Rio de JaneiroUrban Development

Investigation

Brazil

Where the world’s largest rainforest is locatedWhere one of the best soccer team was from

2016 Olympics host

Brazil

2014 World Cup host

2016 Olympics host2014 World Cup host

Brazil

Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro Demographics

84% people living in cities (in Brazil)6 million population in municipality (2010)

2nd populous Brazilian City (behind Sao Paulo)

High urban population density of 4781 ppl/ km2

About 200 billion USD GDP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro

Hong Kong had an urban population density of 6480 ppl/ km2

Rio de Janeiro Panorama

Copacabana Beach, Rio

Rio de Janeiro Carnival 2011

Rio de Janeiro Carnival 2011Centro, Rio de Janeiro (CBD)

What Rio is now.What is Rio doing?

What should Rio do?

(for simplicity, Rio de Janeiro will be called Rio from now on)

What Rio is now.What is Rio doing?

What should Rio do?Is Rio ready for the two

world-class events ahead?

What Rio is now.

Current urban land use planningHousing the poorer people

Social DeprivationPollution and waste

Transport & infrastructureWater, food and power systems

What is Rio doing?Is Rio ready for two world-class events?

Slum

Poor

High High

CBD

✈

✈

Middle

Poor

Slum

Poor

High High

CBD

✈

✈

Middle

Poor3

12

4

1

CBD

Airport

Airport leads to increased accessibility, and therefore the CBD is located near the airport

Mid-high class residential area

2

High class residential area

Hotel+ resorts

to CBD

Beach scenery + short distance to CBD leads to rapid development of structured tourist facilities and

high-class residential areas

3Airport

Many middle income people live here, favoring

the nearby airport

Poorer people live inland and far from the main highways.

Mid-level residential area

Slum

Slum

4

Largest slum in Brazil: Rocinha Favela

Located in a steep hillside

Slum

Kinds of slums in Rio

Favela Illegal Subdivisions

A highly consolidated invasion of public or private

environmentally safe land by very poor people.

Favela Illegal Subdivisions Cortiços

Landowners illegally distribute land to very poor people for housing.

They lack infrastructure and are illegal.

Kinds of slums in Rio

Illegal Subdivisions InvasionsCortiços

Housing or flats divided and sub-leased to many

poor people/ families. They often share the same bathroom, electrical

appliances etc. and were often overcrowded.

Kinds of slums in Rio

InvasionsCortiços

Using of very dangerous lands for building houses

for very poor people. These lands are often

environmentally fragile and lack infrastructure.

Kinds of slums in Rio

Basically, a slum used land illegally (or are abandoned).

Favelas and illegal settlements in Rio

Inland poor agricultural land is often illegally

subdivided for the landowner to make profits.

Many favelas are located in the middle of the mid-class

residential areas, and are denser than illegal subdivisions

Lack of infrastructure

Income inequality

Corrupting Authorities

Poor water &

electricity distribution

Drugs

Crime

Poverty

Slums

Lack of green space

Social Deprivation in Rio de Janeiro

Unemployment

Unemployment rate in Rio5.1%Brazil Average

6.7%

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

United States

8.3%

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

139mg/m3Particulates in air

Air pollution index in Rio (from World Bank)

São Paūlo

86Shanghai

246Mumbai

240

Mexico City

279Beijing

377

139mg/m3Particulates in air

Air pollution index in Rio (from World Bank)

Mass popularization of ethanol as car fuels in Brazil (ethanol

burns cleaner) leads to a lower air pollution index.

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Percentage of waste water that are treated in Brazil

35%Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

65% of wastewater are directly added to the water system

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Unplanned development, which makes waste collection difficult

Waste management is very difficult in favelas.

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Rio elected landfills instead of incineration to deal with trash.

Lower processing costs

Waste management is very difficult in favelas.

