Native American Tribes Part III: The Hopi (Southwest Desert) Fourth Grade Ms. Alvarado.
Rivers Systems of the Southwest Native Species Natural Dynamics Impacts.
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Transcript of Rivers Systems of the Southwest Native Species Natural Dynamics Impacts.
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Rivers Systems of the Southwest
Native Species
Natural Dynamics
Impacts
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Riparian Systems of the Southwest
• Native Tree & Shrub Species
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Native Cottonwood-Willow Riparian Forest
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Native Species of western riparian habitats
Broad-leaf Cottonwood (lower elevations)
Populus deltoides or P. fremontii
Narrow-leaf Cottonwood (higher elevations)
Populus angusitifolia
Hybrid: Lance-leaf Cottonwood (intermediate elevations)
Populus X acuminata
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Native Species of western riparian habitats
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College. Permission to use is granted freely to not-for-profit organizations
Native shrubby willow species – e.g. Coyote or Sandbar Willow, Salix exigua
Silverleaf BuffaloberryShepherdia argentea
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River & Stream Dynamics
Naturally Occurring Disturbance
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Animas River Valley – Fall 2004
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Animas River north of Durango (1994 air photo)
River meanders
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Animas River north of Trimble Lane (air photo 1994)
Braided stream
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Animas River, 23 May 2005(8,700 cfs)
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Animas River, 23 May 2005
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Dolores River (Slickrock Canyon)
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Dolores River, Slickrock Canyon – May 2005 (4000 cfs)
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Sliderock State Park – Sedona AZ (normal summer flows)
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Sliderock State Park, Sedona AZ – winter/spring 2005
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SW Flash Floods:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDtBby7lJX0
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Flood Dynamics
• What is the timing of high flows on southwestern rivers?
• Seasonality – 2 main seasons
• Storm types – 2 main types of precipitation
• Flood types/events – 3 types of floods
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Reliance of native species on flood regimes
• Cottonwood seed dispersal:– Timing– Requirements for germination– Location for seedling establishment– Nature of cottonwood forest stands
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Meandering river, showing floodplain development & location of older & younger riparian woodland.
From: http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/geog101/images/23e_river_meanders_ia_maher_156-18.jpg
From:http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3121/images/river.jpg
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Impacts on Western River Dynamics
Human-induced changes to river systems
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Exotic Species Invasions:
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Non-native TamariskTamarix spp.
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Dense tamarisk stand on Little Colorado River, Cameron AZ
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Russian Olive
Eleagnus angustifolia
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Results of these invasions?
• Native species choked out
• ↓ wildlife habitat
• ? ↑↑ water use…
• ↑ salt concentrations in soil (how?)
• ↑ litter accumulation & so…
• ↑ FIRE!! (new to riparian systems)
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What conditions favor exotics?
• Constant, low volume flows
• Limited bank scouring
• Limited input of new sediments
• Stable, “armored” banks
• HOW DO YOU GET THESE STABLE CONDITIONS ON RIVERS??
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You Build DAMS:
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http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/site_map.html
US Bureau of Reclamation Hydroelectric Dams
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Glen Canyon Dam, Colorado River May 2005
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What happens to a river below a dam?
• Constant, regular flow
• Low-volume discharge
• Reservoirs trap sediment
• Stops erosion of older deposits & deposition of new
• Banks no longer scoured… become “armored”
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Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam
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Who likes such conditions?
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Other effects of dams:
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Lake Powell Pool Elevations (feet)
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Low water in Lake Powell – what does it look like?
Boat ramp at Hite Marina – ca. 2004
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Hite Marina - Lake Powell, Utah 2006
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Lake Powell Surface Elevation (2005 Predictions: up 50’ then down 40’)
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“This is the mighty Colorado River trickling into Lake Powell. …The banks on the far side are 15 feet high.”
page: clydesisler.com/.../Utah/UT-GlenCanyon.htm
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“This is what the northern part of Lake Powell looked like in May/2005. That is the Hite Marina boat ramp in the upper left corner.” page: clydesisler.com/.../Utah/UT-GlenCanyon.htm
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How can we fight such invasions?
• Biocontrol
The tamarisk leaf beetle - Diorhabda elongata