Road Safety...Workshop is based on five key theories: 1) Insight Training (Senserrick, 2001:...

Road Safety

Presented

by:

Duncan Vernon&

Lindsey Simkins

THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

RoSPA’s mission is to save lives and reduce injuries

Introduction

Why at work drivers?

Initial research with employers

Theories of driver education

The workshop itself

Evaluating the workshop and some of the things

we‟ve found

Around 3 hours long broken into 3 sessions by a

short refreshment break and lunch!


Young Drivers at Work

DRIVING FOR WORK:

YOUNG DRIVERS

RoSPA’s Mission is to Save Lives and Reduce Injuries

20 people killed and 220 seriously injured a week in

work-related road crashes (HSE/DfT)

Company car drivers 49% more likely to crash (TRL)

Drivers with high % of work-related driving 53% more

crashes (TRL)

Company car, van, truck and lorry drivers have high

„blameworthiness‟ ratio (DfT)

At-work drivers higher levels of risk-taking (DfT)

Why At-Work Drivers


Why Young Drivers?

Age

Lack of Experience

Over Confidence

Poor Hazard Perception

Speed

Peer Group Pressure

Parental Influence

What employers do


Assess Drivers and Their Driving

Tasks:

– On recruitment

– Regularly

– After an accident or violation

What employers do


Provide Training:

– Awareness raising seminars

– In vehicle training and testing

– Courses for specific vehicles, or

familiarisation



PHASE ONE RESEARCH


PHASE 1: RESEARCH

Does learner driver training & testing

prepare young drivers for at-work driving?

What else might help employers & young

drivers?

Methodology

Questionnaire to employers (407 responses)

Interviews with employers (47 conducted)

Focus groups with young drivers (5

conducted)


What do Employers think of the

Current System of Training & Testing

How adequately does the test prepare?

N=407

Num

ber

of

respon

ses


What do Employers think of the

Current System of Training & Testing

Adequate

“I think it’s perfectly adequate for our purposes. It’s

a lot more rigorous than when I did mine”

(Health and Safety Manager, public body)

Not Adequate

“Wholly inadequate for modern driving, a 35 minute

test and a video game does not prepare anyone

for driving 30,000 miles a year”

(Director, private company)


WHY IS IT NOT ADEQUATE?

Employers see differences in private and at

work driving

Different conditions and situations

Van driving

Belief that drivers required experience after

the test


What do employers want

What type of intervention?

Driving for Work workshops (71%)

Training specifically aimed at younger drivers

(65%)

Employers want flexibility in a post test training

scheme

matches the priorities of the organisation

Help match skill upgrade to individual employer

responsibility


Focus Group Results

Same reported differences in type of driving as

voiced by employers

Also view that experience was the key

Concern about any further financial burden

Interviewer: “What do you feel the biggest risks are

when you’re out on the road?”

Respondent: “My no claims bonus”

(Focus Group 2 respondent)

The workshop


Aims:

Improve the attitudes and behaviour of

young at-work drivers

Inform the development of organisations'

road risk policies



THEORY

Workshop is based on five key theories:

1) Insight Training (Senserrick, 2001: Gregersen, 1996)

Developed to tackle over-confidence and

under-appreciation of the driving task

“Training aims to raise awareness or improve

insight into factors that contribute to road

trauma.”


Theories of Driver Education

Learning from Experience

“EXPERIENCE IS THE NAME

WE GIVE TO OUR MISTAKES”

(Oscar Wilde)

As seen on The Simpsons!



Theories of Learning

2) Kolb‟s Experiential Learning (1984)

(Learning by doing)

“Learners must selectively reflect on their

experience in a critical way rather than take

experience for granted and assume that the

experience on its own is sufficient.”

