns)

2.2. ChangesChangesa.a. Iroquois neutrality 1758? Iroquois neutrality 1758? b.b. Pitt in chargePitt in charge

i.i. renewed British interestrenewed British interestii.ii. promise to bear the cost if colonists promise to bear the cost if colonists

would fight for Britishwould fight for Britishiii.iii. Wolfe vs Montcalm, fall of QuebecWolfe vs Montcalm, fall of Quebec

3.3. Treaty of Paris/ provisions (next slide)Treaty of Paris/ provisions (next slide)

The Peace of ParisThe Peace of Paris• Peace of Paris ended the war 1763Peace of Paris ended the war 1763• Britain returned Martinique and Guadeloupe to Britain returned Martinique and Guadeloupe to

FranceFrance• France surrendered some West Indian islands and France surrendered some West Indian islands and

mainland North America east of Mississippimainland North America east of Mississippi• Havana returned to Spain, Florida ceded to BritainHavana returned to Spain, Florida ceded to Britain• France gives New Orleans and lands W of France gives New Orleans and lands W of

Mississippi river to SpainMississippi river to Spain• Indians angrily rejected peace settlement and Indians angrily rejected peace settlement and

France’s surrender of their lands to Great BritainFrance’s surrender of their lands to Great Britain

II.II. Post War Finances in BritainPost War Finances in BritainA.A. George III (“George III (“reign and rule”reign and rule”))

1.1. Post war frictionPost war frictiona.a. British dissatisfaction over cost/sharingBritish dissatisfaction over cost/sharingb.b. British national debt soars, increased taxes at British national debt soars, increased taxes at

homehomec.c. Post war depression in AmericaPost war depression in Americad.d. Pontiac’s rebellionPontiac’s rebellion

2.2. Unpopular first steps by George Unpopular first steps by George III/ParliamentIII/Parliament

a.a. Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763b.b. Large British colonial standing army in NALarge British colonial standing army in NAc.c. Writs of assistance Writs of assistance

i.i. James Otis/ inviolability of ConstitutionJames Otis/ inviolability of Constitutionii.ii. Legislative bound by ConstitutionLegislative bound by Constitution

Indian Policy and Pontiac’s Indian Policy and Pontiac’s WarWar

• Indian and policyIndian and policy– Fulfill wartime promisesFulfill wartime promises– Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763

• Pontiac, and Pontiac’s WarPontiac, and Pontiac’s War

The proclamation of 1763 , in The proclamation of 1763 , in effect, closed off the frontier to effect, closed off the frontier to colonial expansion. The King colonial expansion. The King and his council presented the and his council presented the proclamation as a measure to proclamation as a measure to calm the fears of the Indians, calm the fears of the Indians, who felt that the colonists who felt that the colonists would drive them from their would drive them from their lands as they expanded lands as they expanded westward. Many in the colonies westward. Many in the colonies felt that the object was to pen felt that the object was to pen them in along the Atlantic them in along the Atlantic seaboard where they would be seaboard where they would be easier to regulate. easier to regulate.

B.B. More direct legislative “unpleasantness”More direct legislative “unpleasantness”1.1. Sugar Act - 1764Sugar Act - 1764

a.a. revenue raising from colonistsrevenue raising from colonistsb.b. required transshipping through UK required transshipping through UK portsportsc.c. nit-picking paperwork/requirementsnit-picking paperwork/requirementsd.d. guilty until proven innocentguilty until proven innocent

B.B. venue to Nova Scotiavenue to Nova ScotiaC.C. no Juryno JuryD.D. Judges compensated by monies seizedJudges compensated by monies seized

e.e. vigorous enforcement ordered by vigorous enforcement ordered by GrenvilleGrenvillef.f. real effects (revenues, etc)real effects (revenues, etc)g.g. external tax, borne mostly by external tax, borne mostly by merchantsmerchants

While hated by the merchants and investor class in new England, the While hated by the merchants and investor class in new England, the Sugar Act was not a direct tax on consumers, and had little impact on the Sugar Act was not a direct tax on consumers, and had little impact on the “average” New Englander, except as they understood it was hated by “average” New Englander, except as they understood it was hated by others. As a tax on trade, many accepted it as Britain’s legal right.others. As a tax on trade, many accepted it as Britain’s legal right.

2.2. Stamp Act - 1765Stamp Act - 1765a.a. gross inequity in personal tax rates of gross inequity in personal tax rates of

British nationals vs Colonists (colonists paid 2-6% of British nationals vs Colonists (colonists paid 2-6% of what Brits paid!!)what Brits paid!!)

b.b. Stamp Act - Stamp Act - direct taxdirect tax on various on various commoditiescommoditiesi.i. no jury trials for violatorsno jury trials for violatorsii.ii. internal tax, designed to raise revenue. internal tax, designed to raise revenue. Borne by all Borne by all

users of taxed itemsusers of taxed itemsiii.iii. split in Parliament (Pitt disagrees with Grenville)split in Parliament (Pitt disagrees with Grenville)iv.iv. Grenville defends “virtual representation”Grenville defends “virtual representation”

Unlike the Sugar Act the previous year, the Stamp Unlike the Sugar Act the previous year, the Stamp Act was a direct tax expressly for raising revenue. Act was a direct tax expressly for raising revenue. Since it affected all consumers it was hated, and Since it affected all consumers it was hated, and since it was passed without colonial consent, it was since it was passed without colonial consent, it was viewed as illegalviewed as illegal

c.c. Colonial responseColonial responsei.i. rejected virtual representationrejected virtual representationii.ii. ProtestsProtests

A)A) legislature pass anti Stamp Act resolutionslegislature pass anti Stamp Act resolutionsB)B) Loyal NineLoyal NineC)C) Boston leadsBoston leads

iii.iii. Hit hard by Sugar actHit hard by Sugar actA)A) DistillersDistillersB)B) wine importerswine importersC)C) generally depressed economygenerally depressed economy

1)1) forced resignation of Boston stamp distributorforced resignation of Boston stamp distributor2)2) threats of deaththreats of death3)3) property damage by mobsproperty damage by mobs

D)D) Sons of LibertySons of Liberty1)1) similar to Loyal ninesimilar to Loyal nine2)2) formed in several coloniesformed in several colonies

Virtual RepresentationVirtual Representation - concept employed by Prime - concept employed by Prime Minister George Grenville to explain why Parliament could Minister George Grenville to explain why Parliament could legally tax colonists even though colonists could not elect legally tax colonists even though colonists could not elect any members of Parliament. The theory held that the any members of Parliament. The theory held that the members of Parliament did not only represent their specific members of Parliament did not only represent their specific geographical constituencies, but rather that they took into geographical constituencies, but rather that they took into consideration the well being of all British subjects when consideration the well being of all British subjects when considering legislationconsidering legislation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine  -  A group of Boston merchants and artisans  -  A group of Boston merchants and artisans that formed during the Stamp Act crisis to lead the public in that formed during the Stamp Act crisis to lead the public in attempts to drive the stamp distributors from the city. This attempts to drive the stamp distributors from the city. This was one of the first steps toward political organization in the was one of the first steps toward political organization in the colonies. colonies.