Metrô Rio- Founded in 1979- Runs in 41 km- State owned, corporate ran- Significantly reduced road traffic and increased accessibility- Serves working-class neighborhoods

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro but traffic problems still persist in Rio

440

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro

440Metrô Rio

Length of bicycle paths

160kmAirports (1 international)

2but traffic problems

still persist in Rio

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Serious traffic congestion in/ near the CBD during rush hours

Less Congested

More Congested

*abstract representation

Less Congested

Poor road

system planning

High car ownership rate

(people prefers driving

over public transport)

More Congested

Low-capacity public transport systems

Brazil’s Power GridAging Unreliable

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Power Source

Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Brasilia

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

(Itaipu Dam)

Power Source

Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Brasilia

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

(Itaipu Dam)

77% of people in Brazil had access to piped water

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Brazil is a large global food exporting country

People have access to agricultural products in Brazil

No problems in food supply

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Traffic congestion

Government prioritize road construction

Less streets and public space

Difficulty walking on streets

People choose driving

(in the past)

Unemployment Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Management Transport Energy Water Supply Food Supply Public Space Green

Rio de Janeiro had a lot of green spaces.

- Predominantly a rainforest- Many steep terrain, which leads to difficulty in development, which preserves rainforest- Presence of golf courses

Problems in Rio

Electricity Shortages

Flooding

Income Inequality

Waste Management

Poor Public

Transport

Poor Infrastructure

Poor Public Transport

Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro

440Metrô Rio

Length of bicycle paths

160kmAirports (1 international)

2

Sao Paulo

73km

Poor Public Transport

Metrô Rio

Hong Kong

211km

Mexico City

451km

Only 41 km

Poor Public Transport

Metrô Rio

Only 41 kmSmall Coverage

People in rural areas buy cars to work in the CBD

Bus lines in Rio de Janeiro440

Hong Kong

700+

Length of bicycle paths

160km

New York City

675km

Bogota

300km

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

↓global image↓productivity↓time↓money

$$$

↑GHG Emissions↑Air Pollution↑Noise Pollution

Disturbance to residents↓Accessibility

Major power blackout in 2009

Major power blackout in 2009

Caused by Brazil’s aging power systems

Millions of dollars lost

POWER FAILURE

↓lose money - Manufacturing sector fail - People spend additional money purchasing backup electricity supplies- Maintenance and repairing

↓global image

$$$

InconvenienceSocial OutrageSkeptical on public power systems

GINI Coefficient for Rio de Janeiro

0.518very high

Hong Kong

0.533

Homicide rate: 20 per 100,000

inhabitants

Top 20

What Rio is now.

Current urban land use planningHousing the poorer people

Social DeprivationPollution and waste

Transport & infrastructureWater, food and power systems

What is Rio doing? What should Rio do?

Power Island Program

Slum Upgrades

Public Transport UpgradeSlum Demolishment

Recreation Upgrades

Street Pedestrianization

Rocinha Favela

Rocinha Favela Self-help

UPGRADED

The authorities supplied materials to residents to build their own permanent accommodation in Rocinha (such as cement, breeze blocks).

- Now an urbanized neighbourhood

- Almost all houses are built with brick and concrete today

- Supplied with electricity and basic sanitation facilities.

UPGRADED

Rocinha Favela Self-help

But not all of them are this lucky...

With Maracana Stadium nearby(Will be hosting the finals of World Cup 2014 and main athletics events in Olympics 2016)

Favela do Metrô

To “revitalize” area nearby the stadium and to make

way for constructionDEMOLISHED

Favela do Metrô

New Homes

People are relocated in apartments or are homeless

(unable to sustain informal economy in buildings)

Favela do Metrô

New Homes

People are relocated in apartments or are homeless

(unable to sustain informal economy in buildings)

People have homes bulldozed with a short time

of notice/ without notice

Favela do Metrô

New Homes

Favela do Metrô

unemployment and loss of jobs for poor people

MetrôRocinha✔ Informal economy

sustainedPeople :)Increased quality of livingSaved costs

Much quicker effect(prevents damage on Rio's image)Spare landPeople get conpensated