• Action is key to development


Workshop Theory

Active Learning

Draws on a learner‟s personal experience

– engages in discussion about a topic in pairs or

groups

– adopts a role, or considers an issue from

someone else‟s viewpoint

Engaged in problem solving

– based on their own circumstances

– how to put the solution into practice

Theories of Health Promotion

3) Ajzen‟s Theory of Planned Behaviour (1991)

4) Gibson and Gerrard‟s Willingness Model

(1997)

5) Buchanen‟s New Ethic for Health Promotion

(2006)


Theory of Planned Behaviour

• Intention as a motivational factor

• 3 determinants of intention:

Attitude – how we value the behaviour

Normative beliefs – reference groups/social

pressure

Self-efficacy - (perceived ease or difficulty of

a behaviour)

• Past experience and anticipated barriers

• Experiential learning provides new

experience


Theory of Unplanned Behaviour!

Gibson and Gerrard‟s Willingness Model (1997)

• Specifically applies to adolescents

• Little intention to engage in risky behaviours

– „It just happened‟

• Young people conscious of social images

• „Behavioural Willingness‟ a more effective

predictor of irrational behaviour

• Limited previous experience so more willing

to take risk opportunities


Buchanen‟s New Ethic (2006)

• Education model of health promotion

• Interventions designed to promote

autonomous decisions, not to control

behaviour

• Encourage people to think critically about

their priorities

• Encourage people to think about the impact

of their behaviours

• Think about the environmental conditions

favourable to healthy behaviour


Health Promotion and Driver

Education

Applying theories to driver education:

• Hatakka‟s Goals for Driver Education

(GDE Matrix) GDE-5PRO

• Organisation and Environment Model



Workshop TheorySkills needed to avoid crashes

Vehicle manoeuvring• Controlling speed, direction and

position of car

Mastering traffic situations• Adapting to the demands of the

situation at hand

Goals and context of driving• Purpose, environment, social context,

company

Goals for life and skills for living• Importance of cars and driving to

personal development

• Skills and self-control

• Physical and mental preconditions

GDE – 5PRO

Keskinen, Peraaho and Laapotti (2010)

• Additional fifth level beyond individual

motives and life skills

• Distinguishes between private driving and

driving for work

• GDE 5 PRO adds the organisational

environment to the hierarchy

• Organisations can limit drivers‟ autonomy in

safety (protective) decision making

• Need for an effective feedback system from

driver level to company level, to reduce risk



Workshop TheoryOrganisation & Environment Model

Society

Individual

Factors

Colleagues

& peers

Community

Company aimsResources for safety

Safety of the environment

Company expectationsSafety Culture

Driving for Work Policies

Line managementWorkloads

Peer Support/ Pressures

Knowledge and skillsBeliefs & values

Perceived social pressuresBelief in own ability



WORKSHOP


The Workshop

Based on the idea of active

learning…

We’ll be introducing and running the

activities as we did in the workshop


The Workshop

Once you‟ve had chance to see how the

activity runs:

Talk about the planning for the activity

Providing narrative of how it worked, and

our reflection from our experiences

Link back to theory

Questions at the end


Introduction

We‟re not here to lecture or tell anyone

they‟re wrong

We just want to get you thinking about

the experience you already have and how

it‟s applied to keep you safe in different

situations

Expectations

From Us

Confidentiality

Unless we feel you or

another person are in

danger

Timekeeping

Allow everyone to speak

From You

Active participation

Active listening

Respect each other‟s

expertise

Honest responses

No offensive language



Observation

Is there anything out of the ordinary?


Activity 1Icebreaker

About visual awareness and scanning

Light-hearted to encourage participants to

get involved in the workshop

Awareness test and camels as practical

demonstrations that you can‟t expect to

see everything

Short discussion


Activity 2Initial Shout Out

What makes a safe driver?


We spoke to young drivers

We heard their views on Driving for Work

Q. Do you share their views?

Activity 3Young Driver Quotes

“Because of driving in an area that we’re not

really familiar with, it’s a lot harder. I drive in

Glasgow when I’m used to driving in Wick.

It’s a lot different, getting in the correct lane

and stuff, it’s a lot different driving in the

city.”



“The test; they try to take you round as

many different places as they can and try to

show you all these different situations but

because the test is only there at that time, it

could be when there’s no traffic around, it’s

completely different to when you’re out there

driving in real life.”