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty: : A secret A secret organizations formed in the American organizations formed in the American colonies in protest against the Stamp colonies in protest against the Stamp Act (1765). They were organized by Act (1765). They were organized by merchants, businessmen, lawyers, merchants, businessmen, lawyers, journalists, and others who would be journalists, and others who would be most affected by the Stamp Act. The most affected by the Stamp Act. The leaders included John Lamb and leaders included John Lamb and Alexander McDougall in New York, and Alexander McDougall in New York, and Samuel Adams and James Otis in New Samuel Adams and James Otis in New England. The societies kept in touch England. The societies kept in touch with each other through committees of with each other through committees of correspondence, supported the correspondence, supported the nonimportation agreement, forced the nonimportation agreement, forced the resignation of stamp distributors, and resignation of stamp distributors, and incited destruction of stamped paper incited destruction of stamped paper and violence against British officialsand violence against British officials

iv.iv. Stamp Act CongressStamp Act CongressA)A) NYC 1765 - statement of united NYC 1765 - statement of united

opposition to Stamp Actopposition to Stamp ActB)B) Boycott of English productsBoycott of English products

1)1) 40% of English revenue from sales in 40% of English revenue from sales in NANA

2)2) Merchants push for repealMerchants push for repeal3)3) Grenville dismissedGrenville dismissed

v.v. Stamp Act repealed, March 1766Stamp Act repealed, March 1766

The fact that British merchants pushed for repeal of The fact that British merchants pushed for repeal of the Stamp Act, illustrates the power of economic the Stamp Act, illustrates the power of economic boycott, a lesson which Dr Martin Luther King Jr boycott, a lesson which Dr Martin Luther King Jr will apply in Montgomery AL, 158 yrs later!will apply in Montgomery AL, 158 yrs later!

e.e. Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766i.i. passes same time as Stamp Act repealed passes same time as Stamp Act repealed

(almost unnoticed by most colonials, who (almost unnoticed by most colonials, who saw repeal as a victory)saw repeal as a victory)

ii.ii. stated absolute British power to legislate for stated absolute British power to legislate for Colonies in “All cases whatsoever”Colonies in “All cases whatsoever”

iii.iii. fundamental disagreement between England fundamental disagreement between England and Coloniesand Colonies

In fact, the Declaratory Act was Parliament telling In fact, the Declaratory Act was Parliament telling the colonies that they would act as they pleased, the colonies that they would act as they pleased, and that repeal of the Stamp Act was a and that repeal of the Stamp Act was a concession to British interests (loss of revenue ) concession to British interests (loss of revenue ) notnot colonial pressures. colonial pressures.

III.III. The Road to WarThe Road to WarA.A. General change in political thought in England General change in political thought in England

and coloniesand colonies1.1. LockeLocke - natural rights, - natural rights,

obligations of government to governedobligations of government to governed2.2. British oppositionists - claimed British oppositionists - claimed

parliament served self first, people secondparliament served self first, people second3.3. General shift by many in view of General shift by many in view of

Crown/Parliament motivesCrown/Parliament motives4.4. American Protestant clergy American Protestant clergy

influenceinfluenceB.B. 1767- 1773 - growing crisis1767- 1773 - growing crisis

1.1. Quartering Act - 1766Quartering Act - 1766a.a. TownshendTownshend new Chancellor of new Chancellor of

Exchequer (Finance Minister)Exchequer (Finance Minister)b.b. Indirect tax, resented, especially in New Indirect tax, resented, especially in New

York (many troops there)York (many troops there)

The The Townshend ActsTownshend Acts, British , British legislation intended to raise revenue, legislation intended to raise revenue, tighten customs enforcement, and tighten customs enforcement, and assert imperial authority in America, assert imperial authority in America, were sponsored by Chancellor of the were sponsored by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, (right - Exchequer Charles Townshend, (right - 1725-67) and enacted on June 29, 1725-67) and enacted on June 29, 1767. The key statute levied import 1767. The key statute levied import duties on duties on glass, lead, paint, paper, and glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Itstea. Its purpose was to provide purpose was to provide salaries for some colonial officials salaries for some colonial officials (such as Judges and Governors)so (such as Judges and Governors)so that the provincial assemblies could that the provincial assemblies could not coerce them by withholding not coerce them by withholding wages. wages.

2. Townshend Revenue Act 1767 ( the “Townshend Duties”)a. Clearly a fund raising effort, not

trade regulation like other import duties of the past

b. Taxed lead, paper, paint, tea, and glass imported into colonies

c. Part of revenue to pay Governor’s salaries (freeing them for dependence on Colonial legislatures)

d. Resistancei. John Dickinson-“Letters from a farmer in

Pennsylvania”A) “Parliament no right to tax just for

raising money”B) widely read across colonies

Dickinson joined politics as a Dickinson joined politics as a member of the Pennsylvania member of the Pennsylvania assembly in 1764, proceeded with assembly in 1764, proceeded with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 where he drafted the where he drafted the Resolutions of Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congressthe Stamp Act Congress. It was also . It was also during this time that during this time that he wrote an he wrote an important series of essays, “Letters important series of essays, “Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer”of a Pennsylvania Farmer”, , supporting the nonimportation and supporting the nonimportation and nonexportation agreements against nonexportation agreements against Gr. Britain. Gr. Britain.

Curiously enough, Dickinson was Curiously enough, Dickinson was actually opposed to a actually opposed to a separation from Gr. Britainseparation from Gr. Britain and later worked very hard to and later worked very hard to temper the language and action of the Continental Congress, temper the language and action of the Continental Congress, in an effort to maintain the possibility of reconciliation. It was in an effort to maintain the possibility of reconciliation. It was for this reason that he abstained from voting on and signing for this reason that he abstained from voting on and signing

the Declaration of Independence.the Declaration of Independence.

John DickinsonJohn Dickinson 1732-18081732-1808

ii.ii. Sam AdamsSam Adams A)A) circular letter condemning Townshend dutiescircular letter condemning Townshend dutiesB)B) new British government post - secretary of new British government post - secretary of

State for the Colonies (Lord Hillsborough)State for the Colonies (Lord Hillsborough)1)1) poor judgmentpoor judgment2)2) threatened any legislature which threatened any legislature which

acknowledged the (Adams’) letteracknowledged the (Adams’) letter3)3) reaction of legislatures was to heartily reaction of legislatures was to heartily

endorse it endorse it 4)4) many colonies begin unofficial non-many colonies begin unofficial non-

importation boycotts of Townshend Act importation boycotts of Townshend Act itemsitems

Samuel Adams was born in Boston on Sept. Samuel Adams was born in Boston on Sept. 17th, 1722, and died on Oct. 2nd, 1803. He 17th, 1722, and died on Oct. 2nd, 1803. He was a major leader in the American was a major leader in the American Revolution. Revolution.

