Rise of Islam. What is Islam? A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad 8/14/20152.
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Transcript of Rise of Islam. What is Islam? A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad 8/14/20152.
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Rise of Islam
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What is Islam?
• A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad
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Basic Beliefs of Islam
1. One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God
2. Judgment Day3. Acceptance of prophets,
including Moses and Jesus4. Muhammad was the last
prophet by God
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Founding of Islam
• 570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah)
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The Prophet Muhammad
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Founding of Islam
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• 610 AD Muhammad was told by a vision of the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet so began preaching in Mecca
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Muhammad receiving the message from Gabriel
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Founding of Islam
• Islamic religion spread from Mecca to Medina along trade route
• 622 AD: Muhammad fled to Medina (Madinah) because of threats to his life
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Spread of Islam from Mecca to Medina 570 AD to 622 AD
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Founding of Islam
• 630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted
• 632 AD: Muhammad died in Medina (Madinah)
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Five Pillars
• As part of the Islam, all true Muslims must perform five duties:
1. Affirmation of faith
2. Prayer
3. Almsgiving
4. Fasting
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Affirmation of Faith
• The duty to recite the creed: “There is nothing worthy of worship save Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”
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Prayer
• The duty to pray to God five times each day (facing Mecca)
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“The rewards for the prayers which are performed by people assembled together are double of those which are said at home.” From The Sunnah
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Almsgiving
• The duty to give away alms and to help the needy
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“A man's giving in alms one piece of silver in his lifetime is better for him than giving one hundred when about to die.”
From The Sunnah
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Fasting
• The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan
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“A keeper of fasts, who does not abandon lying and slandering, God cares not about his leaving off eating and drinking.”
From The Sunnah
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Pilgrimage
• The duty to visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime
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Quran (Koran)
• Islamic Holy Book
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“Read the Qur'an constantly; I swear by him in the hands of whose might is my life, verily the Qur'an runneth away faster than a camel which is not tied by the leg.”
From The Sunnah
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Holy City: Mecca
• Mecca (Birthplace of Muhammad)
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Spread of Islamic Civilization
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Islamic religion spread rapidly over great distances: Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia, and India
Where did Islam spread?
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Why??
• Quran instructed them to spread their faith.
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Expansion
• 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of Damascus, Syria
• 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq
• 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem
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Expansion
• 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt
• 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia
• 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) mostly occupied by Muslims
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Expansion ceases
• 732 AD: Battle of Tours
–**Muslims were defeated** and Islamic expansion into Europe stopped
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Tours is a city located in France.
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11th Century
• Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine
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13th Century
• Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam
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1453
• Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire
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The Split in Islam
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Split of Islam
• 656 AD - two groups split over how the religious leaders should be chosen;
• Shi’ite (Shi’a)
• Sunni
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SHIITE (Shi’a)
• Mostly in Iraq & Iran
• Thought leader must be related to Muhammad through his daughter Fatima & Ali
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The 12 Imams, believed to be descendants of Muhammad daughter Fatima and son-in-Law Ali and the infallible true leaders of Islam.
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SUNNI
• Majority of Muslims
• Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept
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Shi’a v Sunni
• Two groups fought each other; Sunni won & began the 1st Muslim Empire: The Umayyad Empire
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Umayyad Empire (661- 750AD)
• Sunni influenced.• Official language = Arabic• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria
(strategically located).• Conquered land to the Indus River
(Pakistan), North Africa, & Spain
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Islamic expansion ceases
UMAYYAD EMPIRE EXPANSION CEASES FOLLOWING LOSS AT
THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN FRANCE (732AD)
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Abbasids vs. Umayyad
• Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD
– Built a new capital in Baghdad, Iraq
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The non-shaded region shows the Abbasid Caliphate
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The Muslim World fractures
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Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around Baghdad.
Fracture to Autonomous Dynasties:• Faced internal problems such as; financial, political, social, and military• Local governors act independently to central authority• Local authorities begin to act as individual provinces or states
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Cultural Contributions
• Architecture (ex: Dome of the Rock, mosques)
• Islamic Civilization preserved and extended ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian Learning
• Mosaics
• Arabic alphabet04/19/23 44
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Dome of the Rock
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Mosque in Istanbul
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Islamic Mosaics
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Cultural Contributions and Achievements
• Universities
• Translation of ancient texts into Arabic
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Students in the ancient Islamic University
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Scientific achievements
• Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero
• Medicine
• Expansion of geographic knowledge
• Astronomy
• Algebra
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Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments.
Pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation = pharmacology
Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis)
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Medicine
• Al-Razi-– Chief physician at hospital in Baghdad– Compiled a huge medical encyclopedia,
explaining diseases so doctors could tell them apart.
• Ibn Sina– Scholar and doctor– Wrote the textbook Canon of Medicine– Used in Europe until 1650
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Mathematics
• Al-Khwarizmi– Compiled Arabic math
book, Algebra
– Developed Algebra
– Also worked in the field of astronomy and geography
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A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra
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Geography
• Al-Idrisi– Cartographer, geographer, Egyptologist– Sent people to countries to study geographic
features– Developed more accurate maps
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The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi in1154,one of the most advanced ancient world maps.Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas.