risk management: a better approach

Project Management Process Improvement:Risk Management Processes

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Post-Graduate Diploma in Management

by

Madhumanti SamaddarRoll No. – 12EX-023

Post Graduate Diploma in Management-Executive

Institute of Management Technology

Ghaziabad 122 001

October, 2013


A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Post-Graduate Diploma in Management-Executive

by

Madhumanti SamaddarRoll No. - 12EX-023

Under the guidance of

Dr. K. K. SharmaAssistant Professor

IMT, Ghaziabad

Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management-Executive

Institute of Management Technology

Ghaziabad 201 001

October, 2013

. Certificate

This is to certify that Project titled "Project Management Process Improvement: Risk Management Processes" submitted by “Madhumanti Samajhdar” (12EX-023) for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management-Executive is a bonafide work carried out by him, under my guidance and supervision.

The work has not been submitted by him/her elsewhere for the award of any other degree/diploma.

Dated………… Signature of the faculty guide

Dated__________ Signature of external guide

Dated………….. Counter signed byChairperson, PGDM-E

. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Here I want to express my sincere thanks to my project mentor Prof. Keshav Kumar Sharma for his kind help and interest in my study. Without his support it would not be possible for me to present this report in front of the board.

I also want to express my sincere gratitude towards the officials in the industries, well performing in their own positions, for discussing with me freely the trend and the status of risk management in the industries.

In addition, I am also thankful to our Program Chairperson Prof. Reshmi Agrewal and the body of Institute of Management Technology for granting me with this project.

MadhumantiRoll No.- 12EX-023

PGDM (Executive), 2013IMT, Ghaziabad

Table of Contents

Abstract


by

Madhumanti Samaddar

This study is done solely to fulfill the partial requirements for the award of the degree of post graduate diploma in management (executive), 2013.

This study focusses on the risk management practices in the Indian industries and suggests some improved approaches. We come to know about risk management through PMBoK. It is described as a part of project management. In PMBoK we can see two approaches to cater risks in individual projects. The approaches are: qualitative approach and quantitative approach.

These are good enough for individual projects and can be converted into common practices to cater risks in similar projects also. But they have no connection with the organizational strategic goals and they are unable to cater the ‘project risk’ also.

Hence, we bring the concept of project management maturity here. There are various models for achieving project management maturity. The two majorly accepted models are Berkeley’s PM2 model and OPM3 model. Both models talks about the increase of the capability of the project management processes. Thorough this we can achieve the connection between organizational goals and the project risk management.

They talk about various levels to define the maturity of the organization as well as the project management. They give the broad picture to manage risks. They suggest that through systematic approach we can increase the organizational maturity and also improve the maturity of risk management by making it into a good habit of doing works.

We also have collected information from the industries about their approaches and awareness of risk management and process maturity. From there we can call the levels, as per Berkeley’s model, as 2.5 for construction industry, 3 for financial industry and 4 for information technology industry and also for management consultancy industry.

We can also derive from the results of our survey that the higher the knowledge and implementation of organizational maturity models, the lower the number of unsolved risks. Hence we can conclude that,

1. Project management should be approached as a part of organizational strategy.2. Project management maturity models should be employed along with individual project

management plans3. Risk management is a part of project management, hence a part of project management

maturity also4. Awareness should be created within the organization about the approach towards risk

management through organizational and project maturity models.5. This wholistic approach can convert risk into opportunities and demolish the fear towards risks

List of Figures

Description Page

PMI project management processesEvolution of project knowledge through project developmentRisk management cycleBerkeley’s PM2 model stages chartOPM3 model maturity cycle

List of Tables

Description Page

Table – 1: Demographics of the sampleTable – 2: Analysis of the findingsTable – 3: Correlation chart from Minitab 15

List of Appendices

Description Page

Appendix 1. (Questionnaire)

List of Abbreviations

PMBoK Project Management Book of Knowledge by Project Management InstituteOPM3 Organizational Project Management Maturity Model by PMIPMI Project Management InstituteEPC Engineering Procurement ConstructionIT Information TechnologyCMMI Capability maturity model integrationPM Project ManagementPMM Project Management Maturity

1. Introduction:

To sustain an organization over decades the main focus should be on markets. Here the term ‘markets’ means the space congested with consumers and customers. We all know here that apart from direct consumers there are various types of customers directing the ‘trend’ of ‘market’. This trend is continuously changing; the rate of changing may be slow for some industries and fast for some others. But the important point here is the ‘changes in trends of markets’.