An influential member of the lower house of the An influential member of the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature, he drafted most of Massachusetts legislature, he drafted most of the major protest documents, including the the major protest documents, including the Circular Letter (1768) against the Townshend Circular Letter (1768) against the Townshend Acts. Adams formed close ties with John Acts. Adams formed close ties with John Hancock, whose connections with the Boston Hancock, whose connections with the Boston merchants made him useful in the revolutionary merchants made him useful in the revolutionary cause. He was a principal organizer of the cause. He was a principal organizer of the Boston Tea Party (1773). Because of the Boston Tea Party (1773). Because of the intemperate language of his essays for the intemperate language of his essays for the press (Lt. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson called him press (Lt. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson called him the greatest "incendiary" in the empire) and his the greatest "incendiary" in the empire) and his early advocacy of independence, Adams was early advocacy of independence, Adams was regarded as a radical.regarded as a radical.

Elsewhere in the World:Elsewhere in the World:

•British East India Company source of riches to many in British East India Company source of riches to many in Parliament, allowed almost autonomous rule of India, aided Parliament, allowed almost autonomous rule of India, aided at times by British militaryat times by British military•Stocks grossly inflated (forerunner of “Enron style” Stocks grossly inflated (forerunner of “Enron style” creative accounting?)creative accounting?)•Bubble bursts, company in debt, hard pressed to pay Bubble bursts, company in debt, hard pressed to pay taxestaxes•Agrees to yield control of India in exchange for lower Agrees to yield control of India in exchange for lower taxestaxes•Government in financial duress due to French and Indian Government in financial duress due to French and Indian War and lower India revenuesWar and lower India revenues•Some in England outraged over apparent collusion Some in England outraged over apparent collusion between Parliament and British East India Company and between Parliament and British East India Company and rottenness of the whole thing!rottenness of the whole thing!•Parliament seen by increasing numbers as only caring for Parliament seen by increasing numbers as only caring for itself to the detriment of the rest of England itself to the detriment of the rest of England

• Concept of “liberty” not only colonial, but being Concept of “liberty” not only colonial, but being echoed by increasing numbers of English citizens.echoed by increasing numbers of English citizens.•John Wilkes, others, seen as champions of “the John Wilkes, others, seen as champions of “the people” (even though Wilkes bought his seat in people” (even though Wilkes bought his seat in parliament as had many othersparliament as had many others•Many in England and American colonies beginning Many in England and American colonies beginning to see parliamentary rule as merely an illusion of to see parliamentary rule as merely an illusion of participative Democracyparticipative Democracy•George III determined to assert power, reinstitute George III determined to assert power, reinstitute control over all colonies.control over all colonies.

iii.iii. “Wilkes and Liberty”“Wilkes and Liberty”A)A) John WilkesJohn Wilkes London publisher, member of London publisher, member of

Parliament, denounced King and parliamentary Parliament, denounced King and parliamentary policiespolicies

B)B) arrested, tried acquitted, denied seat in arrested, tried acquitted, denied seat in ParliamentParliament

C)C) fled to Paris, 1763fled to Paris, 1763D)D) returned 1768, reelected to Parliamentreturned 1768, reelected to ParliamentE)E) denied seat again, jailed denied seat again, jailed F)F) focal point to British who also rejected treatment focal point to British who also rejected treatment

of Colonies, rejected “virtual representation” and of Colonies, rejected “virtual representation” and erosion of rights of British citizens, colonial or noterosion of rights of British citizens, colonial or not

The Second Wilkes CrisisThe Second Wilkes Crisis

• John Wilkes and 1768 Parliamentary electionsJohn Wilkes and 1768 Parliamentary elections– Wilkes arrestWilkes arrest– ““Massacre of St. George’s Fields” (1768)Massacre of St. George’s Fields” (1768)

• ““Society for Gentleman Supporters of the Bill Society for Gentleman Supporters of the Bill of Rights”of Rights”– Electoral reformElectoral reform– Sympathize with colonial protestsSympathize with colonial protests

• Colonist sympathize with Wilkesite movementColonist sympathize with Wilkesite movement• Townshend crisis and Wilkesite movement:Townshend crisis and Wilkesite movement:

– Colonists question the British governmentColonists question the British government

““Mad Wilkes” as drawn byMad Wilkes” as drawn byEnglish engraver William English engraver William HogarthHogarth

(It is worth noting that (It is worth noting that John Wilkes was so John Wilkes was so

admired by British actor admired by British actor Junius Brutus Boothe, Junius Brutus Boothe, that he named his son that he named his son

after him. John Wilkes after him. John Wilkes Boothe, would later Boothe, would later achieve infamy as achieve infamy as Lincoln’s assassin)Lincoln’s assassin)

““Gin Lane”Gin Lane”Ca 1750Ca 1750

Soliciting votes 1754Soliciting votes 1754William Hogarth was England’s premier engraver and William Hogarth was England’s premier engraver and Social critic for about 20 years 1745-1768 (as close to Social critic for about 20 years 1745-1768 (as close to a political cartoonist as the period had)a political cartoonist as the period had)

iv.iv. Colonial womenColonial womenA)A) highly visible during Townshend crisishighly visible during Townshend crisisB)B) led protest against tea tax, urged non led protest against tea tax, urged non

consumption (boycott)consumption (boycott)C)C) organized spinning bees to make cloth, avoid organized spinning bees to make cloth, avoid

using British importsusing British imports

The political awareness and activism of colonial The political awareness and activism of colonial American women was one of the biggest surprises to the American women was one of the biggest surprises to the British, as in Britain, women were relatively sheltered British, as in Britain, women were relatively sheltered from political events and in many cases considered as from political events and in many cases considered as incapable of participating in public lifeincapable of participating in public life

3.3. Customs racketeeringCustoms racketeeringa.a. Townshend orders tightening on Townshend orders tightening on

Navigation Acts enforcementNavigation Acts enforcementb.b. ““Guilty until proven innocent”, no jury Guilty until proven innocent”, no jury

trialstrialsc.c. Informers kept part of seizureInformers kept part of seizured.d. Widespread abuseWidespread abuse

i.i. some regulations almost impossible to comply some regulations almost impossible to comply withwith

ii.ii. violated sailor’s privacy, right to trade small violated sailor’s privacy, right to trade small amounts of goodsamounts of goods

iii.iii. American Board of Customs CommissionersAmerican Board of Customs CommissionersA)A) used informersused informersB)B) corrupt, overchargedcorrupt, overchargedC)C) caused great suspicion, distrust of British caused great suspicion, distrust of British

motivesmotives

4.4. Townshend repeal - 1770- new Prime Minister, Townshend repeal - 1770- new Prime Minister, Lord NorthLord Northa.a. All Townshend duties except tea tax repealedAll Townshend duties except tea tax repealedb.b. Tax on tea continued source of irritation to Tax on tea continued source of irritation to

colonies, but non-consumption hurt tea colonies, but non-consumption hurt tea importersimporters

Repeal of the Townshend Acts stemmed from a Repeal of the Townshend Acts stemmed from a complex dynamic including loss of income and complex dynamic including loss of income and complaints from British Merchants, disagreement within complaints from British Merchants, disagreement within Parliament on the validity and legality of them, and the Parliament on the validity and legality of them, and the concern that the colonies could be pushed to more concern that the colonies could be pushed to more drastic action if the Acts remained in effect, since every drastic action if the Acts remained in effect, since every day they lasted resulted in more ill will.day they lasted resulted in more ill will.

