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RJPORJPO
Dept. Anestesiologi & Terapi IntensifFK USU/RSUP H.Adam Malik Medan
Modul 4
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Historical Perspective
• Modern CPR : since 50 yrs ago !• 1958 : ‘mouth to mouth’ ventilation (Peter Safar)• 1956 : defibrilator (reverse a fatal arrhythmia)• 1960 : chest compression (Kouwenhoven)
• 2000 : 1st International Guidelines Conference on CPR & ECC• 2005 : New Guidelines on CPR & ECC
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I L C O RInternational Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
E R C - European Resuscitation Council
The major contributor for ILCOR
A H A - American Heart Association
UK Resuscitation CouncilAustralian Resuscitation CouncilRCSA – Resuscitation Council of Southern AfricaRCA - Resuscitation Council of Asia
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Istilah• Basic Life Support = B L S = (A-B-C) A=Airway = jalan nafas B=Breathing = nafas buatan C=Circukation = pijat jantung• Advanced Life Support = A L S = (D-E-F)
D=Drug (+fluid)
E=E K G F=deFibrilasi• Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation = CPR• Cardio Pulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation = CPCR = CPR = RJPO
= BLS + ALS
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Semua tindakan yang harus segera dilakukan dan bertujuan untuk menghentikan proses yang menuju kematian.
Basic Life Support
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C A B - bls
• C - circulation : pijat jantung, posisi shock• A - airway : bebaskan jalan nafas• B - breathing : beri nafas bantuan,
(+oksigen)
Harus dilakukan SEGERA di tempat kejadian
Kondisi gawat daruratPrioritas pertolongan pertama adalah :
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Peredaran darah (sirkulasi) yang berhenti 3 - 4
menit otak mulai mengalami kerusakan karena hipoksia.
Jika pasien mengalami kekurangan oksigen (hipoksia) sebelumnya, batas waktu itu jadi lebih
pendek.
BLS yang dilakukan dengan cara yang benarmenghasilkan cardiac out put
30% dari cardiac out put normal
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Aliran darah yang berhenti 6 - 9 menit
akan mengakibatkan kerusakan otak
yang permanen.
Jantung berhenti berdenyut
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Kapan Resusitasi Jantung Paru diperlukan ?
• Jika pasien Cardiac Arrest• Apa tanda Cardiac Arrest ?
– TIDAK TERABA nadi carotis
• Cardiac Arrest = Nadi Carotis tidak teraba• Cardiac Arrest ECG flat suara jantung
(-)
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Kunci keberhasilan CPR
• Early Access to BLS– Call for help
• Early (correct) CPR– to buy time
• Early Defibrillation– to restart the heart
• Early ALS– to stabilize
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AHA
mericaneartssociation
Main changes in adult basic life support
• Start CPR when victim is unresponsive and not breathing
normally
• Place the hands on the centre of the chest
• 30 compressions are being given immediately (for adult)
• Two rescue breaths, 1 sec each rather than 2 sec
• The ratio of compressions to ventilations is 30 : 2
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ALGORITMA BLS
UNRESPONSIVE
Call Emergency Service
Start Cpr (Push Hard &
Fast)
Get Defibrilator
Cek Rhytm / Shock If
Indicated
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Periksa kesadaran korban denganmenepuk bahu Dan memanggil dengansuara keras
“Siapa namanya???!!!” “Coba buka mata!!!”
LANGKAH 1
Apakah korban sadar ?( Check kesadaran )
CEK
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LANGKAH 2
Panggil bantuanPanggil ambulans
1. Panggil bantuan dari orang sekitar, meminta mereka untuk ikut menolong dan
2. Telefon 118/911-IGD atau Radio Medik minta bantuan medik/ Ambulans
Sebut lokasi kejadian dengan jelas
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LANGKAH 3
Menentukan denyut nadi leher
Untuk awamtidak mutlak dilakukan,langsung langkah 4
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Carotid pulse palpation- start at the middle, feel the trachea- move fingers sideways while pressing down into the groove lateral to the trachea - carotid pulsation should be felt there
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LANGKAH 4
Menentukan lokasi pijat jantung.
Titik tumpu pijat jantung adalahditengah2 sternum
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Tumit 1 tangan diletakkan diatas sternum, kemudiantangan satunya diletakkan diatastangan yang sudah berada di-titik pijat jantung (di-tengah2 sternum) Jari-jari kedua tangan dirapatkan
dan diangkat pada waktu dilakukan tiupan nafas, agar tidak menekan dada.
Titik tumpu pijat jantung
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Titik TumpuPijat Jantung
Guidelines 2010 :
place the hands on the centre
of the chest
Using the rib margin method is wasting time
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Penolong mengambil
posisi tegak lurus di atas dada korban dengan siku lengan lurus
Menekan tulang dada sedalam kira-kira4-5 cm.
