Rise of Islam

Chapter 11

610Muhammad

receives recitation at 40 yrs old

622M. &

followers leave Mecca for Yathrib (Medina)

(hijrah)

630After much

fighting, return to Mecca

Kaaba destroyed

and rededicated

5 Pillars of Islam• The Muslim Confession of Faith: “There is

no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”

• Ritual Prayer: Observed five times a day; directed toward Mecca.

• Almsgiving: The Zakat or purification tax (about 2.5 percent of one’s wealth) for giving to the poor.

• Fasting: Observed during the holy month of Ramadan.

• Pilgrimage: Every able Muslim should make at least one pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca during his or her lifetime.

Top 10 largest Muslim populations

# Country Muslims

1. Indonesia 188,619,000

2. Pakistan 144,788,000

3. India 131,213,000

4. Bangladesh 118,512,000

5. Turkey 67,864,000

6. Iran 67,610,000

7. Egypt 64,647,000

8. Nigeria 54,891,000

9. Algeria 31,729,000

10. Morocco 31,642,000

The Quran• Sacred text• Written in Arabic• Muslim converts

have to learn Arabic

• Shared language a unifying factor

Jihad• “the struggle to defend the faith”• What does this mean?• http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/1

1/10/fort.hood.shooting/index.html• http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/

africa/11/09/libya.jihadi.code/index.html

Islam Spreads

Section 2

After the death of Muhammed

• Arab armies spread Islam through parts of 3 continents

Why so successful?• Weakness of the Persian and

Byzantine empires• The people in the fertile Crescent

welcomed the Arabs as liberators from harsh rulers

• Belief in Islam & certainty of paradise for those who fell in battle spurred the Arab armies to victory

Treatment of Conquered People

• Special tax on non-Muslims• Allowed Christians, Jews and

Zoroastrians to practice their own religions

• In principle, emphasized equality of all believers regardless of race, sex, class, or wealth

Divisions in

Islam

Sunni- Caliph should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim

Community-Leader not religious authority

-90% of Muslims today

Shiites- Caliph should be descendants

of Muhammed- Believed that Muhammed’s descendants were divinely

inspired

Sufi- Muslim mystics who sought

Communion with God - Through meditation, fasting,

and other rituals

Sunnis are a majority in the Arab and the Muslim world. In Iraq, Shiites are a majority.

Baghdad• Became the center of the Muslim

world• A symbol of wealth and power• “City of Peace, Gift of God,

Paradise on Earth”

The Shaheed Monument, opened in 1983, commemorates Iraqi soldiers killed in the Iran-Iraq war

The colossal Hands of Victory monument marks the entrances to a large parade ground in central Baghdad. The triumphal arch is shaped as two pairs of crossed swords, made from the guns of dead Iraqi soldiers that were melted and recast as the 24-ton blades of the swords. The fists that hold the swords aloft are replicas of Saddam Husseins own hands.

Invasion! (900-1400)• The Crusades• Mongols • By 1200’s the

Arab empire had fragmented and fallen

Section 3

Islamic Civilization

A Culture of Traders• Muhammad had been a trader

(caravan leader)• Trade important to Muslim culture• Silk, cotton, wool textiles• Carpets & tapestries• Steel swords, gold, silver• Jewelry, perfumes, spices• Leather, pottery, glassware

A Way of Life• Islamic law governs many aspects

of daily life • Sharia – Islamic law• Does not separate religious

matters from criminal or civil law• Women’s rights under Islam vary

depending on what country they live in.

Family Life• Arranged marriages• Qur’an restricted men to 4 wives

and had to treat each equally• Women could divorce, inherit

money, and remarry• Rights would diminish over time.

Impact of Islam on Women

"Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and

committed helpers."From the last sermon

of Prophet Mohammed

The Taliban government was severely criticized for not respecting the human rights of women. Women were prohibited from leaving their homes, unless they were completely covered; no part of their faces, hair or body was to be shown out in the public. Religious police patrols were forcing women to wear burqa of a specified length, and even minor deviations could result in public punishment, as women were beaten with thin sticks at the ankles for wearing burqas that were "too short". The education of women suffered too, and women were deprived even of elementary education.

http://listverse.com/2012/11/12/top-10-everyday-things-banned-in-saudi-arabia/

Sciences• Collected much learning from

trade networks• Advanced in distillation of

medicine, hygiene, surgical procedures

• Had the world’s first pharmacy and encyclopedia of diseases and treatments

• Astrolabe• Learned a new

numbering system from India using 10 figures (Arabic numerals)

• Used decimals• Algebra (restoring

math)

Brahmi numerals (lower row) in India in the 1st century AD

Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Hindu-Arabic numerals: Western Arabic/European numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right

Other Customshttp://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/31714/travel_and_leisure/culture_tips_for_dubai_travelers.html