5.5. Boston MassacreBoston Massacrea.a. 1700 troops into Boston 1768, 1700 troops into Boston 1768,

resented by Bostoniansresented by Bostoniansb.b. ““Occupied city”Occupied city”c.c. 1770 - troops fire into angry, 1770 - troops fire into angry,

threatening crowdthreatening crowd surrounding customs office surrounding customs officei.i. 5 killed including Crispus Attucks5 killed including Crispus Attucksii.ii. A leader of crowd, free man of color A leader of crowd, free man of color

(African/native American descent)(African/native American descent)iii.iii. usually conceded to be first casualty of the usually conceded to be first casualty of the

RevolutionRevolutionA)A) soldiers tried (defended by John Adams)soldiers tried (defended by John Adams)B)B) all but two acquittedall but two acquitted

Paul Revere’s Paul Revere’s engraving of engraving of the Boston the Boston Massacre and Massacre and the the accompanying accompanying text paint a text paint a picture of picture of British brutality British brutality probably not probably not justified by justified by eventsevents

Here in modern Boston is the site of Here in modern Boston is the site of the “Massacre”the “Massacre”

This painting shows This painting shows armedarmed colonists being colonists being repelled by repelled by “Redcoats” (British “Redcoats” (British regular Army soldiers) regular Army soldiers) at point blank rangeat point blank range

6.6. Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondencea.a. 1772- 1772- The Gaspee IncidentThe Gaspee Incident

i.i. customs enforcer, hated by Rhode customs enforcer, hated by Rhode IslandersIslanders

ii.ii. ran aground near Providenceran aground near Providenceiii.iii. burned to waterline by colonistsburned to waterline by colonistsiv.iv. commission sent to find conspirators, commission sent to find conspirators,

send to England for trialsend to England for trialv.v. none identified, but idea of removal for none identified, but idea of removal for

trial infuriates manytrial infuriates many

Artist’s rendering of the Gaspee incident. The Artist’s rendering of the Gaspee incident. The attack was viewed by the British as an attack on attack was viewed by the British as an attack on Britain by the colonists and provoked immediate Britain by the colonists and provoked immediate response. The fact that none of the guilty were response. The fact that none of the guilty were ever tried only irritated Parliament more.ever tried only irritated Parliament more.

The Gaspee The Gaspee incident of 1772incident of 1772

b.b. Sam Adams urges establishment of Sam Adams urges establishment of “Committees of correspondence“Committees of correspondence” to keep ” to keep information flowing throughout Mass.information flowing throughout Mass.i.i. 260 Mass towns involved initially, idea 260 Mass towns involved initially, idea

spread to New Yorkspread to New Yorkii.ii. opportunity for political education of opportunity for political education of

colonists on large scalecolonists on large scale, even those far , even those far from coast who had been only marginally from coast who had been only marginally affected by Townshend duties, Stamp Act, affected by Townshend duties, Stamp Act, Sugar ActSugar Act

iii.iii. published Mass Governor (Hutchinson) published Mass Governor (Hutchinson) letters calling for abridgement of rights of letters calling for abridgement of rights of colonists (letters surreptitiously obtained colonists (letters surreptitiously obtained by Franklin in England, sent back)by Franklin in England, sent back)

iv.iv. Jefferson, Pat. Henry, R.H. Lee establish VA Jefferson, Pat. Henry, R.H. Lee establish VA committees of correspondence March 1773committees of correspondence March 1773

The Hutchinson Letters AffairThe Hutchinson Letters Affair began in December, 1772 when began in December, 1772 when Franklin (representing PA in London) anonymously received Franklin (representing PA in London) anonymously received a packet of letters. The letters were written to the British a packet of letters. The letters were written to the British government by Thomas Hutchinson, the royal Governor of government by Thomas Hutchinson, the royal Governor of Massachusetts. In the letters, Hutchinson urged his superiors Massachusetts. In the letters, Hutchinson urged his superiors to send more troops to Boston to fight the American rebels. to send more troops to Boston to fight the American rebels. Franklin allowed American friends and colleagues to read Franklin allowed American friends and colleagues to read the letters on the condition that they not be circulated or the letters on the condition that they not be circulated or published. However, the content of the letters did get published. However, the content of the letters did get published in the Boston Gazette in June of 1773. published in the Boston Gazette in June of 1773.

The citizens of Boston were furious and forced Hutchinson to The citizens of Boston were furious and forced Hutchinson to flee to Englandflee to England. The British government demanded to know . The British government demanded to know who leaked the letters. who leaked the letters. In December of 1773, three innocent In December of 1773, three innocent men were accused. In order to protect them, Franklin men were accused. In order to protect them, Franklin admitted his guilt.admitted his guilt. In January of 1774, Franklin was publicly In January of 1774, Franklin was publicly reprimanded. Later that year, he left England and returned to reprimanded. Later that year, he left England and returned to America to help write the Declaration of Independence. America to help write the Declaration of Independence.

7.7. Border troublesBorder troublesa.a. Britain incapable of enforcing Britain incapable of enforcing

Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 b.b. Western Mass settlers conflict Western Mass settlers conflict

with rich New York landowners (poltroons), with rich New York landowners (poltroons), Sons of Liberty side with settlersSons of Liberty side with settlers

c.c. Regulators in the CarolinasRegulators in the Carolinas, led , led the frontiersmen cause against established the frontiersmen cause against established (and frequently pro- British) wealthy (and frequently pro- British) wealthy landownerslandowners

d.d. Green Mountain Boys (Vermont)Green Mountain Boys (Vermont) led protest against New York poltroons, as led protest against New York poltroons, as wellwell

e.e. Generally indicative of need for Generally indicative of need for land to expand westward, frontier impatience, land to expand westward, frontier impatience, willingness to resort to violencewillingness to resort to violence

The regulatorsThe regulatorsdesignation for two groups, one in South Carolina, the other designation for two groups, one in South Carolina, the other in North Carolina, that tried to effect governmental changes in in North Carolina, that tried to effect governmental changes in the 1760sthe 1760s. In South Carolina, the Regulator movement was an . In South Carolina, the Regulator movement was an organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government order and establish institutions of local government

The movement in North Carolina, with different causes, arose The movement in North Carolina, with different causes, arose at the same time. Led by small farmers protesting the at the same time. Led by small farmers protesting the corruption and extortionate practices of sheriffs and court corruption and extortionate practices of sheriffs and court officials. With Gov. William Tryon , the provincial council, and officials. With Gov. William Tryon , the provincial council, and the courts against them they were unable to secure relief. At the courts against them they were unable to secure relief. At first orderly, the Regulators resorted to acts of violence Those first orderly, the Regulators resorted to acts of violence Those actions alienated large property holders and the clergy from actions alienated large property holders and the clergy from the movement. On May 16, 1771, Tryon's militia completely the movement. On May 16, 1771, Tryon's militia completely routed a large body of Regulators in the battle of Alamance routed a large body of Regulators in the battle of Alamance CreekCreek

Allen became Allen became prominently involved in the prominently involved in the struggle between New York and New struggle between New York and New Hampshire for control of the regionHampshire for control of the region. Following . Following rejection by the New York authorities of an rejection by the New York authorities of an appeal that the region be established as a appeal that the region be established as a separate province, Allen organized a volunteer separate province, Allen organized a volunteer militia, called the Green Mountain Boys, to militia, called the Green Mountain Boys, to resist and evict proponents of the New York resist and evict proponents of the New York cause. He was thereupon declared an outlaw cause. He was thereupon declared an outlaw by the royal governor of New York.by the royal governor of New York.

