Ro d updated lindsey

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The Rise of Democracy 2000 B.C. Athens Rome Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Enlightenment American Revolution A.D. 1800

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Rise of Democracy

Transcript of Ro d updated lindsey

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The Rise of Democracy

2000 B.C.

Athens

Rome

Middle Ages

Renaissance

Reformation

Enlightenment

American Revolution

A.D. 1800

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The Legacy of Ancient

Greece and Rome

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THE GREEKSAthens, Greece (2000 B.C. - 500 B.C.)

powerful city-statecitizens* had rights and responsibilities

*Citizenship denied to women, slaves and foreign residents.

Direct Democracy - citizens make laws directly

Pericles (led Athens 461 B.C. -

429 B.C.)

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The Greek Philosophers

Natural Laws - all things in the natural world follow predictable patterns

Reason & Logic - respect for human intelligence

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The Greek PhilosophersSocrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.)

Socratic Method - question/answer

Plato (428 B.C. - 348 B.C.)

The Republic

ideal form of government: Philosopher Kings

The intelligent should rule.

feared mob rule

Aristotle (384 B.C. - 322 B.C.)

Wrote Politics

ideal form of government: properly educated middle class

Philosopher Kings give advice but remain independent

S

P

A

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The RomansRoman Contributions (509 B.C.)

Republic - A form of government in which power rests with citizens who elect leaders to make decisions.Written Legal Code – applied equally to all citizens

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Roman LawRome brought conquered lands into the Roman Empire and tried to rule with laws based on reason and justice.

4 Principles of Roman LawAll citizens had the right to equal treatment under the lawA person was considered innocent until proven guiltyThe burden of proof rests with the accuser, not the accused.Any law that seems unreasonable, may be set aside.

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Greeks vs. Romans

Quick WriteQuick WriteList the similarities and differences between List the similarities and differences between

the Greeks’ and Romansthe Greeks’ and Romans’’ view of view of government. government.

Who had a bigger influence on our society Who had a bigger influence on our society today? today?

Provide evidence. Provide evidence.

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Possible Thoughts

Similarities – Both set lasting standards in government, philosophy, and thought. Believed that an individual is a citizen in a state rather than the subject of a ruler.

Differences – Greece is a direct democracy while Rome is a republic. Greece developed democracy, the Romans added representative government.

Influences Today – We elect representatives to make decisions on our behalf, but we have great influence from Athenian Democracy. For example, political power for all citizens, three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial). Plato’s Philosopher Kings can be seen in the Enlightenment through Enlightened Despots.

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Judeo-Christian Tradition

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Judeo-Christian Tradition

Greeks & Romans Hebrews

You have dignity because of your ability to think

(REASON)

You have dignity because you’re a

child of God

Scripture teaches us we are created

in His image

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Judeo-Christian Tradition

Legacy of Judeo-Christian ReligionsWritten legal code (Ten Commandments)Duty of the individual within the communityWorth of the individualEquality of people before God

Evangelical - Christians spread their beliefs across the Roman Empire

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Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share

How did the Judeo-Christian How did the Judeo-Christian tradition and the legacy of tradition and the legacy of Greek and Rome impact Greek and Rome impact

democratic thinking?democratic thinking?

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Possible Thoughts

The right and worth of the individual

Philosophical and ethical values that shape the types of governments and expressions of democracy that develop

The need for justice and equality

Representation and citizen participation are important features of democracies around the world

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The Middle AgesFeudalism & The Magna Carta

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The Middle AgesFeudal Social Pyramid

King

Powerful Lords

Lesser Lords

Knights

Serfs

Fiefs(land grants)

Nobles(worked for king in

return from protection and land)

system of rigid class distinctions and a static or unchanging way of life

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The King Loses Power

King John War with France ($ & land)

Raised taxesKing John forced to sign the Magna Carta

King vs. Nobles

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The King Loses Power

Magna Carta (1215)Limited Monarchy

Permission from Parliament necessary to raise taxes

King must respect the law

Why is this document important?