So, the obvious point here is how to detect the changes. The answer is more or less same for all type of industries and customers. We have to track it, perform market researches, and talk to customers or by feeling yourself as a customer. There are many other precisely technical techniques, marketers can explain better. These techniques help organizations to gather data and understand where it is going. Now, after detecting the trends, we have to move ourselves at those same directions.

The problems start from here. We have an intact process set-up in our organization. The KPIs, KRAs are all set. And change means new things. So, to make the change map in our own way we need some other process, which may be temporary. But it will make the organization adjust with the change with all its existing operational processes. This temporary process is known as ‘project’.

So the project is required only when there is a change. But we got to know above that ‘change is the only constant’. Hence, in these days companies have to run projects in continuous basis, one after another. This is the reason that these days project management process are becoming most important for companies. Project helps companies not only to keep up with changing trends of markets but also in expansion, diversion, capacity increment, mergers & acquisitions and in many other ways.

2. Concept and Methodology:

Here we will be discussing about the risks and how to take care of it. ‘Risk management’ is in itself a vast domain to discuss. We will try to understand the framework for risk management. Then we will also try to see it as a part of ‘project management maturity’. There are models to implement it. We will be trying to analyze how to do it better and how organizations are doing it in good ways.

2.1. Problem Statement:

In India industries do not take risk management seriously, mainly in EPC or construction domain. But risks are the reason for many delayed projects or many unsuccessful projects. This costs a lot to the company; not only in financial terms but also in reputational measures. Hence it is time to look into risks systematically and think of how to improve risk management.

2.2. Research Purpose:

There are methods of risk management in project management processes. Level one is qualitative methods, level two is quantitative methods. But project management maturity methods can form higher

levels for risk management. Our purpose here is to find out relationship between risk management and project management maturity.

2.3. Research Objective:

The objectives are,

From literature,1. To know about the risk management practices in project management2. To know about PMM and its models3. To know how PMM is connected to risk management

From industry survey,4. To understand risk management awareness in EPC industry5. To understand risk management practices in EPC industry6. To understand levels achieved in PMM in EPC industry7. To compare above understandings with other industries8. To understand relationship between PMM and risk management

2.4. Research Questions:

The questions are,

1. What are the risk management practices in EPC industry?2. What is the level achieved in PMM in EPC industry?3. Where the industry is standing as compared with other industries?4. What is the relationship between PMM and risk management?

2.5. Conceptual Framework:

Individual project risk management

Risk management as a part of financial strategies

Risk management combined with firm’s strategic objectives

Organizational maturity level increases

Qualitative risk management Quantitative risk management Risk management through PMM

Risk management level increases

This framework describes that the higher the organization is matured, the higher the risk management practices are being used.

2.6. Methodology:

The methodology is mainly research based. We have a vast number of research papers, articles etc. and most of all books like Project Management Book of Knowledge etc. From these sources we will try to understand the risk management processes. Then we will discuss about project management maturity and try to discuss the advantages of risk management through this.

Here we need some industry connect. A questionnaire has been prepared. These questions were asked to my personal industry contacts. The survey was done through mail and through telephonic conversation also. For contacts’ organizational privacy the names and contacts cannot be listed here.

The questionnaire is attached here in Appendix 1. This is solely prepared to serve the purpose of our study. Hence this is focused on risk management, through conventional processes and also through project management maturity. ‘Minitab’ software has been used to find out the ‘correlation’ between risk management awareness and PMM level of organizations.

The industries covered are mainly EPC and construction; but there are entries from IT industry, financial firm and management consultancy also.

3. Literature Survey:

3.1. The Risks and Project Management:

There may be various types of projects like, new product development project in medicine industry, capacity expansion projects I power plants or new channel development projects of selling in financial organizations. All kind of projects follow some simple phases which are same for all types of industries. These phases/ steps we can find in PMBoK (Project Management Book of Knowledge) as shown below.

These are very generic. To execute project we have to design the deliverables in each steps. These will vary as per the industry, the nature of the project and the corporate strategy of that particular organization.

