RIVERBANK FILTRATION

Water Science and Technology Library

VOLUME 43

Editor-in-Chief

V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board

M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K.L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden

J. F. Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A.U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, IndiaS.E. Serrano, Lexington, U.S.A.

D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South AfricaW.G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

RIVERBANK FILTRATION

Improving Source-Water Quality

edited by

CHITTARANJAN RAYUniversity of Hawaii at Mnoa,

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

GINA MELINNational Water Research Institute,Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.

and

RONALD B. LINSKYNational Water Research Institute,Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.

in collaboration with

NWRI National Water Research Institute

Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERSNEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: 0-306-48154-5Print ISBN: 1-4020-1133-4

2003 Kluwer Academic PublishersNew York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow

Print 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

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Dordrecht

Acknowledgements

This book is the direct result of the many excellent presentations and ideas brought forwardat the International Riverbank Filtration Conference, held by the National Water ResearchInstitute in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, LouisvilleWater Company, and Cincinnati Water Works, in November 1999. The efforts of the followingindividuals are gratefully acknowledged.

Editors

Chittaranjan Ray, Ph.D., P.E.University of Hawaii at MnoaHonolulu, Hawaii, United States

Gina MelinNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Ronald B. LinskyNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Contributors

Harish Arora, Ph.D., P.E.OBrien & Gere Engineers, Inc.Landover, Maryland, United States

Kay BallLouisville Water CompanyLouisville, Kentucky, United States

William P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Philippe Baveye, Ph.D.Laboratory for Environmental GeophysicsCornell UniversityIthaca, New York, United States

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vi

Philip Berger, Ph.D.Ijamsville, Maryland, United States

Edward J. Bouwer, Ph.D.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Jrg E. Drewes, Ph.D.Colorado School of MinesGolden, Colorado, United States

Rolf Gimbel, Ph.D.IWW Rheinisch-Westflisches Institut fr WasserforschungInstitut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universitt DuisburgMlheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany

William D. GollnitzGreater Cincinnati Water WorksCincinnati, Ohio, United States

Thomas Grischek, Ph.D.Institute for Water ChemistryDresden University of TechnologyDresden, Germany

Alison M. Gusses, M.S.University of CincinnatiCincinnati, Ohio, United States

David L. Haas, P.E.Jordan, Jones, and GouldingAtlanta, Georgia, United States

Thomas Heberer, Ph.D.Institute of Food ChemistryTechnical University of BerlinBerlin, Germany

Stephen Hubbs, P.E.Louisville Water CompanyLouisville, Kentucky, UnitedStates

Henry Hunt, CPGCollector Wells International, Inc.Columbus, Ohio, United States

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

Ronald B. LinskyNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Hans-Joachim Mlzer, Ph.D.IWW Rheinisch-Westflisches Institut fr WasserforschungInstitut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universitt DuisburgMlheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany

Ilkka Miettinen, Ph.D.National Public Health InstituteDivision of Environmental HealthKuopio, Finland

Gina MelinNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Till Merkel, M.Sc.DVGW Water Technology CenterKarlsruhe, Germany

Charles OMelia, Ph.D., P.E.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Chittaranjan Ray, Ph.D., P.E.University of Hawaii at MnoaHonolulu, Hawaii, United States

Michael J. Robison, P.E.Jordan, Jones, and GouldingAtlanta, Georgia, United States

Traugott Scheytt, Ph.D.Technical University of BerlinBerlin, Germany

Jack Schijven, Ph.D.National Institute of Public Health and the EnvironmentMicrobiological Laboratory for Health ProtectionBilthoven, The Netherlands

Dagmar Schoenheinz, M.Sc.Institute of Water ChemistryDresden University of TechnologyDresden, Germany

viii

Jrgen Schubert, M.Sc.Stadtwerke Dsseldorf AGDsseldorf, Germany

Thomas F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E.United States Environmental Protection AgencyCincinnati, Ohio, United States

R. Scott Summers, Ph.D.University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, United States

Ingrid M. Verstraeten, Ph.D.United States Geological SurveyBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Jack Wang, Ph.D.Louisville Water CompanyLouisville, Kentucky, United States

W. Joshua WeissJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Graphic Design

Tim HoganTim Hogan GraphicsWestminster, California, United States

Table of Contents

RIVERBANK FILTRATION: IMPROVING SOURCE-WATER QUALITY

IntroductionC. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.,J. Schubert, M.Sc., R.B. Linsky, and G. Melin

