Risa GluskinYork Mills CI

gluskin.caUsing Graphs in Social Science

Income Inequality in Canada

How to Read a Table and a Graph

Relative Income Inequality Percentage Distribution of Total Income of Canadian

Families by Quintiles, 1974, 1984, and 1996

Quintile 1974 (%) 1984 (%) 1996 (%)

Lowest 6.3 6.1 6.1

Second 13.1 12.3 11.9

Middle 18.2 18 17.4

Fourth 23.6 24.1 24.0

Highest 38.8 39.5 40.6

Bain, C., Colyer, J., DesRivieres, D., & Dolan, S. (2002). Transitions in Society: The Challenge of

Change. Toronto: Oxford University Press. (82)

Absolute Income InequalityAverage Total Income By Family Type, Select

Years, 1976 to 2008

Two-parent families with children

Female lone-parent

Male lone-parent

1976 77,400 28,000 53,300

1996 78,500 29,200 46,000

2006 95,200 39,800 65,000

2007 99,300 40,800 60,300

2008 100,200 42,300 60,400

Adapted from Statistics Canada. (2010). Average total income by family type, select years, 1976 to 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2011 from

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/8903/2010001/article/11388/tbl/tbl003- eng.htm

Women Employed as a Percentage of All Occupations, 1987 and 2009

Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey

Statistics Canada. (2012, Feb. 24). Women employed as a percentage of all occupations, 1987 and 2009. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11387/c-g/c-g007-eng.htm

Globalization

Hooks and ‘Ah hah’ Moments, Visual Confirmation of Concepts

Distribution of World Income

Conference Board of Canada. (2011, Sept.). World income inequality. Retrieved April 12, 2012 from http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/hot-opics/worldInequality.aspx

% of total annual world income

Poorest, 1

Richest, 42

Other, 57

Poorest

Richest

Other

Income Distribution

Nation Master. (N.d.). Economy statistics. Income distribution; richest 10% (most recent) by country. Retrieved April 13, 2012 from

www.nationmaster.com

Richest 10%

0102030405060

Brazil

South

Afri

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Russia

Costa

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China

UK

Austra

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South

Kor

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Canad

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Norway

Japa

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Sweden

Country

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Demography: Baby Boom, Echo Boom

How to Choose the Right Graph to Represent a Concept

Canada's Population Growth During the Last 50 Years

Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Canada’s population growth during the last 50 years. Retrieved Jan.

17, 2013 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-550/figures/c1-eng.cfm

Population and Growth Components (1851-2001 Censuses)

Period

Total Population growth (thousands)

Births Deaths Immigration Emigration

1941-1951

2,141 3,186 1,214 548 379

1951-1956

2,433 2,106 633 783 185

1956-1961

2,157 2,362 687 760 278

1966- 1971

1,553 1,856 766 890 427

1996-2001

1,410 1,705 1,089 1,217 376

Adapted from Statistics Canada. (2005, Jan. 28). Census of Population.

Population Pyramid, 1996

Natural Resources Canada. (2004). The atlas of Canada; population pyramid 1996. Retrieved

April 25, 2012 from http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/auth/english/maps/peopleandsociety/age/age1996/can_graph.g if/image_view

PP 2006

Statistics Canada. (2009). 2006 Census: analysis series – findings. Figure 7: different cohorts among the age pyramid of the Canadian population in 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/figures/c7-eng.cfm

PPs for 1966 and 2006

Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2007). The future is aging. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from

http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/34013.html

Proportion of Persons Aged 65 Years and Over Among the G8 Countries in 2006

Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Proportion of persons aged 65 years and over among G8 countries in

2006. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/figures/c4- eng.cfm

Number of Persons Aged 65 and Over and Number of Children Aged Less Than 15 Years

in the Canadian Population 1956-2016

Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Number of persons aged 65 and over and number of children aged less than 15 years in The

Canadian population 1956-2016. Retrieved Feb. 14, 2013 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97- 551/figures/c1-eng.cfm

Fertility and Fecundity

Using the Magic Pencil

Making a Scattergraph

World Population

World Fertility Rates

Births and Total Fertility Rates,

Canada, 1988 to 2008

Statistics Canada. (2011, April 29). Births and total fertility rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008. Retrieved Nov. 29,

2012 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/2008000/ct006-eng.htm

Age-specific Fertility Rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008

Statistics Canada. (2011, April 29). Births and total fertility rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2012 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/2008000/ct002-eng.htm

Making Scattergraphs

X coordinate• Students receive data on fertility rates of

almost all countries ranging from lowest (1.2) to highest (8.0), and arranged in six groups. – They randomly choose six countries from

each of the six ranges. This gives them a sample of 36 that includes high, medium and low, as well developed and developing countries.

Y coordinate• Students are given two variables to plot

for their 36 countries.• Together we make educated guesses about whether

we think there will be a positive, negative, or no correlation between the X and Y coordinates, in other words between fertility rates and each proximate determinant.

– Per capita national income (GNI PPP per Capita)– Percent of married woman 15-49 using contraception (modern

methods)– Percentage of women economically active– Percentage of Females enrolled in Secondary School– Percentage of Women Married in the 15-19 age group– Childbearing under the age of 20 (measured in births per

1000)

Graphing

• They have to make two graphs by hand and fully label them (which I have already modeled for them at the beginning of the chapter when they make a graph for relationship between fertility rates and year of birth of the mother).

• They only draw their “line of best fit” in class when they meet with the other people who had the same graphs as them.

Correlation Not Causation

No Correlation

Proximate Determinants