“It’s all chance, it’s all pot-chance for

driving, whether you’ve got the knowledge

to drive good or not, what personality you

are and other road users as well. There’s

loads of different things that cause

accidents, it’s not just drivers it could be

anything.”



1. Road traffic accidents whilst at work are the

largest cause of occupational fatality in the

UK.

True or False?

2. Wearing a seat belt can reduce your risk of

death by how much?

A) 25% B) 45% C) 65%


Activity 4What is different with driving for work

3. At-work van and company car drivers are

more likely to cause an accident than to

become involved as a blameless party.

True or False?

4. Most road traffic accidents occur on

motorways?

True or False?




WHERE IS THE GREATEST DANGER?

34% of Crashes

62% of Deaths

4% of Crashes

6% of Deaths

62% of Crashes

32% of Deaths

5. The greatest proportion of failed roadside

breathtests occur in which of these age

groups?

a) 17 - 19

b) 20 - 24

c) 25 - 29

d) 30 - 39

e) 40 - 49



6. For all types of road and for all accidents,

„failure to look properly‟, is the most

frequently reported contributory factor.

True or False?



7. „Driver behaviour or inexperience‟,

„injudicious actions‟ (eg. disobeying road

signs), and „road environment‟, are more

likely to be contributory factors for

accidents in which age group?

a) 17 – 24 yrs

b) 25 – 69

c) 70 +



8. More than half of company car driver fatal accidents

involve driving at excessive speed?

True or False?

9. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate

Homicide Act (2007) covers fatal employee accidents

on the road as well as in the workplace.

True or False?



10. It is estimated that just under one-quarter of

all road traffic incidents involve someone

who was at work at the time.

True or False?




In small groups

Have a look at the accident investigation

scenario -

Activity 5 Accident Investigation


Activity 5 Accident Investigation

Immediate factors

• Inappropriate speed

• Inattention

• Falling asleep

• Travelling too close

• Excessive alcohol

• Drugs

• Adverse weather

• Vehicle defects

• Highway conditions

• Driver distractions


Underlying factors

• Internal pressure

• Inadequate sleep

• Congestion/stress

• Poor journey planning

• Time management

• Poor routeing

• Vehicle maintenance

• Driver attitude

• Inadequate experience


How do employers manage these risks

As part of our overall health and safety policy,

Example Company ltd is committed to reducing the

risks which our staff face and create when driving or

riding for work.

We ask all our staff to play their part, whether they

use a company vehicle, their own or a hire vehicle.

Staff driving for work must never make or receive

calls on a mobile phone, whether hand-held or

hands-free, while driving. Persistent failure to do so

will be regarded as a serious matter


How do employers manage these risks

Never use a hand-held or hands-free phone while

driving

Plan journeys so they include rest stops when

messages can be checked and calls returned

Ensure their phone is switched off and can take

messages while they are driving, or allow a

passenger to use the phone

Co-operate with monitoring, reporting and

investigation procedures.


Journey Planning Buzz Groups

Quickly talk to the person next to you about:

How you got here today?

What planning did you do for it?


Journey Planning Buzz Groups

Quickly talk to the person next to you about:

A journey you made that went wrong

Why did it go wrong?


Here is a journey which you may drive for

work…

It is 8:45am and you are in Glasgow. You have been

asked to attend a meeting in Edinburgh at 10.00am.

You are expecting the meeting to last 2 hours, but you

also have an appointment back in Glasgow at 1pm.


Activity 6 Journey Planning

How did you plan your route?

How would your plan change with

inclement weather?

What stops us from following these plans

in reality?

How can we overcome those barriers?

What priority do we give to driving?


Activity 6 Journey Planning


With the person sat next to you:

Talk about your positive or negative

experiences with driving a new vehicle

Be prepared to share someone else's

experience with the group

Activity 7 The Vehicle


So what feedback do we get when driving

a new vehicle or using some technology –

like a SatNav


“When Sat Nav‟s go Wrong”

One-quarter of under 25year olds admit to

deliberately racing their sat navs.

