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8/8/2019 Rinaldi Roberto - OIl Spills in Mediterranean Sea.An evaluation of EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo
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Universit degli Studi di Roma - Tor Vergata
Faculty of Economics
Supervisor:Prof. Castellucci Laura
Candidate:Roberto Rinaldi
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2Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
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2Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
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2Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
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2Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Production of energy from animal sources to production of energy fromnatural sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, ...).
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
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2Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Production of energy from animal sources to production of energy fromnatural sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, ...).
Nowadays,more than 80% of worldwide energy comes from
burning of fossil fuels. (Petroleum 40%).
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
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8/8/2019 Rinaldi Roberto - OIl Spills in Mediterranean Sea.An evaluation of EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo
7/652Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Production of energy from animal sources to production of energy fromnatural sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, ...).
Nowadays,more than 80% of worldwide energy comes from
burning of fossil fuels. (Petroleum 40%).
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
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8/652Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Production of energy from animal sources to production of energy fromnatural sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, ...).
Nowadays,more than 80% of worldwide energy comes from
burning of fossil fuels. (Petroleum 40%).
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
Petroleum Natural gas CoalHydroelectric Nuclear Other
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9/652Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The use of energy has been a key elementin development of human society sinceIndustrial Revolution.
Production of energy from animal sources to production of energy fromnatural sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, ...).
Nowadays,more than 80% of worldwide energy comes from
burning of fossil fuels. (Petroleum 40%).
Source: DeLong J.B. (1998) - Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C. - Present.
Petroleum Natural gas CoalHydroelectric Nuclear Other
Source: Energy Information Administration 2005 data.
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10/653Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: The International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) & Energy Information Administration (2005) - World Oil Transit Chokepoints.
Source:Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) (2005) - Main routes in the Mediterranean Sea for crude oil tankers for year 2005
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3Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Maritime transportation of oilmore than 60% of the total oil transported every year.
Source: The International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) & Energy Information Administration (2005) - World Oil Transit Chokepoints.
Source:Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) (2005) - Main routes in the Mediterranean Sea for crude oil tankers for year 2005
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3Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Maritime transportation of oilmore than 60% of the total oil transported every year.
Source: The International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) & Energy Information Administration (2005) - World Oil Transit Chokepoints.
- More than 2 billion of metric tons ( tonnes ) in2005.
Source:Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) (2005) - Main routes in the Mediterranean Sea for crude oil tankers for year 2005
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3Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Maritime transportation of oilmore than 60% of the total oil transported every year.
Source: The International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) & Energy Information Administration (2005) - World Oil Transit Chokepoints.
- More than 2 billion of metric tons ( tonnes ) in2005.
- Mediterranean Sea is a strategic waterway thataccounts for over 15% of global shipping activity
Source:Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC) (2005) - Main routes in the Mediterranean Sea for crude oil tankers for year 2005
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4Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
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4Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Semi enclosed sea;
- Water circulation almost not existing (surface waters turnover 80 years);
- UNEP biodiversity hotspot (endemic
species);
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4Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Semi enclosed sea;
- Water circulation almost not existing (surface waters turnover 80 years);
- UNEP biodiversity hotspot (endemic
species);
- Main economic activities of the basin highly correlated with sea NR:commercial shing and tourism.
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4Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Semi enclosed sea;
- Water circulation almost not existing (surface waters turnover 80 years);
- UNEP biodiversity hotspot (endemic
species);
- Main economic activities of the basin highly correlated with sea NR:commercial shing and tourism.
=> OIL SPILLS INTO MEDITERRANEAN SEA
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5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954 1973 1975 1982 1992 200520022000
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5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973 1975 1982 1992 200520022000
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973 1975 1982 1992 200520022000
-
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992 200520022000
-
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992 200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
-
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
-
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
ERIKA ISafety package:creation backlist to improve
seabornepetroleum
products trade
-
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
ERIKA ISafety package:creation backlist to improve
seabornepetroleum
products trade
ERIKA IISafety package:Creation EMSA
+COPE Fund
+Improvements creation info
network on port state controls
-
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
ERIKA ISafety package:creation backlist to improve
seabornepetroleum
products trade
ERIKA IISafety package:Creation EMSA
+COPE Fund
+Improvements creation info
network on port state controls
ERIKA IIIMeasures:
port controls+...+
carriers liability
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
5Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
1973
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
1975 1982 1992
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
ERIKA ISafety package:creation backlist to improve
seabornepetroleum
products trade
ERIKA IISafety package:Creation EMSA
+COPE Fund
+Improvements creation info
network on port state controls
ERIKA IIIMeasures:
port controls+...+
carriers liability
-
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
The number of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
The number of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
The number of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
1981-1994
76 accidents
vs.
1995-2008
40 accidents
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
The number of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
1981-1994
76 accidents
vs.
1995-2008
40 accidents
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6Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Number of oil spills in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
The number of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
1981-1994
76 accidents
vs.
