ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS: A New Approach to Highway Safety Management and Communications.
-
Upload
louisa-gallagher -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS: A New Approach to Highway Safety Management and Communications.
ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS: A New Approach to Highway Safety
Management and Communications
Funded through the
generosity of
and its members
Problems
• Unacceptably high socio-economic toll from traffic crashes
• Culture of complacency
• Under investment in safety
• Politics vs. evidence-based decisions
Global Safety Comparisons
Fatality Rate (2002 Data) – Deaths/1B kmVT– United Kingdom 7.6– Sweden 8.3– Norway 8.3– Switzerland 8.4– Finland 8.5– Australia 9.0– Denmark 9.2– Canada 9.3– USA 9.4– Germany 11.1
(Source: IRTAD 2004)
10th
Why Success in Other Industrialized Nations ?
“Safety Culture”
United Kingdom Typical speeding, safety belt or cell phone traffic
violation fine £ 1,000 = $1,893.00Automated speed enforcement is commonly
employed
Sweden “Vision Zero” National Goal is NO highway deaths The lowest legal BAC level is (.02)
Finland“When it comes to crime, the wealthy should suffer as much as
the poor.”Traffic fines generally are based on
two factors:
the severity of the offense the driver's income.
“Jaako Rytsola, a 27-year-old Finnish Internet entrepreneur and newspaper columnist, was cruising in his BMW one recent evening.
The officer pulled over Mr. Rytsola's car and issued him a speeding ticket for driving 43 miles an hour in a 25-mile-an-hour zone. The fine: $71,400.”
Change the Safety Culture
“I would conclude that one of the failures in the United States is to get
highway safety as a high priority for key decision makers.”
-Brian O’Neill , President and CEO Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
More Problems
• Data limitations in many agencies
• Wide variation in analysis and evaluation tools
• No single, agreed upon, systematic tool to assess road safety risks
• Little transparency in most procedures
What should be done?
“The media, private interest groups, and insurance companies should work together to enhance public awareness of highway safety.”
- S A M U E L C . T I G N O R, Eliminating the Annual Highway Safety Tragedy, TR NEWS 245 JULY–AUGUST 2006
“I would conclude that one of the failures in the United States is to get highway safety as a high priority for key decision makers.”
-Brian O’Neill , President and CEO, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
Change the Safety Culture!
RAP – Road Assessment Programs
• Started in Europe in 2001 Inspired by EuroNCAP almost 20 countries
• AusRAP• RAP Objectives
Help cut death and serious injury rates through systematic risk assessment which identify major safety shortcomings amenable to practical remedy
Ensure that strategic decisions are linked to risk assessment
Forge partnerships among those responsible for a safe road system
• Initiated in 2004• Pilot studies in Iowa & Michigan• First public release of findings in
Spring 2006• Expanded pilot studies about to begin• Research Team:
Midwest Research Institute Iowa State University
• Risk Mapping maps of death and serious injury risk
for road users • Road Protection Score
star rating based on inspecting road features that protect users from serious injury or death
• Performance Tracking comparisons of safety performance for
roadway sections over time
The Three RAP Protocols
Risk Maps
• Focus on rural road system State primary routes County primary roads
• Homogeneous road segments
• Segment length sufficient to provide meaningful results
8 Types of Risk Maps
• Four from EuroRAP
• Four new ones being evaluated
Mason City
Waterloo
Cedar Rapids
Quad CitiesDes Moines
Council Bluffs
IowaCity
Ames
SiouxCity
DubuqueFort Dodge
Ottumwa
Marshalltown
Spencer
Clinton
< $7k 20%
$7k-$17k 20%
$17k-$33k 20%$33k-$64k 20%
$64K 20%
5 yrsof data
Map 5: Loss Density– Preliminary USRAP/Iowa Categories5 year Annualized Total Crash Loss per Mile (Iowa DOT values)
Mason City
Waterloo
Cedar Rapids
Quad CitiesDes Moines
Council Bluffs
IowaCity
Ames
SiouxCity
DubuqueFort Dodge
Ottumwa
Marshalltown
Spencer
Clinton
< $0.01 12%
$0.01-0.02 43%
$0.02-0.03 14%$0.03-0.04 14%
$0.04 17%
5 yrsof data
Map 6: Loss Rate– Preliminary USRAP/Iowa Categories5 year Annualized Total Crash Loss per Vehicle Mile (Iowa DOT values)
Note: does not include zero crash intersections
3 yrsof data
Map 7: Intersection Rate – Preliminary USRAP/Iowa
Categories3 Year Average Crash Rate per 100MEV
3 yrsof data
Map 8: Intersection Frequency – v.2 Preliminary USRAP/Iowa
Categories3 Year Annualized Crashes
3 yrsof data
1 yrof data10 yrsof data5 yrs
of data
Duration of Study Period• 1-year too short• 10-year maps pose problems due
to highway system changes • Both 3- and 5-year maps have
been developed
How to s
et the ri
sk ra
nges?