What is Riverbank Filtration?Historical SignificanceUnrecognized RBF PlantsSimilarities Between RBF and Slow Sand FiltrationSurface-Water Contaminants of ConcernCase Studies of Log Removal Credit in the United StatesThe Value of Applying RBF as a Pretreatment Technology

Part I: Systems

Chapter 1: Conceptual Design of Riverbank Filtration SystemsH. Hunt, CPG, J. Schubert, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionWell Types and the Suitability of Vertical Versus

Horizontal Collector WellsEvolution of the Design of Horizontal Collector Wells

Chapter 2: American Experience in Installing Horizontal Collector WellsH. Hunt, CPG

IntroductionTimelineHistorical ProgressionCollector Well ConstructionHydrogeological Investigation/TestingDesign and Construction Details

Chapter 3: German Experience with Riverbank Filtration SystemsJ. Schubert, M.Sc.

IntroductionRiver Characteristics for Siting RBFFlow Dynamics of Rivers and the River/Aquifer InteractionField Studies on RBF Hydraulic Aspects

Chapter 4: Riverbank Filtration Construction Options Consideredat Louisville, KentuckyS. Hubbs, P.E.,K. Ball, D.L. Haas, P.E., and M.J. Robison, P.E.

IntroductionSite ConditionsSite Hydraulic CharacteristicsSoft-Soil Tunnel OptionHard-Rock Tunnel Option with Horizontal Collector WellsHard-Rock Tunnel Option with Vertical WellsConventional Collector Well DesignConstruction Cost Estimate NotesEvaluation of Alternatives

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Chapter 5: Operation and Maintenance ConsiderationsH. Hunt, CPG, J. Schubert, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionSelect Operating Wells in the United StatesSelect Operating Wells in GermanyOther ApplicationsConclusion

Part II: Contaminant Removal

Chapter 6: Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and ToxinsUsing Riverbank FiltrationJ. Schijven, Ph.D., P. Berger, Ph.D., and I. Miettinen, Ph.D.

IntroductionWhy RBF for Microbial Pathogens?Pathogen Occurrence in Surface WaterHealth EffectsOutbreaks Related to the Use of Riverbank-Filtered

Drinking WaterRequired Treatment of Surface Water for Drinking-Water

Production in the United States, Finland, andThe Netherlands: Implications for RBF Treatment

Hydrology and HydrogeologyMicroorganism Removal by RBF: ProcessesSurrogate Microorganisms and Other IndicatorsRemoval by RBF and Artificial InfiltrationCyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)Conclusions

Chapter 7: Riverbank Filtration Case Study at Louisville, KentuckyJ. Wang, Ph.D.

IntroductionPrevious Studies Conducted at Louisville, KentuckyDescription of the RBF FacilityDetermination of Water Time Travel and Groundwater DilutionNOM and Disinfection Byproduct Precursor RemovalRemoval of Microbial ContaminantsSummary

Chapter 8: Reduction in Disinfection Byproduct Precursors and PathogensDuring Riverbank Filtration at Three Midwestern United StatesDrinking-Water UtilitiesW.J. Weiss, E.J. Bouwer, Ph.D., W.P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E., C.R. OMelia, Ph.D., P.E.,H. Arora, Ph.D., P.E., and T.F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionSite DescriptionsInorganic MonitoringMicrobial MonitoringDisinfection Byproduct Formation Potential TestingSimulated Conventional TreatmentUniform Formation Conditions TestingRisk Calculations for Disinfection Byproduct Formation DataConclusions

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Chapter 9: Occurrence, Characteristics, Transport, and Fate of Pesticides,Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Products, and Personal Care Productsat Riverbank Filtration SitesI.M. Verstraeten, Ph.D., T. Heberer, Ph.D., and T. Scheytt, Ph.D.

IntroductionPhysical and Chemical Characteristics

of Selected Classes of OrganicsThe Presence of Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Products,

and Personal Care Products in Riverbank-Filtered WaterCase StudiesConclusions

Chapter 10: Effectiveness of Riverbank Filtration Sitesto Mitigate Shock LoadsH. Mlzer, Ph.D., J. Schubert, M.Sc., R. Gimbel, Ph.D.,and C.Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionExperience Ga