At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Allen and his At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Allen and his force offered their services against the British. On orders force offered their services against the British. On orders from the Connecticut legislature, he, the Connecticut soldier from the Connecticut legislature, he, the Connecticut soldier Benedict Arnold, and a contingent of the Green Mountain Benedict Arnold, and a contingent of the Green Mountain Boys captured Fort Ticonderoga early in the morning of May Boys captured Fort Ticonderoga early in the morning of May 10, 177510, 1775

Ethan Allen, Ethan Allen, (1738-89), patriot (1738-89), patriot of the American of the American Revolution, leader Revolution, leader of the Green of the Green Mountain Boys Mountain Boys

IV.IV. Toward IndependenceToward IndependenceA.A. Tea ActTea Act

1.1. Removed all import tariffs on tea imported by the Removed all import tariffs on tea imported by the Govt. Chartered British East India CompanyGovt. Chartered British East India Company

a.a. In dire financial straitsIn dire financial straitsb.b. Needed to be able to control Needed to be able to control

colonial marketcolonial marketc.c. Tea can be directly shipped from India to N. Tea can be directly shipped from India to N.

America (no longer has to go through England)America (no longer has to go through England)d.d. Reduced cost of tea below all competitors, Reduced cost of tea below all competitors,

but.....but.....i.i. colonists saw it as means to raise money to colonists saw it as means to raise money to

pay colonial governorspay colonial governorsii.ii. would make colonists accept principle of would make colonists accept principle of

Parliamentary right to taxParliamentary right to tax to accept cheap to accept cheap tea (In other words accept the spirit of the tea (In other words accept the spirit of the Declaratory Act of 1766)Declaratory Act of 1766)

iii.iii. Committees warned that tea cargoes should Committees warned that tea cargoes should not be landednot be landed

2.2. Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Partya.a. Hutchinson (Mass Governor) ordered tea Hutchinson (Mass Governor) ordered tea

landed in Bostonlanded in Bostonb.b. 50 or so men disguised as Indians dump tea 50 or so men disguised as Indians dump tea

into harbor November 1773 (45 tons, imagine into harbor November 1773 (45 tons, imagine the damage to fish)the damage to fish)

Contemporary engraving of the Boston tea partyContemporary engraving of the Boston tea party

3.3. British responseBritish responsea.a. Outraged, Parliament responds with the Outraged, Parliament responds with the

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts.Coercive (Intolerable) Acts.i.i. Boston Port BillBoston Port Bill - closed port of Boston until tea - closed port of Boston until tea

paid for (still waiting)paid for (still waiting)ii.ii. Mass . Government ActMass . Government Act - revoked Mass charter, - revoked Mass charter,

removed elected upper house, governor to name all removed elected upper house, governor to name all sheriffs, judges, only one town meeting per yearsheriffs, judges, only one town meeting per year

iii.iii. Administration of Justice ActAdministration of Justice Act - persons enforcing - persons enforcing British justice in colony could be tried only in British justice in colony could be tried only in EnglandEngland

iv.iv. Quartering ActQuartering Act - any empty building could be taken - any empty building could be taken to house British troopsto house British troops

v.v. not an act, but also not an act, but also replaced Mass governor with replaced Mass governor with British military commanderBritish military commander for North America, for North America, General Thomas General Thomas GageGage

b.b. Quebec ActQuebec Act - also passed at same time as Coercive - also passed at same time as Coercive Acts, perceived by colonists as part of them.Acts, perceived by colonists as part of them.i.i. established Catholicism as official religion of established Catholicism as official religion of

QuebecQuebecii.ii. extended Quebec’s territory South to the Ohio and extended Quebec’s territory South to the Ohio and

West to the Mississippi (several colonies claimed West to the Mississippi (several colonies claimed lands in this region which had now become part of lands in this region which had now become part of CanadaCanada

4.4. Colonial reactionColonial reactiona.a. Although aimed at Mass as punishment, Although aimed at Mass as punishment,

the acts inflamed all coloniesthe acts inflamed all colonies (“there but for the grace (“there but for the grace of God .......”)of God .......”)

b.b. Many of the provisions of the Acts are Many of the provisions of the Acts are listed as grievances by Jefferson in the Declaration of listed as grievances by Jefferson in the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

c.c. Virginian upper class and lower class join Virginian upper class and lower class join in opposition to crown and in support of Massin opposition to crown and in support of Mass

The effect of the The effect of the Quebec Act of 1774 was to greatly limit Quebec Act of 1774 was to greatly limit the land available for expansion of the middle coloniesthe land available for expansion of the middle colonies. . With the addition of modern Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, With the addition of modern Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, the “new” Quebec Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, the “new” Quebec contained lands claimed by the wealthy landowners of at contained lands claimed by the wealthy landowners of at least 5 colonies. While the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts least 5 colonies. While the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts really only limited Mass, really only limited Mass, the Quebec Act had the effect of the Quebec Act had the effect of alienating many more colonistsalienating many more colonists!!

B.B. First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress1.1. Philadelphia, 1774Philadelphia, 17742.2. All but Georgia attend (remember that Georgia had All but Georgia attend (remember that Georgia had

only been a colony 35 years, many still felt English, only been a colony 35 years, many still felt English, compared to Carolinas, New Englanders)compared to Carolinas, New Englanders)a.a. Endorsed Endorsed Suffolk Resolves (Mass statement that Suffolk Resolves (Mass statement that

no colony owed obedience to any of the Coercive no colony owed obedience to any of the Coercive Acts)Acts)

b.b. Voted to boycott all British imports after Dec. 1, Voted to boycott all British imports after Dec. 1, 1774 and even harsher, stop all exports to British 1774 and even harsher, stop all exports to British Caribbean islands after Sept 1775Caribbean islands after Sept 1775 unless unless reconciled reconciled

c.c. Appealed direct to George III to dismiss ministers Appealed direct to George III to dismiss ministers responsible for the Coercive actsresponsible for the Coercive acts

d.d. Many colonies began forming volunteer militiasMany colonies began forming volunteer militias

3.3. Agreement not unanimousAgreement not unanimousa.a. Some upper class still sided with BritishSome upper class still sided with British, ,

feared irreparable damagefeared irreparable damageb.b. Feared mob ruleFeared mob rulec.c. Called ToriesCalled Tories (after the majority party in (after the majority party in

Parliament, whom they supported) or Parliament, whom they supported) or LoyalistsLoyalists , because the did not favor , because the did not favor confrontationconfrontation

d.d. Frequently harassed by patriotsFrequently harassed by patriots

During the entire course of the Revolutionary war, During the entire course of the Revolutionary war, the new nation was split about evenly three ways. the new nation was split about evenly three ways. About a third favored independence, a third About a third favored independence, a third opposed and a third cared little as long as they did opposed and a third cared little as long as they did well financiallywell financially

