WH Chapter 2 early river valley civilizations, 3500 b.c. 450 b.c.
River Valley Civilizations 3500 to 500 BC The “Cradles of Civilization”
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Transcript of River Valley Civilizations 3500 to 500 BC The “Cradles of Civilization”
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River Valley Civilizations
• 3500 to 500 BC
The “Cradles of Civilization”
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Where did the earliest civilizations develop?
• River valleys
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Why did ancient civilizations develop in river valleys?
• They had rich soil for agriculture
• Periodic flooding left silt which made the soil rich in nutrients
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Geographic Barriers (mountains, deserts, seas, jungles,etc.)
Helped protect many early civilizations from nomadic invaders
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Where were the earliest civilizations located and when did they exist?
E M I C
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River Valley Civilizations
• Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys. (Southwest Asia)
• Egypt in the Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa)
• India in the Indus River Valley in South Asia • China in the Huang He Valley (East Asia).• From west to east “EMIC”
(3500 BC to 500 BC)
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• What were the geographic, social, political, and economic characteristics of the Ancient
River Valley civilizations?
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Mesopotamia• The land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
• Part of the Fertile Crescent
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Fertile Crescent •Arc of fertile land stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea
Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia• Present day Iraq
(Middle East).
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Sumer• The first of many civilizations to
arise in Mesopotamia• Protected by mountains, deserts and
the Persian Gulf
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Sumer• Sumer was made up of 12 independent city- states
• City-state: A city and the surrounding land it controlled
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Irrigation• Mesopotamia had a dry climate
• Irrigation was required to bring water from the rivers to the fields during the dry summer
months
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First Writing
• Invented the first written language: cuneiform (wedge writing)
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Invented Bronze
• Smelted from copper and tin
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Other Sumerian Accomplishments
• Plow
• Ziggurats
• Wheeled vehicles
• Number system based on 60
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Babylonian Empire• The first empire to arise in Mesopotamia
• Empire: several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the
control of one ruler.
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Code of Hammurabi
• First set of published laws
• Based on the principle of an “eye for an eye”
• Laws differed based on class
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Egypt• Nile Delta and Nile
River Valley (Northeast Africa)
• Protected by deserts and seas
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Nile Delta• Located in Lower
Egypt (northern Egypt - lower in elevation)
• Delta: broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river.
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Lower Egypt• View from space shuttle
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Hieroglyphics
•Pictures could stand for sounds as well as ideas
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Pharaohs
• They had absolute power (complete control)
• Thought to be responsible for making the sun rise, the Nile flood, and crops grow.
•Egyptian god-kings
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Religion
• Like other River Valley peoples, Egyptians were polytheistic (believed in many gods).
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Class System
• Egypt, had a rigid class system and slavery was accepted.
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India•Indus Valley Civilization
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Indus Valley Civilization• Located on the Indus
River in present-day Pakistan (Indian subcontinent).
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Natural Barriers • The Himalayan and the Hindu Kush Mountains as
well as the Indian Ocean protected the Indian subcontinent from invasion.
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Indus Valley Civilization• Made up of independent city states including Harappa, and Mohenjo-Daro (and 2500 other
sites)
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Indus Valley Achievements• Plumbing
The great bath at Mohenjo-Daro
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Cotton Cloth• Indus valley people were the first to cultivate
cotton and weave its fibers into cloth
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Written Language• has not been deciphered
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China• Huang He River
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Huang He
•Also called the Yellow River and the River of Sorrows (yellow silt caused flooding)
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Flooding of the Huang He• Satellite images
before after
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Geographically Isolated• Gobi desert, Himalayan Mountains,
Pacific Ocean, dense jungles
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Shang Dynasty
• China was ruled by a succession of ruling families called dynasties (Early dynasties: Shang and Zhou)
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Divine Rulers
• Chinese rulers were considered divine (god-like).
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Mandate of Heaven
• They served under a mandate of heaven (approval of the gods) only as long as their
rule was just
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Dynastic Cycle• Explains the rise, decline, and replacement of
families of rulers
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Chinese Silk• The Chinese invented silk cloth (made from
the cocoons of silkworms).
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Writing
• The earliest evidence of Chinese writing is found on oracle bones.
• Characters stood for ideas, not sounds.
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Ancestor Worship• The Chinese believed that the spirits of family
ancestors could bring good fortune or disaster
• They paid respect to family ancestors and made sacrifices in their honor
Bronze vessel used for sacrificial food
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Irrigation
• Water wheels were used to bring river water to the fields