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Democracy Develops in England

Mary II & William III of Orange

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Democracy Develops in England

The Glorious RevolutionKing James II - Catholic

Parliament supported his Protestant daughter Mary

1689 Mary and William of Orange crowned co-rulers of England

Constitutional MonarchyPower of the ruler is restricted by the constitution

English Bill of RightsLimited power of the monarchy

Liberties essential to the people

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The Renaissance

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The Renaissance

The Middle AgesWar/Plague

Fewer laborers Higher wages

Fewer business opportunities More art

ex. Medici family

http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#

humanism-triggers-the-renaissance

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The Renaissance

Renaissance...(1300-1600)Rejected the Medieval view that life on earth was merely preparation for life after death

– Religion replaced with a humanistic view of life (Worldly/Secular)

– Focus on the individual

http://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissance

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The Ideal Renaissance Man/WomanA young man should

be well educated in Greek and Latin

classics. He should be charming, polite, and witty. He should be able to dance, write

poetry, sing, and play music. In addition, he should be physically

graceful and strong; a skilled rider, wrestler,

and swordsman,

Upper class women of the Renaissance were

as well educated as the men. Women too were expected to know the

classics, to write well, to paint, to make music, to

dance, and be charming. Yet they were

not expected to seek fame as men did. They

were expected to inspire poetry and art but rarely

create it.

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...the ideal Renaissance man and woman...

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Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art

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The Reformation

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The Reformation: Causes

• Renaissance emphasis on the individual

• Corruption in the Catholic Church

• Gutenberg’s Printing Press

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Martin Luther

• Martin Luther– Believed that faith

alone was the key to salvation

• Catholic Church– Selling Indulgences

(pardons)

Buying an indulgence was like purchasing your ticket to heaven!

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The Reformation• Martin Luther reacts...

(October 1517)

– 95 Theses

• Salvation only by faith and good works

• Teachings based only on the bible

• People of faith are equal and do not need priests to interpret the bible

http://www.history.com/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution#martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution

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The Reformation

• (1520) Martin Luther is excommunicated

• Luther and his followers become “Lutherans”– Many northern German princes supported Lutheranism

and signed a protest against others who stayed loyal to the Church (1529)

– Protestant: non-Catholic Christians

Reformation Rap: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0&feature=related

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England Becomes Protestant

• King Henry VIII– Devout Catholic, but the

Pope would not annul his marriage (1527)

– Reformation Parliament (1529)

• Ended the Pope’s power in England and Replaced it with the King’s

– Anglican Church

English Reformation: http://www.history.com/videos/protestand-reformation-english-reformation#protestand-

reformation-english-reformation

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Henry’s Wives

Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour

Anneof Cleves

Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

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Why it matters...

The Renaissance and Reformation’s questioning of ideas and authority laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution and

the Enlightenment!

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The Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution

Renaissance Reformation

Rebirth of learning: People questioned

old ways of thinking

Religious Movement: Forced people to

challenge their views on God and salvation

Scholars began challenging old ideas

Exploring Africa, Asia, Americas

New inventions spread ideas

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The Scientific Revolution

• New ways of thinking...– The Scientific Method

• Observation• Question• Hypothesis• Experimentation• Conclusion

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The Scientific Revolution

Heliocentric (Copernicus) - sun is the center of the universe

Geocentric (The Medieval View ) - earth is the center of the universe

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The Scientific Revolution

• Galileo Galilei

– Telescope– Starry Messenger (1610)

• Supported the laws of Copernicus• Against the teachings of the church

– “Psalm 93:1 “the world is firmly established and cannot be moved”

– Ecclesiastes 1:5 “And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place”

– Galileo stands trial for heresy(1632)

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Galileo vs. The Catholic Church

“With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies and also every other error...contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I

will never again saw or assert...anything that might cause a similar suspicion towards me.”