3.1.1. The Risks:

Every project manager wants his/ her project to be problem free. Every team member also wants the same as well. But still there some problems remain. We get to know from PMBoK that project is associated with various stakeholders. They all have different interests, may be conflicting some times. This is one of the most critical types of problem.

There are many other types of problems. As we now know project flows through processes. The phases are nothing but the major processes. There will be innumerous sub-processes within them. These sub-processes will be inclusive of other different sub-processes. By this way, going to micro level of project processes we finally reach to activity levels. These are the real parts which we have to execute. This may sound like project processes are entirely manual as activities are to be done by persons only. But the design of processes and sub-processes makes the total system machine like; reducing manual error. Well, though the percentage of manual dependency is different from industry to industry.

Let us understand it in more details. We have seen above the basic steps of project management process. The first one is ‘initiating process’. In this step we initiate project. Discuss the scope, requirements, extent, feasibility and other basic things of the project. As example, we can think of ‘extent’ of the project. The project owner already knows why he/ she have to initiate the project. He/ she can calculate the entire pros & cons in financial terms. But there may be some zone of implications which is not in the viewing angle of him. Hence while calculating the ‘extent’ he may overlook it entirely by lack of knowledge. Like, if we can think increasing employee efficiency by increasing variable pay may be a human resource project process, but there may be some special terms of employee agreement in finance department which may reduce employee efficiency through variable pay. The project owner in human resource may be completely unaware of this fact; hence this project may have negative effect in finance department.

So, this is an example of a ‘problem’ which is a ‘risk’ as well. The difference between ‘problem’ and ‘risk’ here is, the problem which has a financial implication is called as a ‘risk’. There may be problems with non-financial implication also. Those are not ‘risks’ and hence not critical for project management processes.

Hence there will be risks at each and every step. These are mainly either process related or manual. We have to understand, brainstorm for these risks from the very beginning.

3.1.2. Types of Risks:

There are two types of risks, anticipated and unanticipated. As we have already understood that the initiating process also has risks; but we have overcome this by brainstorming in cross-functional teams. In planning process, we try to understand the risks at execution phase. But the planning phase also has its own risks.

We may try to think of a situation where we know delay will occur. Like if we are trying to construct a new highway across country there may be some issues may not had seen at planning stages; only can be understood at execution stage. Here we can’t help but delay will come along. One can argue that if all the influencing factors we can imagine at planning stage, this will never happen. But we also have to remember that human error occurs at least 15% time. And also planning stages also may have undergone some risks.

This is a situation of anticipated risk. As here we know delay will occur. Hence we may schedule some extra time, over required, for this particular process; so that the entire project will not suffer. There are situations for unanticipated risks also. Like in any branding campaign project the theme mat hurt the sense of the local belief. A foreign company may be entirely unaware of that risk. In such a situation we have to redesign the project baselines as per new ideas.

Hence the anticipated risks may not be known at the start of the project; but can be catered by some special means like keeping fire-fighting funds etc. But the unanticipated risks are more dangerous in nature. They affect the cost, quality and time, which in turn results into financial terms. But here we should know some projects are repetitive type in nature; like new medicine development. The processes and sub-processes are more or less same. Hence the percentage of anticipated risks is more than unanticipated risks. But entirely new projects or rare projects, like building Eifel Tower, have percentage of more unanticipated risks than anticipated ones.

Still companies like to take some measures to cater any kind of risks in later stages. Some of the measures are here,

Allocating additional time to some activities Keeping up contingency funds Implementing alarms to some critical stages Keeping prevention methodology for quality etc.

But all the plans ultimately leads to fund management, as we all know that implication in time or quality will lead to cost.

3.1.3. Managing Risks:

Apart from just being precautional, we have to go systematically to cater risks. Here, we can see in PMBoK and other project management guides that we have to first assess risks, map them properly and then we can think of plans to execute. There may be a huge number of risks. We have to identify which one just needs some more time and which one needs a complete plan of action. This process is known as risk assessment.

There are mainly two types of approaches for risk assessment; qualitative and quantitative. The preferences depends upon industry types, risk types etc. Though, it is good to know that the financial firms and information technology firms prefer the quantitative approaches mostly. But the construction or mechanical firms and any other types of firms prefers the qualitative approach.