26 year old take-away driver “turned right”

onto a railway line at a level crossing. Got

stuck on cattle grid across the tracks.




Fast forward a few years… and you‟re

now a manager of a company. You know

what happens from experience when

people first start driving for work.

Part of your job is to manage the risk to

the staff who drive for work.

What would you do?

What would you include in your policy?

Activity 8 Work Related Road Safety Policy

Customise the discussions in the workshop to topics

particular to the employer or industry

– International driving and left-hand drive

familiarity

– UK driving for migrant workers

– The Highway Code

– Specific causes of accidents: speed, distraction,

impairment, aggression, carelessness

Run as a „circular discussion‟


Activity 9 Employer Topic

Something particular to your company

which they wanted us to talk about is

vehicle checks.

Tell us about it?


Activity 9 Employer Topic

Before driving any vehicle,

check:

Tyres!

undamaged (no cuts or bulges)

at the correct pressure, and

have enough tread depth.

The legal minimum is 1.6mm, but above

3mm gives much shorter braking distances

in the wet


Before driving any vehicle,

check:

Windscreen and windows are not damaged

Washers and wipers are working

Mirrors are correctly positioned.

All occupants are using their seat belts and

head restraints are adjusted correctly

Loads are securely restrained


Vehicle Checks

If your employer provides the vehicle, they

will ensure that it is properly registered,

taxed, MOT‟d and insured. They will require

it to be serviced according to the

manufacturer‟s recommendations.

If a vehicle is in an unsafe or illegal condition

you should not use it until all necessary

repairs have been completed.



“Life is what happens to you

while you’re busy making

other plans.”

John Lennon, “Beautiful Boy”.

Activity 10 Some Scenarios

Some Scenarios

What would you do if…

You were sharing a lift with a younger

colleague going down a motorway and they

were pushing 100mph


Some Scenarios


On an evening, you went bowling for a

friends birthday and had several drinks. It

is the morning after and you are due to

drive to a meeting?


Some Scenarios


Your alarm clock didn‟t go off in the

morning and you are late for work


Some Scenarios


You arrive home and suddenly realise

you do not remember all of the journey.

Were those lights on green?

Hope they were...


Summary

There are differences between Learning to Drive and

Driving for Work

We need to consider what makes us drive in the way

we do

Sometimes we assume that there is nothing we can do

about our safety when this isn‟t true

Your employer has a legal duty of care when you are

driving for work and is a source of support

We all make mistakes and bad things do happen

Driving is about lifelong learning and development


The Promise


Postcards

Write a message from your future self about

what you have done to improve your safety

as a driver

“I have.....”

We will mail this to you in 3 weeks time


Past Promises

• I promise to always wear my seat belt as I never

do

• I have set up reminders on my phone to check

oil, tyre pressure etc.

• I promise to be more aware of things happening

around me (I missed the camels)

• Slow down!




EVALUATING THE WORKSHOP

Evaluating the Workshops

• Formative and Summative feedback

• Formative – self-evaluation, and

feedback from the groups

• Summative – pre and post surveys of

attitude and behaviour

• Monitoring and Utilisation

• On-line guide pro-forma



Workshop Evaluation

Pre and post questionnaire likert scales on general

driving attitudes and accident causation

Results showed slight attitude change in the desired

direction for all variables

30% response rate post-workshop

Greatest change in attitude question was for “It is ok

to drive up to 20mph above the limit...”

Greatest change in importance of various factors for

accidents was “drivers/riders not looking properly”

Pre-workshop (n=104)


Post-workshop (n=30)


Pre-workshop (n=104)



80% more critical about their own driving

than before the workshop

50% allow more time for journey planning

since the workshop (remaining 50% allowed

„about the same‟)

43% more likely to discuss driving for work

issues with their manager




ONLINE TOOLKIT

Online Toolkit


Thank you

Road Safety...Workshop is based on five key theories: 1) Insight Training (Senserrick, 2001:...

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