C.C. First Blood - First Blood - Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord1.1. April 1775 - Mass militia rumored to be stockpiling April 1775 - Mass militia rumored to be stockpiling

military supplies at Concord Ma.military supplies at Concord Ma.2.2. Gage sends Gage sends 700 British regulars to seize supplies, 700 British regulars to seize supplies,

arrest Hancock and Adamsarrest Hancock and Adams if ableif able3.3. Dawes and Revere rideDawes and Revere ride, warn “minutemen” the , warn “minutemen” the

redcoats are comingredcoats are coming4.4. At Lexington 70 militia skirmish with 700 Brits (first At Lexington 70 militia skirmish with 700 Brits (first

firefight of Revolutionary Warfirefight of Revolutionary Wara.a. Brits win, 8 militia dead, one Brit wounded, press Brits win, 8 militia dead, one Brit wounded, press

on to Concordon to Concordb.b. Battle begins continues all the way back to Boston, Battle begins continues all the way back to Boston,

273 redcoats killed, British understand that the 273 redcoats killed, British understand that the game has changedgame has changed

5.5. By April, 20,000 New Englanders surround BostonBy April, 20,000 New Englanders surround Bostona.a. Green Mountain Boys under Ethan Allen seize Fort Green Mountain Boys under Ethan Allen seize Fort

Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain, take cannon for Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain, take cannon for siege of Bostonsiege of Boston

Lexington, Concord, and Boston, 1775-1776

This map shows the British advance (by land) to and return This map shows the British advance (by land) to and return from Lexington and Concord. from Lexington and Concord.

D.D. Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress1.1. Philadelphia again, sends the Philadelphia again, sends the “Olive Branch “Olive Branch

Petition” to George IIIPetition” to George III, seeking:, seeking:a.a. Cease -fire at BostonCease -fire at Bostonb.b. Repeal of Coercive ActsRepeal of Coercive Actsc.c. Negotiations to establish self government Negotiations to establish self government

guarantees for Coloniesguarantees for Colonies2.2. Reached London same time as news of Battle of Reached London same time as news of Battle of

Bunker Hill just North of Boston (fought on Bunker Hill just North of Boston (fought on Breed’s Hill) with a cost of 1154 redcoat dead Breed’s Hill) with a cost of 1154 redcoat dead compared to 311 colonialscompared to 311 colonials

3.3. George III rejected petition, George III rejected petition, declared colonies in declared colonies in rebellion,rebellion, all ships subject to seizure all ships subject to seizure

4.4. Continental Congress orders formation of Continental Congress orders formation of Continental Army , George Washington Continental Army , George Washington commandingcommanding

In a decisive stroke, as the winter of 1775 set in, In a decisive stroke, as the winter of 1775 set in, Washington dispatched Washington dispatched Henry Knox, a young Boston Henry Knox, a young Boston bookseller, to organize the transport of fifty-nine of these bookseller, to organize the transport of fifty-nine of these captured artillery pieces from the forts on Lake Champlain captured artillery pieces from the forts on Lake Champlain to the heights overlooking Bostonto the heights overlooking Boston, where, it was hoped, , where, it was hoped,

they would turn the tide against the British in the city belowthey would turn the tide against the British in the city below . . Using sleds made on the spot, Knox got 59 cannon to Using sleds made on the spot, Knox got 59 cannon to Boston in the dead of winter, enabling Washington to take Boston in the dead of winter, enabling Washington to take control of the city and force the British to evacuatecontrol of the city and force the British to evacuate

Henry Knox, 1750-1805 ,General in the War Henry Knox, 1750-1805 ,General in the War for Independence, first Secretary of War, for Independence, first Secretary of War, and and author of one of the great feats in author of one of the great feats in American military historyAmerican military history

( the British left because they were unaware ( the British left because they were unaware of the almost total lack of powder or shot of the almost total lack of powder or shot for the artillery!)for the artillery!)

E.E. Common SenseCommon Sense1.1. Tract by Tract by Thomas PaineThomas Paine, immigrated in 1770s, immigrated in 1770s2.2. Radical revolutionary, wrote “Common Sense”, Radical revolutionary, wrote “Common Sense”,

promoting cause and reasons for American promoting cause and reasons for American IndependenceIndependence

3.3. Spoke of new kind of nation, government, model Spoke of new kind of nation, government, model for the worldfor the world

4.4. Sold 100,000 copies in three months, convinced Sold 100,000 copies in three months, convinced many who had hoped for reconciliation with many who had hoped for reconciliation with EnglandEngland

F.F. IndependenceIndependence1.1. July 2, Continental congress announces the United July 2, Continental congress announces the United

States of AmericaStates of America2.2. July 4July 4thth approved draft of Declaration of approved draft of Declaration of

Independence (written by Jefferson) Independence (written by Jefferson) a.a. Like Paine, aimed at King George III never Like Paine, aimed at King George III never

mentions Parliamentmentions Parliamentb.b. Jefferson acknowledged debt to John Locke for Jefferson acknowledged debt to John Locke for

ideas, spirit of a man created Govt and natural ideas, spirit of a man created Govt and natural rights of citizensrights of citizens

c.c. Stressed that England had violated the “social Stressed that England had violated the “social contract” with its citizens in the coloniescontract” with its citizens in the colonies

d.d. Typical enlightenment philosophyTypical enlightenment philosophye.e. Aim - to convince the Americans to be willing to Aim - to convince the Americans to be willing to

die for liberty, masterful political propagandadie for liberty, masterful political propaganda

Brief Chapter Brief Chapter ReviewReview

The Renewal of Imperial The Renewal of Imperial ConflictConflict

• 1739-1763: new era of imperial war1739-1763: new era of imperial war

• English colonies, New France, New English colonies, New France, New Spain and Indians all involvedSpain and Indians all involved

• North America split between Spain and North America split between Spain and BritainBritain

The Impending StormThe Impending Storm

• War drove British frontiers War drove British frontiers back, but colonies had back, but colonies had promised land grants to promised land grants to volunteersvolunteers

• Areas of frenzied Areas of frenzied expansion: Maine, New expansion: Maine, New Hampshire and middle Hampshire and middle coloniescolonies– Colony vs. colonyColony vs. colony– Settlers vs. Native AmericansSettlers vs. Native Americans– British vs. FrenchBritish vs. French

• Ohio Company of Ohio Company of VirginiaVirginia– George WashingtonGeorge Washington

• Marquis DuquesneMarquis Duquesne• French movement to French movement to

block British block British settlement west of settlement west of AllegheniesAlleghenies

France versus Britain in North America by 1755France versus Britain in North America by 1755

The War for North AmericaThe War for North America

• 1755: British professional army 1755: British professional army conflicted with the householder conflicted with the householder society and voluntaristic colonistssociety and voluntaristic colonists

• Colonists and Britain learn to Colonists and Britain learn to cooperate in order to achieve cooperate in order to achieve victory against Francevictory against France