These qualitative approaches help us to map the risks as per their severity. Here we try to understand the occurrence probability, severity, impact etc. Then we mark them on a relative scale. The risks appear on top, we focus on them first. There are several methods to go with this approach. Some organizations may have developed their own charts and methods for qualitative risk assessment. FMEA is a well-known and mostly used method or tool for qualitative risk assessment. Here we can find a RPN (Risk Probability Number) at the end. This helps us to identify the most problematic ones.

The quantitative approaches are mostly bound by numbers. Here we have to know the exact value of that risk. There are also several methods; but all of them depend upon some common factors. These are: tangible or intangible asset values, threat frequency, vulnerability, safeguard effectiveness, safeguard cost or impact and uncertainty or probability of that risk. Here risk is defined as a dependent variable on these independent variables. Various formulae are being used here, which also depends upon industry and risk types. The generic formula is,

R = f ( AV, V, I, T, P, etc…)

Where, R = riskAV = asset valueV = vulnerabilityI = impactT = threatP = probability

Clearly, the qualitative approach is very objective. The team has to put effort to make it realistic and attainable. The quantitative approach is more subjective one comparatively. But here also we have to go objective to some extent like in probability etc.

After proper risk assessment, we have to plan a course of action. We also have to generate some methods to monitor risks. PMBoK has listed and described these methods. The plan of action is to be in line with the risk assessments. Then we have to first study risk responses. Depending on the responses we are getting we have to monitor and control risk. One can plan and assess risks very well; but only through proper monitoring and control risk can be catered.

This is a cyclic process. Every time we see there is a problem in the risk response, we have to start it again or modify it again. The cycle is as below,

3.1.4. Challenges:

Though risk management by this process is suggested by most project management guides; but this is mainly dependent on the team. From the very beginning we have to identify the risks correctly and completely. If we overlook some, it may become critical afterwards.

Then also in planning process, we have to detect the most appropriate plan to cater risks. In all the steps, assessment, responses, controlling, the process depends upon manual intervention.

We have talked about the risks in the project. There are some projects which is risky in nature. This is called the ‘project risk’. The process described above does not help us to cater the project risk. This process is helpful for risks in the project.

Hence, we can see at the time of defining the project, we are discussing about the strategic goals of the firm. But after commencement of the project, there is no option to relate the project decisions with the corporate strategies. Hence the project may be successful, but there no guaranty remains that it will also fulfill the needs of corporate strategy as was thought previously.

There is one more ambiguity. This process, we discussed, is project oriented. This does not guide us about the repeatability and reproducibility in an entirely different project. We have to again generate all the documents; benchmarking is least possible. Hence, due to these problems the search for best practice of project management still remains.

These problems can be accounted to some extent through the methods of ‘project management maturity’. Through this not only we can get in touch of corporate strategies all the time but also we can run through a proper channel of processes. Hence, ‘project risk’ and ‘risks of the project’ both can be catered.

3.2. Project Management Maturity and Risk:

In Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (2004), the meaning of ‘mature’ is as below,(1) fully-developed or grown up(2) to develop emotionally and start to behave like a sensible adult (3) of plans or theories, it can mean that they are fully considered or perfected(4) of insurance policies or bills, it can mean due or payable(5) of fruit, wine or cheese, it can mean ripe or fully aged

This means when a project is fully grown is can be called as project maturity stage. But from the models like Berkeley or OPM3 etc., it is known that the definition is somewhat different from the original English meaning. Previously we have discussed that no state is constant in this changing world. Hence one perfect process also is not sufficient to say ‘mature’. The whole learning from this concept is the project management processes also have to be improved constantly to keep up with changing organizational goals. The higher the perfection is, the mature the model is.

These models help us to connect the project management processes with the organizational goals and strategic plans. These models have their guidelines starting from project management through program management till portfolio management. Let us discuss in details.

These models are known as ‘capability-maturity models’. Here the useful terms are, ‘capability, outcome, best practices’ etc. As per CMMI Product Team the proper definition is “the extent to which an organization has explicitly and consistently deployed processes that are documented, managed, measured, controlled, and continually improved. Organizational maturity may be measured via appraisals”.