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The Scientific Revolution

• Isaac Newton– Gravity - earth has

power to draw objects to it

• The same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space

http://www.history.com/videos/isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution#

isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution

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The Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution spreads...– Microscope (1590)– Mercery Barometer (1634)– Thermometer (1714)– “On the Structure of the Human Body”

(1543)– Smallpox Vaccine (Late 1700s)

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The Scientific Revolution

Ideas from the Renaissance, Reformation and Scientific Revolution brought...

• A Secular outlook of life• Critical look at society in an effort to

improve it• Everything tested by the standard of

reason

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The Enlightenment in Europe

Chapter 6 Section 2 & 3

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Enlightenment (mid 1700s)- An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems.

“The Age of Reason”

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Thomas Hobbes– “Leviathan” (1651)

• Basic nature of man is bad• Social Contract - People agree to give up

rights to a strong ruler in order for security.• Absolute ruler is best

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Enlightenment in Europe

• John Locke– Basic nature of man is good– All men have natural rights

• Life, Liberty, Property

– Government must protect these rights– Government must have consent of the

governed

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Thomas Hobbes John Lockebasic nature of

man is badbasic nature of

man is goodpeople enter a social contract

where they give up freedom in

exchange for security

all men have natural rights (life, liberty, property)

best government is one where the ruler

is absolute

government is responsible for

protecting rights - limited gov.

once entered, a contract can’t be

broken, even if the ruler is a tyrant

government must have the consent of

the governed

people have the right to rebel and establish a new

government

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Mary Wollstonecraft– “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”

(1792)– Education for women– Women in medicine and politics

• Salons - Women of Paris held social gatherings with philosophers, writers, artists, and scientists

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Philosophs (France)- Thinkers who believe reason should be applied to all aspects of life– Just like Newton applied reason to discover

physical laws in the field of science, reason should be used to discover the natural laws that govern society.

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)– Tolerance - freedom of religion– Satire against clergy, aristocracy and

government– Freedom of speech...

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say

it.”

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Baron de Montesquieu– Separation of powers

• English example:– Executive - enforce law– Legislative - make law– Judicial - interpret law

“Power should be a check to power.”

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Jean Jacques Rousseau– In a state of nature...

• Man is good• Man has natural rights• All men are equal

– Society corrupts us

• To preserve man’s freedom a government must have consent of the governed & direct democracy

“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.”

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Denis Diderot– Encyclopedia (1751)

• Helped to spread enlightenment ideas

– Banned by the Catholic Church

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Adam Smith – Laissez Faire - allowing

business to run free of government control

– Invisible Hand - self interest & competition can lead to economic prosperity

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Enlightened Despots (Absolute rulers used their power to bring social and political change)– Catherine The Great

(Russia 1762-1796)• absolute rule

w/limited reforms

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Enlightenment in Europe

• Lives of the majority...– Peasants– Serfdom

• Not until the 1800s would the lives of the majority change.

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Why it matters...

Enlightenment thinkers challenged divine right of

monarchs, the union of church and state, and the existence of

social classes...Their theories inspired American and

French revolutionary movements

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The American Revolution

Chapter 6 Section 4

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Britain & Its American Colonies

Colonies distinct but all shared a sense of independence from

Britain

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Britain & Its American Colonies

• Navigation Acts (1651)

• French and Indian War (1754)

• The Stamp Act (1765)– Taxation w/o representation

• The Boston Massacre (1770)

• The Boston Tea Party (1773)

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The American Revolution

• July 1776 Second Continental Congress– The Declaration of

Independence• Thomas Jefferson

Which enlightenment philosophers influenced Jefferson?

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The Deceleration of Independence

“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinion of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness...”

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The American Revolution

• Britain vs. The Colonists– Stronger army vs. Motivation &

French alliance

Treaty of Paris (1781)- Americans win their independence!

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Constitution of the United States

“We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America.”

James Madison “Father of the Constitution”

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Constitution of the United States

• Constitutional Convention (1787)– Representative Government– Federal System

• Power divided between national and state governments

– Three Branches of Government• Legislative, Executive, Judicial

– Bill of Rights

Romans, Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes

Montesquieu

Voltaire, Locke, Rousseau, English Bill of Rights, Magna

Carta