British Offensives, 1755British Offensives, 1755

ConclusionConclusion

• 1713-1754: expansion and renewed 1713-1754: expansion and renewed immigration pushed settlements of North immigration pushed settlements of North America into the interiorAmerica into the interior

• Colonies anglicized in many ways due to Colonies anglicized in many ways due to impacts of a growing populationimpacts of a growing population– Impacts on families, womenImpacts on families, women– Enlightenment and Great AwakeningEnlightenment and Great Awakening

• Imperial rivalries: French and Indian WarImperial rivalries: French and Indian War• Provincials and redcoats: different Provincials and redcoats: different

perceptionsperceptions

Imperial ReformImperial Reform

• 1760: George III inherited throne of 1760: George III inherited throne of Great Britain, age 22Great Britain, age 22

• Collapse of political coalition that led Collapse of political coalition that led Britain to victory over FranceBritain to victory over France

• King’s new ministers set out to reform King’s new ministers set out to reform the empirethe empire

The Grenville MinistryThe Grenville Ministry

• John WilkesJohn Wilkes– Journalist for North Briton criticized KingJournalist for North Briton criticized King– Member of ParliamentMember of Parliament– ““Wilkes and Liberty”Wilkes and Liberty”

• War put Britain in debtWar put Britain in debt• Revenues needed to police colonies – Revenues needed to police colonies –

Grenville insists colonists contribute Grenville insists colonists contribute financially to fund their own defensefinancially to fund their own defense

Grenville’s AttitudesGrenville’s Attitudes• Typical of many in Typical of many in

ParliamentParliament• ““London must have greater London must have greater

control of colonies”control of colonies”• Britain won war against Britain won war against

France “despite France “despite ‘obstructionism’ from ‘obstructionism’ from colonists”colonists”

The Sugar ActThe Sugar Act

• 1764 – duties placed on Madeira wine, coffee, 1764 – duties placed on Madeira wine, coffee, molassesmolasses

• Colonists could [by smuggling] obtain Colonists could [by smuggling] obtain cheaper molasses from Frenchcheaper molasses from French

• Launched Grenville’s war against smugglersLaunched Grenville’s war against smugglers– Complicated paperwork and harsh penaltiesComplicated paperwork and harsh penalties– Tried to make enforcement of Customs laws more Tried to make enforcement of Customs laws more

profitable than accepting bribesprofitable than accepting bribes

The Currency Act and the The Currency Act and the Quartering ActQuartering Act

• Currency Act of 1764Currency Act of 1764:

– Forbade colonies to issue any Forbade colonies to issue any paper money as legal tenderpaper money as legal tender

• Quartering Act of 1765:Quartering Act of 1765:

To quarter redcoats in private homes To quarter redcoats in private homes & taverns& taverns

The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act - 1765 - 1765• Stamp tax on legal documents and Stamp tax on legal documents and

publications in the coloniespublications in the colonies• ““no taxation without representation” no taxation without representation”

vs. virtual representationvs. virtual representation• Internal vs. external taxesInternal vs. external taxes• Colonist offer – Requisitions (colonial Colonist offer – Requisitions (colonial

assemblies determine how to raise assemblies determine how to raise money asked for by the crown)money asked for by the crown)

The Stamp Act CrisisThe Stamp Act Crisis

• Resistance to Stamp Act: 1765 – lasted Resistance to Stamp Act: 1765 – lasted almost one year, then repealedalmost one year, then repealed

• Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress– Stamp Act unconstitutional and should be Stamp Act unconstitutional and should be

repealedrepealed– No virtual representation in empire, but yes virtual No virtual representation in empire, but yes virtual

representation in coloniesrepresentation in colonies

Repeal [of Stamp Act]Repeal [of Stamp Act]

• Repeal Stamp Act (1766)Repeal Stamp Act (1766)• Pitt supports repealPitt supports repeal

– Declaratory Act. (1766)Declaratory Act. (1766)– Revenue Act (1766): 1 penny tax on any Revenue Act (1766): 1 penny tax on any

molasses imported to coloniesmolasses imported to colonies

• Internal vs. external taxes: A Internal vs. external taxes: A misunderstood issuemisunderstood issue

Resistance: The Politics of Resistance: The Politics of EscalationEscalation

• Internal vs. external taxes dilemmaInternal vs. external taxes dilemma• John Dickinson and Letters from a Farmer John Dickinson and Letters from a Farmer

in Pennsylvania (1767)in Pennsylvania (1767)– Denied internal vs. external tax distinctionDenied internal vs. external tax distinction– Parliament has no right to tax colonies- period!Parliament has no right to tax colonies- period!

• Circular Letter and constitutional Circular Letter and constitutional resistanceresistance

• Nonimportation in MA, NY, and PANonimportation in MA, NY, and PA• Sons of Liberty “convention”Sons of Liberty “convention”

The Townshend CrisisThe Townshend Crisis

• King George & William Pitt: King George & William Pitt: government of “measures, not men”government of “measures, not men”

• Pitt becomes Prime Minister and Pitt becomes Prime Minister and then a Lordthen a Lord

• Charles TownshendCharles Townshend: Pitt’s : Pitt’s spokesman in House of Commonsspokesman in House of Commons

• Townshend has a hard-line attitude Townshend has a hard-line attitude towards coloniestowards colonies

The Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts

• New York and the Restraining ActNew York and the Restraining Act• Pitt’s depression leaves Townshend in Pitt’s depression leaves Townshend in

chargecharge• Townshend Revenue ActTownshend Revenue Act (1767)

– Taxed imports colonies could only legally get Taxed imports colonies could only legally get from Britainfrom Britain

– Purpose: pay salaries of colonial governors and Purpose: pay salaries of colonial governors and judges, freeing them from control of colonial judges, freeing them from control of colonial assembliesassemblies

• British troops shifted from frontier to urban British troops shifted from frontier to urban ports –many feel “occupied”ports –many feel “occupied”

The Boston Massacre - 1770The Boston Massacre - 1770

• Increasing confrontations between Increasing confrontations between population and British soldiers in Bostonpopulation and British soldiers in Boston

• Sons of Liberty grow bolderSons of Liberty grow bolder• March 5, 1770: The MassacreMarch 5, 1770: The Massacre• Britain’s failed first attempt at military Britain’s failed first attempt at military

coercion coercion

Partial RepealPartial Repeal

• Lord North [Prime Minister]Lord North [Prime Minister]– asks Parliament for repeal of all Townshend asks Parliament for repeal of all Townshend

duties, duties, except for teaexcept for tea• Tea provided three-fourths of revenue under Tea provided three-fourths of revenue under

Townshend ActTownshend Act• Repeal’s effectsRepeal’s effects

– Non-importation collapses, Sons of Liberty loseNon-importation collapses, Sons of Liberty lose– Increased importation of British goods to the Increased importation of British goods to the

coloniescolonies

DisaffectionDisaffection

• Partial repeal divided the colonistsPartial repeal divided the colonists• Erosion of colonists’ trust of imperial Erosion of colonists’ trust of imperial

governmentgovernment• Gaspée Affair (1772)Gaspée Affair (1772)• Committees of correspondence formed Committees of correspondence formed

throughout colonies [Sam Adams]throughout colonies [Sam Adams]• British conclude punishment for political British conclude punishment for political

violence must be communalviolence must be communal• Tea remains symbol that Townshend crisis Tea remains symbol that Townshend crisis

not overnot over

The Regulator Movements in The Regulator Movements in the Carolinasthe Carolinas

• Backcountry settlers and the Cherokee War Backcountry settlers and the Cherokee War (1760-61)(1760-61)