LANGKAH 5
Pijat jantung
Setiap melepas 1 pijatan , tangan jangan masih menekan dada korban
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≥100x per menit
5 cm
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Bebaskan jalan nafasdari sumbatan pangkal lidah
Dengan satu tangan didahi korban. Doronglah dahikebelakang, agar kepalamenengadah dan mulut sedikit terbuka
head tilt
LANGKAH 6
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Akibat fleksi ini, menyebabkan terjadinya sumbatan akibat pangkal lidah jatuh
kebelakang
Pada korban yang tidak sadar
posisi kepala cenderung fleksi
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head tilt
chin lift
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JAW THRUST
Tindakan lain untukmembebaskan jalan nafas Bila dengan head tilt dan chin lift, jalan nafas tetap obstruksi adalah :
Dengan kedua tangan Kita dagu korban diangkat sehingga deretan gigi rahang bawah berada didepan deretan gigi rahang atasUntuk orang awam tidak
dianjurkan
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Buka mulut korbanBersihkan benda asingyang ada didalam mulut korbandengan mengorek dan menyapukan dua jari penolong yang telah dibungkus dengan secarik kain
Bebaskan jalan nafasdari sumbatan benda asing
LANGKAH 7
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LIHAT
DENGAR
RABA
EVALUASI BREATHING (LOOK-LISTEN-FEEL) TIDAK DILAKUKAN SETELAH PEMBEBASAN JALAN NAFAS OLEH KARENA PADA EVALUASI KESADARAN MELIPUTI EVALUASI PERNAFASAN ( APNOE OR GASPING) SEGERA LAKUKAN VENTILASI BUATAN
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Pemberian nafas buatan
mouth to mouth mouth to mask
LANGKAH 8
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Cara memberi nafas buatan
• Pertahankan posisi kepala tetap tengadah• Jepit hidung dengan tangan
yang mempertahankan kepala tetap tengadah• Buka mulut penolong lebar-lebar sambil menarik nafas
panjang• Tempelkan mulut penolong diatas mulut korban dengan
rapat.• Hembuskan udara kemulut korban sampai terlihat
dada terangkat/ bergerak naik• Lepaskan mulut penolong, biarkan udara keluar dari
mulut korban, dada korban tampak bergerak turun.• Berikan hembusan nafas kedua dengan cara yang sama.
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Pemberian nafas buatan cara lain
Ambu bag Jackson Rees
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Tiupan nafas yang berlebihan berakibat tekanan intra-thoracal
meningkat dan berdampakmenghambat aliran darahyang ditimbulkan akibat
pijatan jantung.
Tiupan nafas cukupasal dada mengembang10 kali/ menit.
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Saat pijat jantung,Hitung dengan suara keras
Satu,dua,tiga,empat, SATUSatu,dua,tiga,empat, DUASatu,dua,tiga,empat, TIGASatu,dua,tiga.empat, EMPATSatu,dua,tiga,empat, LIMASatu,dua,tiga,empat, ENAM
Total = 30 x pijatanYang disela dengan 2 x tiupan nafas
Pijat jantung nafas buatan 30 : 2LANGKAH 9
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Pijat jantung nafas buatan
• Lakukan 30 kali pijat jantungdengan diselingi 2 kali nafas buatan ini berulangselama 2 menit
• Setelah 2 menit (6-7 siklus) rabanadi leher. (20 det/siklus)
• Bila masih belum teraba denyut nadi leher, lanjutkan 30 x pijatjantung dan 2 x nafas buatan
• Lakukan tindakan ini terus sampaidatang bantuan atau ambulans
30 : 2
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Evaluasi Setelah RJPO
RABA KAROTIS EVALUASI PERNAFASAN
LANGKAH 10
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RECOVERY POSITION Bila pasien ROSC (+)
✓Tangan yang berada pada sisi penolong
diluruskan ke atas.
✓Tangan lainnya disilangkan di leher dengan
telapak tangan pada pipi
✓Kaki pada sisi yang berlawanan dengan
penolong ditekuk dan ditarik ke arah
penolong, sekaligus memiringkan tubuh
korban ke arah penolong.
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LANGKAH 1 Apakah korban sadar ?
LANGKAH 5
Panggil bantuanPanggil ambulans
LANGKAH 4
LANGKAH 2
LANGKAH 3 Menentukan denyut nadi leher( untuk awam, tidak perlu )
Menentukan titik tumpulokasi pijat jantung.
Melakukan 30x pijatan jantung
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LANGKAH 6
LANGKAH 9
LANGKAH 7
LANGKAH 8
LANGKAH 10
Pijat Jantung langsung disusul Dengan pemberian 2 x tiupan nafas
Bebaskan jalan nafasdari sumbatan pangkal lidah
head tiltchin liftjaw thrust
Bebaskan jalan nafasdari sumbatan benda asing
Pemberian nafas buatan
Evaluasi
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HipoksiaHipovolemiaHipo/HiperkalemiaHipotermiaHidrogen Ion (Asidosis)
Tamponade jantungTension pneumothoraxTrombosis paruTrombosis JantungToxic overdose B-block, Ca-block Digitalis, Tricyclic AD
5 H
5 T
Cardiac Arrest membandel ???
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Bila berhasil ROSC• Lanjutkan oksigenasi, kalau perlu nafas
buatan( protap : ventilator )
• Hipotensi diatasi dengan inotropik dan obat vaso-aktif (adrenalin, dopamin, dobutamin, ephedrin)
• Tetap di infus untuk jalan obat cepat• Terapi aritmia• Koreksi elektrolit, cairan, gula darah dlsb• Awasi di ICU• Awas: cardiac arrest sering terulang lagi
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?
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Korban tidak perlu diturunkandari tempat tidur
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