Applications for Risk Maps
• Better public understanding of highway safety needs
• Influence motorist route choice
• Influence motorist behavior on higher risk routes
Applications for Risk Maps
• Assist highway agencies in implementing new SAFETEA-LU programs: 5% criterion
high-risk rural roads program
statewide safety planning
Star Ratings based on Road Protection Score
• Identify differences in road design features related to crash protection features of the roadway
• Provide star ratings based on inventories
• More research needed to adapt EuroRAP tools to U.S. conditions
Star Rating Maps -- Iowa
RPS data collection:• Obtained as much data as
possible from existing highway agency files
• Obtained remaining data from videlog review
RPS data collection
Data Collection Issues
• Cost of field data vs. video• Automated video data reduction
(as in AusRAP)• Accuracy of roadside slope
estimates
usRAP Plans• Release pilot study results
• Expand pilot studies into other states – Florida, New Jersey, Illinois
• Additional work in MI & IA
• Coordinate with international efforts – Costa Rica and Chile
• Seek collaborators
• Explore most appropriate communication strategies
For more information …
www.aaafoundation.orgor
Reg SouleyretteIowa State [email protected]
Questions?
GIS Challenges
• Integrating disparate data sets
• Defining “common” road types
• Aggregating roadway sections
• Identifying road location: urban v. rural
• Crash assignment & changing cartography
• Road protection scoring
Integrating Disparate Data Sets
• Iowa DOT GIMS roadway database– Linear– Annual spatial and attribute changes
• Iowa DOT crash database– Point– Geocoded against GIMS “snapshot”
• Iowa DNR corporate limits– Polygon
• FHWA urban areas– Polygon
Similar data also presentin GIMS
Defining Common Road Types
• Access control– No Access Control (not
presently used)– Interstate and Freeway– Expressway– Planned Access with
through traffic given primary consideration
– Planned Access with through traffic and land services traffic given equal consideration
• City• Corporate boundary
• Median type– No barrier (< .152 meter
curb)– Hard surface without
barrier (Raised Median) Grass surface without barrier Hard surface with barrier Grass surface with barrier
– Barrier (> .152 meters)
• Urban area• Number of lanes• Type of lanes (through,
turning, etc.)• Speed limit
FreewayMultilaneDivided
MultilaneUndivided
Two-lane
Defining Common Road Types
Do not fit a “common” road type
Aggregating Sections
• 27,900 3,100– Homogeneous among several attributes, e.g. # lanes,
shoulder type, traffic volumes, speed, etc.
• 3,100 1,600Part 1– Same county, route number, road type– Equal speed limits or within 5 mph– Traffic volumes w/in 20% or 2,000 vpd
Part 2– Short sections w/in towns under 2,000 population…– Short sections outside of towns with speed limits…– Very short sections of different road types…– Very short rural sections with urban sections on both
sides…
Aggregating Sections
• As a starting point, may require overlaying multiple event themes to generate “homogeneous” sections.
