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Rise to World Power: The U.S. Continues to Expand 1865-1917 Why did the United States extend its influence to other regions in the late 1800s?

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Was the purchase of Alaska in 1867 ($7.2 million) a good idea or a bad idea? Why?

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American Foreign Policy Late 1800s- Began to reject previous policies of isolationism; already practiced expansionism by fulfilling Manifest Destiny.

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Japan 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry travels to Japan with four warships and requests the Japanese to open ports for trade. RESULT: Treaty of Kanagawa- Beginning of U.S. Imperialism

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Imperialism Stronger nations extend political, military, and economic control over weaker nations

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The U.S. felt the need to compete with European nations, which had been establishing colonies for centuries. -Africa -Asia (China) Japan was also becoming a world power by the end of the 1900s.

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Three factors fueling development of American Imperialism Economic Interests- Expansion increases financial prosperity (new resources, markets) Military Interests- follow lead of Europeans and establish military presence Cultural Superiority- Govt, religion or race is superior to other societies

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In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward (Pres. Lincoln) purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.

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Response Seward was criticized: Polar Bear Garden and Sewards Icebox Turned out to be bargain for U.S. Seward considered acquiring Hawaii

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American Interests in Latin America

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The Monroe Doctrine led to flourishing trade with Latin America. American merchants wanted to extend U.S. economic influence in the region. 1889: Pan-American Conference in D.C. leads to Pan-American Union.

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Imperialism in the Pacific In 1867 William Seward also acquired the Pacific islands of Midway as an important stopping place for American ships en route to China.

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The annexation of Hawaii Independent; ruled by monarchy. Wealthy (U.S.) planters dominated economy. Queen Liliuokalani -planters had too much influence 1887: U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor Tariffs placed on Hawaiian sugar: planters argued Hawaii should become territory of the United States. Planters: 1893- overthrew Queen,set up govt, requested U.S. annexation Pres. Harrison approved treaty; sent to Senate. Cleveland becomes Pres. & withdraws treaty. 1900- Annexation of Hawaii as territory

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Islands of Samoa Site of US Naval Station Special trading rights w/ US, Germany, and Great Britain; competed for power 1899: Germany and US split and annexed Samoa Islands

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China and the Open Door Policy China weakened by war with Japan Could not stop foreign powers that wanted to exploit its vast resources and marketsexploit Japan and European powers carved out spheres of influencesections of the country where the nations enjoyed special rights and powersin China by the late 1890s. spheres of influence

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US Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policy which gave each foreign nation in China rights to trade freely in the other nations spheres of influence

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After Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers accepted Hays Open Door policy. In July, 222 Chinese Eastern Orthodox Christians, 182 Protestant missionaries and 500 Chinese Protestants, including women and children were killed in the Taiyuan Massacre.

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Japan (again) Eager to expand its power in Asia, Japan attacked a Russian fleet in Manchuria, starting the Russo-Japanese War President Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth-recognized Japans control of Korea in return for Japans pledge to halt expansion.

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Spanish American War Cuba -island 90 miles off of the coast of Florida -struggled for independence from Spain - Spanish rule is oppressive U.S. identifies with struggle. also : Economic interest in sugarcane plantations - 1894 sugar tariff disrupts Cuban economy - Jose Marti gathers money, arms, and men; leads rebellion from New York

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Rebellion against Spain General Valeriano Butcher Weyler (leader of Spanish troops) forced Cubans into Reconcentration Camps to separate them from Cuban rebels Horrifying conditions: hunger, starvation, diseases: 10,000s deaths (25% population)

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Americas Reaction Revolt alarms U.S. ($50 million in interests in plantations) Yellow Journalism fuels push for war Sensationalized news reports of atrocities in Cuba stir American publics emotions: -The World- Pullitzer -The New York Journal- Hearst Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels;touristCuba front page "yellow journalism" from Hearst (Artist: Frederic Remington_Frederic Remington Americans want action; President McKinley doesnt. He demands Spains harsh treatment of Cuba stop.

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A Splendid Little War President McKinley sent the warship Maine to Havana to protect American citizens and property. American newspapers blamed Spain when the Maine exploded, which triggered the Spanish- American war.

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Remember the Maine!

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War at Sea: Dewey and fleet of six US ships defeat Spain at Manila Bay in Philippines. 17,000 U.S. troops land in Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders to victory in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

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Shortly afterwards, the Spanish signed an armistice and the war ended. Secretary of State John Hay called the Spanish-American War a splendid little war.

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Treaty of Paris October 1898 -Cuba became a protectorate of the U.S.protectorate -Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the United States.territories -Spain surrendered the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

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Cuba was granted full independence on the condition that their constitution gave the United States certain rights to intervene, known as the Platt Amendment. Puerto Rico: The Jones Act in 1917 - territory of the United States and granted American citizenship.

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But the Philippines.lead to much debate Filipinos were considered unfit for self- government and the Philippines became a US colony, even though they believed that they were fighting for and wanted independence. Some argued that American rule of the Philippines went against the democratic principles on which the United States was founded. Others felt the Philippines would provide the United States with an important Pacific naval base.

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Imperialism Debate Pro-Imperialists Imperialists felt that it was Americas right and responsibility (White Mans Burden) to take over other lands.Anti-Imperialists believed in expansionism (trade with other nations) but not having power over them believed that it would weaken institutions at home, invite war, violate American principle of self-determination (right to choose govt. without outside interference) We should not deny others the right to govern themselves.

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In February 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo began a fight for independence of the Philippines. Filipino-American War led by Emilio AguinaldoFilipino-American War led by Emilio Aguinaldo In the summer of 1901, the United States transferred the authority from a military to a civilian government to prepare the islands for eventual self-rule.

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Does the U. S. still practice imperialism today? What is going on in Iraq,Afaghanistan, and Libya? Does the U.S. help out other nations (sending troops, money, etc.)? Is this an ongoing trend?

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a country that is technically independent, but is actually under the control of another countrya country that is technically independent, but is actually under the control of another country

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an area that is completely controlled by another country as a colonial possessionan area that is completely controlled by another country as a colonial possession

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Panama Americans wanted connection between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Central America to eliminate long and dangerous sea voyage around South America. Colombia refused to negotiate with U.S.; U.S. supports successful Panamanian rebellion. Treaty signed with new nation of Panama ; lease canal zone for 99 years for $10 million; $250,000 annual rent US begins construction of Panama Canal

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Policing the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt: Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick-Use diplomacy and military force if necessary; avoid anarchySpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick Monroe Doctrine: no other nations could intervene in W. Hemisphere (Latin America) Added Roosevelt Corollary (1904)-U.S. policeman of Latin America; gave U.S. right to intervene whenever nations seemed unstable Used in Dominican Republican(1905) when unable to pay foreign debts Cuba- U.S. stopped Revolt

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Substitute dollars for bullets Dollar Diplomacy: Taft was willing to intervene in other nations affairs if they threatened American business interests.

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Moral Diplomacy: teach South American republics to elect good men

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Relations With Mexico A series of revolutions occurred between 1911-1914. President Wilson sold arms to opposition rebels in 1913. In retaliation, troops arrested American sailors. Wilson ordered U.S. troops to seize the port of Veracruz. Mexican leader flees, and rebels take charge of Mexico.

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Rebel leader Francisco Pancho Villa shot 16 Americans because of U.S. support for the Carranza government. US troops (led by Gen. Pershing) cross border to pursue Villa