✘ Slower effectStill looks like a slumStill an unplanned neighborhoodNo spare landSanitation problems not

Informal economy disruptedPeople :(More costlyUnemployment

SUSTAINABLE

UNSUSTAINABLE

Construction of new stations/ expansion of road network

-Above the slums-Offers great panoramic view of Rio favelas

-Cost-effective way to travel uphill

-Major tourist attraction

Rio de Janeiro Gondola

-Less time spent on traveling over hills

-Tourist spending

$$$

- Lower emissions compared to cars as a transport method

- More quiet

Rio de Janeiro GondolaSUSTAINABLE

- Panoramic View to favelas- Establishing transport links- No need to demolish slums

Length of bicycle paths

160km

Length of bicycle paths

320km

Rio bicycle path expansions

Near famous beaches

SUSTAINABLE

Built to accommodate the Olympics

Rio de Janeiro Power Island

Power Source

Sao Paulo BrasiliaRio de Janeiro

(Itaipu Dam)

Rio de Janeiro Power Island

Power Source

Sao Paulo Brasilia

Rio de Janeiro

HEP

(Itaipu Dam)

Rio de Janeiro Power Island

Power Source

Sao Paulo Brasilia

Rio de Janeiro

HEP

(Itaipu Dam)

Hydroelectric power plant construction

Rio de Janeiro Power Island

Lowers the chance of blackout

Car-less!

Rio street pedestrianization

- Roads along beaches in Rio are car-free on Sundays

- Paquetá Island is also car-free permanently

Less cars

Government prioritize pedestrians/ cyclists

More streets and public space

Ease walking on streets

People choose walking/ cycling

(now)

Too much serious urban problems still remained unsolved. Crime, urban housing...

What should Rio do?Is Rio ready for the two

world-class events ahead?NO

What should Rio do?Is Rio ready for the two world-class events ahead?

How can Rio be competent for the two games ahead?

Beijing

1. Rapid expansion of railroad

1. Rapid expansion of railroad

Cleaner

Increased accessibility for poor people

Wealthy people takes airplanes or cars

A Shipyard in Rio, showing water pollutants

2. Subsidies for polluting industries (for purchasing eco-

friendly equipments and better filtering systems)

Creates incentives to cut water pollution

Improves global image of Brazil

Expand public transport systems, with renewable/ eco-friendly sources

Roads

BusRailway

Airports

Develop rural areas/ commuter

zones

Despite Rio de Janeiro had a low city air pollution, Brazil contributed to 1.3% of global emissions. Therefore, Brazil should also help tackle global warming, and Rio is the perfect place to start with this.

“

Why Rio is a good place to develop renewable power sources:

-Abundant rivers and rainfall (for HEP)

-Coastal Area (for wind power and tide power)

-Good accessibility

Tourist hub: Better global image

But...

Money can never solve all of the problems.

Besides infrastructures, what can we do?

Or problems will never have existed.

2.Constitutional Reforms

Regulated Urban Land

-Urban land use zoning-Better regulations and restrictions to development

-Halt illegal settlement development

-Inspections to ensure infrastructure safety

Land Tenure Redistribution

1% PEOPLE

OWNS 47% LAND

Creates incentives for poor peasants to shift out of cities

Battles inequality

in Brazil

RICH

POOR

Rainforest(now)

RICH

POOR

Rainforest(future) UNSUSTAINABLE

RICH

POOR

Rainforest(now)

RICH

POOR

Rainforest(now) SUSTAINABLE

Purchase farmland from the richForced removal

Slum/ irregular developmentsUrban development disparities

Agricultural production

✔

✔

✔

PROBLEM SOLVED

(but policy is hard to reinforce)

Anti-corruptionMoney lost from officials

Money+ welfare

back to people

Arrest corruptive officials+Increase salary from officials in Brazil

(reduce incentives to corrupt)

Rio de Janeiro

“The Marvelous City”

Brazil had a chance for shining it’s soft power to the globe through Rio, but certainly it requires a good planning... and money.

“

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References