ADT
Road TypeTwo-lane Multilane Undivided
3,500 6,000 7,500
45 mph 35 mphSpeed Limit
Event OverlayTwo-lane3,500 vpd45 mph
Two-lane6,000 vpd45 mph
MLUD6,000 vpd45 mph
MLUD6,000 vpd35 mph
Multilane Undivided7,500 vpd35 mph
Identifying Road Location
Not defined as “urban area”
Pop ~ 6,000 Pop ~ 8,000
Not defined as “urban area” but…completely within corporate limits
Urban v. Rural
Crash Assignment & Changing Cartography
Crashes not within spatial tolerance(must combine tolerance and proximity)
Crashes within spatial tolerance but…potentially inaccurately assigned
Crash Assignment & Changing Cartography
Determination of entering traffic volumes(spatial tolerance required?)
Potential inaccurate crash assignment and…how to distribute crashes among intersection legs?
too manyroad segments
identified
Within Distance
50m?
Crash Assignment
Closest Proximity
Crash Assignment
Section 12500 ADT
Section 23500 ADT
20 Crashes
Section 32000 ADT
Section 42000 ADT
Section
Crashes ADT Sum ADT Prop ADT Prop Crashes
1 20 2500 10000 0.25 5
2 20 3500 10000 0.35 7
3 20 2000 10000 0.20 4
4 20 2000 10000 0.20 4
•Section 1?•Section 2?•Section 3?•Sections 1 & 2?•Sections 1 & 3?•Distribute among all?•Higher functional class?
Intersection Crash Assignment
Crash Assignment
Example alternative
Road Protection Scoring
Must track & record road protectionelements for appropriate roadwaysegmentation, utilizing videolog &GIS-based mileage.
usRAP Florida
Risk Maps
Scope
• Rural state highway system
• No ramps, frontage roads
Data for Risk Mapping
• Access to data provided by FDOT– FDOT website GIS– FDOT Transportation Statistics Office,
GIS Support Section: segment characteristics
– CAR system – mainframe crash data and videolog
RCI to usRAP Segmentation• Used
– County– Posted US or State
Road Number– Type of Road– Toll Road– Urban Area Code– Number of Through
Roadway Lanes– AADT– Access Control Type– Speed Zone
Segmentation, cont.
• Group segments into four road types (not always straightforward)– Freeway– Multilane divided– Multilane undivided– Two-lane
• Objective: homogeneous segments for analysis• Before aggregation
– 62,438 records (RCI)• After preliminary aggregation
– 7838 segments after prelim. aggregation• Average length 0.77 mi.
• After final aggregation– 1584 segments
• Average length 3.8 mi.
Process for QC and data prep
Crash Data
• Used fatal and major-injury crashes only
• Geolocated all crashes using dynamic segmentation– .53% unmapped
• Identify crashes on usRAP segments
YEAR From Pat Brady
Dist 1 - 4 Dist 5 - 8 Total
2001 68,208 77,893 146,101
2002 68,828 77,837 146,665
2003 68,814 77,726 146,540 136,541
2004 74,285 85,375 159,660 159,658
2005 76,958 89,871 166,829 166,824
463,023 2003-2005
CRASHES
Florida Crashes on State Maintained Roads
From CARS (ZH EXTRACT)
Preliminary section aggregation:
• ± road type, route, county or toll
• AADT ± 2000 or 20%• Speed ± 5mph
Too many sections, far too short
Relaxed some constraints:
• Urban (Speed <=50mph)– AADT ± 4,000 or 40%
• Rural (Speed > 50mph – AADT ± 4,000 or 40%– speed ± 10mph– Section length < 1
Mile
Manual adjustment based on county breaks for short distances or similar short segments caused by city limits
Safety Performance of Roadway Types
Florida Rural, State Maintained Roads 2001-2005
Total Frequency
Annual Frequency
Annual Density
Annual Rate (HMVM)
Freeway 89 949 10.7 35,913 12.4 3,709 8.33 0.78 5.96Divided Highway 423 1,009 2.4 13,515 5.0 2,834 1.34 0.56 11.39Undivided Multilane 31 28 0.9 10,311 0.1 56 0.36 0.39 10.44Two-lane 1,041 4,026 3.9 5,278 7.8 5,403 1.04 0.27 13.93Total 1,584 6,012 3.8 11,519 25.3 12,002 1.52 0.40 9.50
Fatal & Incapacitating Injury Crashes
Road Type Sections Road MilesAverage
Length (mi) AADTAnnual VMT
(Billion)
Map 1
Map 2
Map 3
Map 4
The world road safety problem
1.2 million killed every year
iRAP - Background
Every year worldwide 1.2 million road deaths 50 million are injured or permanently disabled 85-90% of road deaths are in low and middle income