Here ‘capability’ is the key concept. Every process has a limit of capability. This capability leads the process to desired results or ‘outcomes’. These outcomes define the perfection of the process and also ‘level of maturity’ of the process. This relates to the organizational goals and strategic intents. This capability can also be improved through proper planning, monitoring and controlling. The two major models, Berkeley’s and OPM3, give standards and levels to attend the process maturity.

In the Berkeley’s model we can see the level of maturity ranges from 1 (low) to 5 (high) using a Likert scale for both key project management processes and major organizational characteristics. Each level breaks PM processes and practices into nine PM knowledge areas and five PM phases, from PMBoK. Each level looks like the chart below,

Whereas the OPM3 model clearly focusses on the improvement through project, program and portfolio management. This method describes a cyclic process to be followed through ‘knowledge, assessment and improvement’ through process improvement stages of ‘standardize, measure, control and continuous improvement’. This cycle is to be followed in each stage and improving towards portfolio management from project management through program management. The cycle is,

3.2.1. Connecting with Risk:

Now question arises ‘how to manage risk through these?’ and ‘how the challenges are being take care of?’ Here also risk management appears as a part of project management. All these processes talk of process capability enhancement through continuous improvement. Capability decreases whenever there is a problem unsolved or not solved properly. This is nothing but a risk.

Let us discuss point wise. Here project management is seen as a part of the strategic plan of the organization. Through the levels of project management maturity we improve the outcomes towards the strategic goals. Hence there is no loss of understanding remains between the organizational processes and project management processes.

The ‘project risk’, as described above, is also being catered in the plans from the right beginning. When we start planning through the levels of the maturity models, we have to think about the entire project also. While developing knowledge, as per OPM3, we have to gather the knowledge of the projects and their connections with organizational processes. Hence the ‘project risk’ has to be defined properly and obviously plan has to be made according to that only.

These maturity models are cyclic processes, as we have seen above. We have to repeat each and every activity in each level of maturity. We have to prepare standard practices for project management at the very beginning. And improve this standard further through consecutive levels. Hence our project management practices become similar for each kind of project in the organization. This standard may vary from industry to industry and from organization to organization. But for a particular organization this remains standard. These standard processes now have to be used in each project, similar or new. Here increases the repeatability and reproducibility of the project management processes by standardization.

These standards also have to keep improving to attain the highest level of maturity. This means improvement of the process to attain the desired capability and after attaining this improvement of the

capability towards higher levels of maturity. This is cyclic as we have already discussed. Hence project management becomes not a fire fighting job; but a well-designed process to flow free.

This is how the human intervention is also can be reduced. The settled the process is, the less it will be dependent on human intervention. At lower stages of project management maturity the human intervention may be high. But as the level increases the intervention decreases and the orientation towards process improves. This is how the risks can be managed methodically through project management maturity models.

4. Industry Survey:

4.1. Hypothesis:

Here the null hypothesis will be ‘risk management is dependent on PMM’ and the alternate hypothesis will be ‘there is no relation between risk management and PMM’.

4.2. The Sample:

The demographics of the people, who supplied information is as below,

Industry Construction Information Technology

Consultancy Financial

Gender

Male 92.3% 62.5% 55.56% 80%

Female 7.7% 37.5% 44.44% 20%

Age groups

25 - 35 34.62% 81.25% 22.22% 60%

35 - 45 46.15% 18.75% 66.67% 40%

45 above 19.23% -- 11.11% --

Sample has been chosen based on my personal contacts in industries; like, engineering college alumni/ alumnae, officials from my previous client organizations, officials from engineering consultancy firms, seniors of my management college, my social network contacts etc. Number of persons, who was approached for this study, is above hundred. Number of respondents is fifty six, in which 47% are from EPC/ construction industry, 29% are from IT industry, 15% are from consultancy and rests are from finance industry.

4.2. Findings:

We have already revealed that we have collected information about the current risk management practices from the industries. The results are as below,

Table-1

Poor Moderate Good

Risk Awareness Construction Finance IT, Consultancy

Contingency funds Finance, IT Construction, Consultancy

Qualitative approach (only) Construction IT, Consultancy

Quantitative approach (only) Construction Consultancy Finance, IT

Project Management Maturity awareness

Construction Finance IT, Consultancy,

Levels achieved in PMM Construction Finance IT, Consultancy

Hence from the above table, we can see that though construction industry is majorly project based in general view, the maturity level is considerably low here. Whereas, in IT and consultancy industry, the project management is being taken more systematically. In financial industry the concept of project management is also not lagging behind. We can also see that the higher the concept of maturity, the more the percentages of solved risks.