• Disaffected backcountry settlers become Disaffected backcountry settlers become outlawsoutlaws

• Backcountry in near civil warBackcountry in near civil war– RegulatorsRegulators form to impose order form to impose order– ModeratorsModerators form to defend against regulators form to defend against regulators

• Battle of Alamance Creek (1771)Battle of Alamance Creek (1771)

The Regulator Movements in The Regulator Movements in the Carolinasthe Carolinas

South CarolinaSouth Carolina• Disaffected backcountry Disaffected backcountry

settlers become outlawssettlers become outlaws• Backcountry in near Backcountry in near

civil warcivil war– Regulators form to Regulators form to

impose orderimpose order– Moderators form to Moderators form to

defend against regulatorsdefend against regulators

• Legislature agrees to Legislature agrees to Circuit Courts, Circuit Courts, confrontation endsconfrontation ends

North CarolinaNorth Carolina• Governor’s corrupt Governor’s corrupt

favorites controlled favorites controlled backcountry courtsbackcountry courts

• Backcountry 50% of Backcountry 50% of population, 20% of population, 20% of AssemblyAssembly

• Regulators organize tax Regulators organize tax protest and armed protest and armed rebellionrebellion

• Battle of Alamance Creek Battle of Alamance Creek (1771)(1771)

The Last Imperial CrisisThe Last Imperial Crisis

• Lord North attempts to save East India Lord North attempts to save East India Company, Britain’s largest corporationCompany, Britain’s largest corporation

• Southeastern England and colonies Southeastern England and colonies purchased smuggled Dutch teapurchased smuggled Dutch tea

• Millions of pounds of unsold tea left in Millions of pounds of unsold tea left in East India Co. warehousesEast India Co. warehouses

• Issue to Lord North was save East India Issue to Lord North was save East India Co.Co.

The Tea CrisisThe Tea Crisis

• Lord North’s solution: make East India Co. Lord North’s solution: make East India Co. tea cheaper than smuggled teatea cheaper than smuggled tea

• Tea Act (1773)Tea Act (1773)– Repealed duty on bringing tea to BritainRepealed duty on bringing tea to Britain– Retained duty on sending tea to colonyRetained duty on sending tea to colony– Gave monopoly on British empire tea trade to Gave monopoly on British empire tea trade to

East India CompanyEast India Company

• Sons of Liberty resistanceSons of Liberty resistance– Direct threats against shipsDirect threats against ships– Boston “Tea PartyBoston “Tea Party””

Britain’s ResponseBritain’s Response: : The The Coercive ActsCoercive Acts

• Coercive ActsCoercive Acts

– Boston Port Act (1774)Boston Port Act (1774)– Quartering Act (1774)Quartering Act (1774)– The Administration of Justice Act The Administration of Justice Act

(1774)(1774)– Massachusetts Government Act Massachusetts Government Act

(1774)(1774)• Quebec Act (1774)Quebec Act (1774)• To colonists, above become the To colonists, above become the “Intolerable “Intolerable

Acts”Acts”

The Radical ExplosionThe Radical Explosion

• Boston reaction to Intolerable ActsBoston reaction to Intolerable Acts– Call for colonial unionCall for colonial union– Non-importationNon-importation

• Intolerable Acts politicize countrysideIntolerable Acts politicize countryside• Royal governors dismiss assembliesRoyal governors dismiss assemblies

– Assemblies call for Continental CongressAssemblies call for Continental Congress

• Massachusetts Provincial CongressMassachusetts Provincial Congress– Suffolk County Convention and “Minutemen”Suffolk County Convention and “Minutemen”

The First Continental The First Continental CongressCongress

• 12 colonies (all except Georgia)12 colonies (all except Georgia)– Philadelphia in September 1774Philadelphia in September 1774

• Non-importation and non-exportationNon-importation and non-exportation• Crown and Parliament must repealCrown and Parliament must repeal

– Coercive ActsCoercive Acts– Quebec ActQuebec Act– All Revenue ActsAll Revenue Acts

• Principle of no legislation without consentPrinciple of no legislation without consent

Toward WarToward War• Proposed alternatives rejected in ParliamentProposed alternatives rejected in Parliament

– Edmund BurkeEdmund Burke– William Pitt (Lord Chatham)William Pitt (Lord Chatham)

• Lord North’s policiesLord North’s policies– Crackdown on New England rebellionCrackdown on New England rebellion

• Arrest John Hancock and Samuel AdamsArrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams• Seize weapons in ConcordSeize weapons in Concord

• Thomas Gage begins the crackdownThomas Gage begins the crackdown– Margaret Kemble Gage: the leak?Margaret Kemble Gage: the leak?– Paul Revere and William DawesPaul Revere and William Dawes

Lexington and Concord: Lexington and Concord: Gage’s soldiers march toward Gage’s soldiers march toward

another world waranother world war

The Improvised WarThe Improvised War

• Neither side had strategy for real warNeither side had strategy for real war• Minutemen siege BostonMinutemen siege Boston• Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill)Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill)• Fort TiconderogaFort Ticonderoga• Lord Dunmore’s War (Va. 1774) “freedom to Lord Dunmore’s War (Va. 1774) “freedom to

any slave helping the British”any slave helping the British”• Militia keeps countryside committed to Militia keeps countryside committed to

RevolutionRevolution

The Second Continental The Second Continental CongressCongress

• Minutemen become Continental armyMinutemen become Continental army• George Washington made commanderGeorge Washington made commander• Attacks on CanadaAttacks on Canada• Response to the Conciliatory PropositionResponse to the Conciliatory Proposition

– Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition– Thomas Jefferson and “The Declaration of the Thomas Jefferson and “The Declaration of the

Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms”Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms”

• Continental Congress assumed Crown’s Continental Congress assumed Crown’s functions of governancefunctions of governance

War and Legitimacy, 1775-War and Legitimacy, 1775-17761776

• British StrategyBritish Strategy– Turn Indians and slaves against colonistTurn Indians and slaves against colonist– VA governor John Murray, Earl of DunmoreVA governor John Murray, Earl of Dunmore

• Colonist victoriesColonist victories– Washington takes Boston March 1776Washington takes Boston March 1776– Colonists control all 13 colonies by summer Colonists control all 13 colonies by summer

17761776

ConclusionConclusion

• Britain’s self-filling prophecy nightmareBritain’s self-filling prophecy nightmare– British feared colonies’ independence British feared colonies’ independence

unless major reforms were put in placeunless major reforms were put in place– Resistance of the colonists confirmed Resistance of the colonists confirmed

Britain’s fearsBritain’s fears• Colonists feared that British government Colonists feared that British government

would deprive them their rights as would deprive them their rights as EnglishmenEnglishmen

• Mutual confidence was underminedMutual confidence was undermined