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12 J anuary 2004

River rehabilitation in theNetherlands: perspectives of theEuropean Water Framework Directive

Hugo CoopsRIZA, the Netherlands

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12 January 22

The Netherlands

River Rhine

River Meuse

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12 January 23

Rhine catchment

• Length 1320 km

• Catchment basin 185 000 km2,(25 000 km2 in the Netherlands)

• Discharge (Lobith): 2300 m3/s

(620 – 11 885 m3/s)

• Nine countries: CH, FL, I, A, D, F,LUX, B, NL

• Population 50 million

• Major navigation route

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12 January 24

Navigation

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12 January 25

The Rhine: a heavilymodified river 

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12 January 26

Pollution of the Rhine

• 1970 – 1980: sewer of Europe

• 1986 Sandoz accident

• Rhine Action Programme:return of the salmon?

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12 January 27

Successful sanitation:oxygen

Oxygen concentrationat Lobith

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1954 1965 1976 1987 1998 2009

     %

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12 January 28

Successful sanitation:phosphorus

Phosphorus concentrationRhine at Lobith

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006

    m    g     /     l

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12 January 29

Cadmium concentrationRhine at Lobith

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006

     u     g       /       l

Successful sanitation:cadmium

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12 January 210

Alien invaders

Corophium curvispinum

Jaera istri

Corbicula fluminea

Dreissena polymorph

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12 January 211Ecosystem of the Lower 

Rhine: characteristicecotopes in forelands

Backwaters

Floodplain forest Grassy levees

Secondary channel

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12 January 212

Floodplain forest

•Natural vegetation inflooplains

•High nature values•Effects on geomorphology

•Role in bank protection•Effects on river discharge

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12 January 213

Floodplain forest: waveattenuation

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12 January 214

 Water bodies in Rhineforelands

Oxbow lake Sand mining pit

Clay pit Inundated foreland

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12 January 215

Ecotopes

• Reference state

•  Target state: ecotope objectives

• Present state: ecotope map

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12 January 216

Reference state

•Geographical reference

•Historical reference

• Theoretical reference

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12 January 217

Danube Delta trophicgradients project

• Large, semi-pristine delta/floodplain

• Gradient of hydrological connectivity

• Ecosystem functioning and impact of 

eutrophic river water

•  Three lake types

• Seasonal trends in flood pulse, algal andvegetation succession, and fish migration

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12 January 218

Lake types of the DanubeDelta

Type 2 Type 1 Type 3

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12 January 219

Lake classification

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12 January 220

River Concepts

• River Continuum Concept (Vannote et al.1980)

• Flood Pulse Concept (J unk et al. 1989)

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12 January 221

River Continuum Concept

•Processing of organic matterin downstream direction

•Dominance of 

shredders > grazers >> collectors

•Longitudinal gradient

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12 January 222

Flood Pulse Concept

•River – floodplain interaction

•Inundation cycle drivesbiogeochemical processes

•Relocation of organic matterand biota

• Transversal gradients

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12 January 223

Hydrological connectivity

• Longitudinal, transversal, vertical

• Flood pulse vs. Flow pulse

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12 January 224

Connectivity gradients:biodiversity

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12 January 226

Connectivity gradient:Danube Delta

Type 2 Type 1 Type 3

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12 January 227

Seasonal fish migration:tench

L.Isac 

L.Uzlina

L.Chiril 

L.Cuibul cu Lebede

L.Isac 

L.Uzlina L.Chiril 

L.Cuibul cu Lebede

Tench Tinca tinca2001 2002

Exchange between lakes - different by hydrology

June September 

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12 January 228

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

1-

 jan

31-

 jan

1-

mrt

31-

mrt

30-

apr 

30-

mei

29-

 jun

29-

 jul

28-

aug

27-

sep

27-

okt

26-

nov

26-

dec

date

discharge (m3.s-1)

2

20

50

150

Rhine

Lower Rhine: extremevariability

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12 January 229

Connectivity for fish:barbel nursery grounds

Germany

The Netherlands

?

Larvae drift downstream

?Temporal residence in side channels

Spawning on gravel banks

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12 January 231Aquatic macrophytes in

floodplain lakes along theRhine

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 - 10 10 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 300 > 300

Age of the lakes (years)

       F     r     e     q     u     e     n     c     y

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

< 2 2 - 20 20 - 50 50 - 150 > 150

Long-term inundation duration (days/year)

       F     r     e     q     u     e     n

     c     y

32

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12 January 232

Extreme floods 1994 and1995

• Impact on river management

• Effects of climate change

• Reconsidering target state

33

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12 January 233

Target state: compromisingriver functions

Hydraulic roughness of ecotopesSpatial arrangement Critical water levels

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12 January 234

Retain – Store - Discharge

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12 January 235

Measures in the Lower Rhine

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12 January 236

Side channels

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12 January 237

Floodplain lowering

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12 January 238

Detention reservoirs

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12 January 240

EU Water FrameworkDirective (2)

• Assessment: EQR(Fish, Macro-invertebrates,Phytoplankton,Macrophytes & phytobenthos

• Related research projects:- STAR (standardisation of riverclassifications)- FAME (assessment based on fish)

- CEN (standards for monitoring)

Bad Poor Moderate Good Very good

Referencecondition

41

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12 January 241

Rehabilitation stages

1. Chemical rehabilitation(Reduction of pollutants, recovery of biota inthe river channel)

2. Morphological rehabilitation(Reconnection of the floodplain, enhancedgeomorphological dynamics, recovery of floodplain biota)

3. Hydrological rehabilitation(Restoring natural flood pulse, recovery of transgressive biota)

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12 January 242

Economic drivers of rehabilitation