But the awareness of maturity models is mostly found in IT and consultancy industry. There are proper project process enhancement teams, who are involved in the internal project management process improvement only. They are well aware of risks and continuously improving the risk management processes also. They are also well knowledgeable about the connection between portfolio management and risk management; and satisfactorily practicing those measures. Through the level as per Berkeley’s model is not more than 4, the practice is good here.

In finance the process review and mapping of projects with organizational goals is found; but not through proper theoretical models available. Hence the level as per Berkeley’s model can be called as 3. There are industry standards to manage risk and also to connect to portfolio management through project management.

In construction industry the picture is poorer. The process improvement activities are not very well practiced here. Hence standardization of project management processes through learning and improvement is also almost absent here. The common practice here is approaching the projects as individual basis only. Hence the level as per Berkeley’s model can be called not more than 2.5.

The construction industry generally takes the help of management consulting firms to improve their processes. They are also trying their level best. Hence it can be told that the improvement is in process. But the rate is too slow as the awareness is not good in this industry as compared with IT industry.

4.3. Correlation:

Let us check the table available from Minitab 15,

Correlations: Q-1, Q-2, Q-3, Q-4, Q-5, Q-6, Q-9, Q-10, Q-11

Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-5 Q-6 Q-9 Q-10

Table-2

Q-2 0.648 0.001

Q-3 0.491 0.834 0.024 0.000

Q-4 0.383 0.805 0.715 0.086 0.000 0.000

Q-5 0.513 0.702 0.728 0.707 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.000

Q-6 0.575 0.797 0.803 0.663 0.865 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000

Q-9 0.491 0.834 1.000 0.715 0.728 0.803 0.024 0.000 * 0.000 0.000 0.000

Q-10 0.502 0.811 0.802 0.793 0.770 0.725 0.802 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Q-11 0.360 0.773 0.767 0.836 0.697 0.713 0.767 0.795 0.109 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Cell Contents: Pearson correlation P-Value

From the above table, we can see that things are well positively correlated to each other. Number of person responsible for risk management is almost related to other issues. From this analysis it is getting clear that risk management maturity increases along with organizational maturity levels.

6. Suggestion and Conclusion:

We have discussed about the risk management practices in project management as suggested by PMBoK. We have also discussed how it can be done better through project management maturity models. Hence as conclusion we can say that the basic approaches of risk management are good enough for individual projects. But we have to go for maturity models for entire organizational process improvement.

The maturity models are nothing but continuous improvement through PMBoK risk management approaches. These also take care of organizational strategic goals. Hence the approach should start with maturity models and then into micro levels like individual project risk management. There a sense of risk management through maturity process management should be created throughout the organization. To enable people look towards risks more systematically without fear. This not only will help the organizations to achieve strategic goals but also will help to manage risk in more efficient ways. Hence, risk can be converted into opportunities and will not become nightmare of the project manager.

Table-3

Appendix 1.

Questionnaire

1. The responsibility for risk management is documented and understood throughout the organization

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

2. Number of person responsible for risk management especially

The project manager only

One for maximum projects

One for each project

One team is there

Centralized team handling each project separately

3. Starting point of risk assessment planning

When a problem is there

Contingency fund is there

Starting of the project

Starting of the program

It is a continuous process now

4. Number of documents being used

What document

Whatever and whenever required

As per PMBoK

5. Contingency fund as a % of total project cost

Dependent on the project risk

< 3%

3% – 10%

6. % of qualitative approach

Totally qualitative/ not possible to be quantitative

> 70%

70% - 30%

7. Method of qualitative approach

8. Method of quantitative approach

9. Number of times tallying risk plan with corporate strategy

Risk is project management thing

At the beginning of the program

At the beginning of the project

Whenever bigger problem comes


10. Availability of risk management plan

Whenever required it is prepared

Contingency fund is there

Inclusive in project management plan

At the starting of the project


11. Availability of project management maturity plan

Project management plan is there

At the starting of the program


12. Levels achieved in PM maturity

References

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Department of Transportation

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Mazarenu

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Hulya Julie Yazici

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Grant

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Ruta Čiutienė

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