countries
Cost is 1-3% of global GDP
Road deaths set to overtake AIDS as the leading cause of unnatural death by 2020
iRAP Project Aims
Drive safety upgrading where large numbers are killed and seriously injured
Global methodology to generate effective and economic countermeasure programmes
Implement performance tracking methodologies for funding bodies to assess outcomes
Provide the training, manuals and web tools to build and sustain national capability
iRAP (international Road iRAP (international Road Assessment Programme)Assessment Programme)
Intro VideoIntro Video
3 Continent Road Inspections
Pilot countries: Typical country of the region with a strong
commitment to road safety
Casualty data available for calibration and validation
GPS data can be acquired without unusual difficulty
Club strong with good relationships (police, local and national authorities etc)
iRAP Pilot
EuroRAP
usRAP
AusRAPSouth Africa
MalaysiaCosta Rica
Chile
AusRAP – Malaysia – AAM, ARRB & AAAEuroRAP – South Africa – TRLusRAP – Costa Rica and Chile – MRI plus RACC help
iRAP – longer term
If the pilot study is successful…..
Link to the World Bank and secure greater funding for international road safety
Wider implementation of iRAP across the world Safer roads & Lives saved
Costa Rica Pilot
Ciclovía: Sección 1Ciclovía: Sección 1
Ciclovía: Sección 2Ciclovía: Sección 2
Ciclovía: Sección 3Ciclovía: Sección 3
Acera en Puentes Acera en Puentes
What is Hawkeye?What is Hawkeye?
Is it a plane, a train, a speeding Is it a plane, a train, a speeding bullet?...bullet?...
An early warning plane??
No… it’s a road No… it’s a road surveying surveying
vehicle system!!!vehicle system!!!
A Slide guitarist – Hawkeye Herman
A comic book hero??
An actual bird’s eye?? - Surely not
A TV Character??
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
A Network Survey Vehicle
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Hawkeye Acquire Software
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Click here for Sample Costa Rica Video Log
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Hawkeye Survey Viewera.k.a : Hawkeye Processing Toolkit
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Hmmm… So how does it work?
• Hawkeye has 3 parts– Hardware (Lasers, Cameras, GIPSI, Computers, Heartbeat)– Acquire Software (in NSV)– Processing Toolkit/Data Viewer Software (in office)
USEFUL INFORMATION
ODO
Video
GPS
Lasers
GIPSI
Road
Information
HawkeyeAcquire
HawkeyeProcessing
Toolkit
Risk Calculation
Engines
Utility ScaleAll knowing Deities Road Uber-Dorks ARRB Employee’s Roads Engineers Planners/Economists Politicians/Laymen
iRAP List of Attributes for Hawkeye.xls
iRAP Test Output Columnar.xls
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
research | consulting | technology
Raters
Session 4 : Tuesday 27th March 2007
Raters are humans too
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
As you will find out over the next couple of days:
Rating is not the most exciting job.…But someone has to do it
How can we make it easier?
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Area of Interest
• We want to rate only the 50m in front of the car• So we don’t double up on the rating
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Ratings Definition
• Lets have a look at the inspection manual
– Malaysia (video)– South Africa (tablet).
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
All the pretty lights…
…and cables and cameras
High Definition Digital Cameras
Accelerometer/Odometer
GPS Unit
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
What does Hawkeye Acquire acquire?
• Odometer Info (Distance, Time)
• GPS (Lat, Long)
• Video (Hi-def Video)
• Digital Profile
• Geometry (Gyro1, Gyro2)
What can we do with it?
Speed
GPS, DGPS, WGS84
Video rating
Roughness, Rutting, Texture
Horizontal Curvature,
Vertical Curvature,
Cross fall,
Super Elevation
Altitude
Time for a break