1995-2008
40 accidents
- 40 %
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7Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
Volume of oil spills (>7 tonnes) in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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7Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
0
35000
70000
105000
140000
175000
210000
245000
280000
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Volume of oil spills (>7 tonnes) in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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7Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
The volume of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
0
35000
70000
105000
140000
175000
210000
245000
280000
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Volume of oil spills (>7 tonnes) in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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7Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
The volume of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
0
35000
70000
105000
140000
175000
210000
245000
280000
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Volume of oil spills (>7 tonnes) in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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7Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
The volume of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
1981-1994
325,200tonnes
vs.
1995-2008
125,210
tonnes0
35000
70000
105000
140000
175000
210000
245000
280000
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Volume of oil spills (>7 tonnes) in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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7Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
Source: Elaboration ITOPF database on accidental oil spills in Mediterranean Sea waters > 7 tonnes.
The volume of oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea waters for the period1970-2008 shows that:
1981-1994
325,200tonnes
vs.
1995-2008
125,210
tonnes
- 61 %
0
35000
70000
105000
140000
175000
210000
245000
280000
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Volume of oil spills (>7 tonnes) in Mediterranean Sea watersMoving average from 1995
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8Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
COSTS ASSESSMENTa) Cost of inaction: costs/damages between 1992 (discussion of MARPOL I/13F and I/13G)
and 1995 (entrance into force of double-hull standard requirement)
YEAROIL SPILT
due to inaction(tonnes)
CLEANUP($ million)
ETKIN D.S. (1999)
DAMAGES($ million)
A.T.I. ENI-IRI (1992)
TOTAL($ million)
1992 46,556 400.17 333.94 734.11
1993 1,476 12.69 10.59 23.27
1994 21,033 180.79 150.87 331.66
TOTAL C ST OF INACTION $1.09 billion
per-year C ST OF INACTION $0.36 billion
b) Cost of action: increased in 1) capital expenditures to replace retired tankers;2) operating expenses of double-hull tankers;3) costs associated with the timing of replacement.
per-year COST OF ACTION $0.28 billion
Accoding to the Committee on Pollution Act additional operating andconstruction costs are expected to be $3.94 billion in Mediterranean Sea
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9Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
BENEFITS ASSESSMENT
Assessment of all those avoided damages that not spilled oil would have created for 1995-2008.
A monetary value of clean-up cost, loss of commercial shing and environmental damages that
199,990 tonnes of not spilled oil would have created, based on damage assessment by A.T.I. ENI-IRIof the M/T Haven oil spill in 1991 off Genoa coasts.
YEARSOIL NOT SPILT
(tonnes)CLEANUP
($ million)DAMAGES($ million)
TOTAL($ million)
1995-2008 199,990 1,719.02 1,434.53 3,153.55
OTAL BENEFITS $3.2 billion
p r-year BENEFITS $0.23 billion
NOTE: - Benets of avoided damages do not last for only 14 years, but their effects extend with aninnite time horizon (ex. sh species);
- Per-year benets not discounted.
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RESULT YEAR COST($ ,000)
BENEFIT($ ,000)
1992 734,111.91 -
1993 23,274.35 -
1994 331,659.54 -
1995 260,883.46 225,253.49
1996 264,627.06 225,253.49
1997 274,034.95 225,253.49
1998 279,274.93 225,253.49
1999 264,373.84 225,253.49
2000 271,038.51 225,253.49
2001 259,102.75 225,253.49
2002 275,890.52 225,253.49
2003 289,120.44 225,253.49
2004 291,428.88 225,253.49
2005 306,205.72 225,253.49
2006 309,958.63 225,253.49
2007 300,959.11 225,253.49
2008 289,984.41 225,253.49
per-year ($ ,000) 295,642.88 225,253.49
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RESULT
CBA-ratio = 0.76
YEAR COST($ ,000)BENEFIT($ ,000)
1992 734,111.91 -
1993 23,274.35 -
1994 331,659.54 -
1995 260,883.46 225,253.49
1996 264,627.06 225,253.49
1997 274,034.95 225,253.49
1998 279,274.93 225,253.49
1999 264,373.84 225,253.49
2000 271,038.51 225,253.49
2001 259,102.75 225,253.49
2002 275,890.52 225,253.49
2003 289,120.44 225,253.49
2004 291,428.88 225,253.49
2005 306,205.72 225,253.49
2006 309,958.63 225,253.49
2007 300,959.11 225,253.49
2008 289,984.41 225,253.49
per-year ($ ,000) 295,642.88 225,253.49
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RESULT
CBA-ratio = 0.76
For every $1 of costs sustained for the application of theMARPOL Regulations,
YEAR COST($ ,000)BENEFIT($ ,000)
1992 734,111.91 -
1993 23,274.35 -
1994 331,659.54 -
1995 260,883.46 225,253.49
1996 264,627.06 225,253.49
1997 274,034.95 225,253.49
1998 279,274.93 225,253.49
1999 264,373.84 225,253.49
2000 271,038.51 225,253.49
2001 259,102.75 225,253.49
2002 275,890.52 225,253.49
2003 289,120.44 225,253.49
2004 291,428.88 225,253.49
2005 306,205.72 225,253.49
2006 309,958.63 225,253.49
2007 300,959.11 225,253.49
2008 289,984.41 225,253.49
per-year ($ ,000) 295,642.88 225,253.49
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RESULT
CBA-ratio = 0.76
For every $1 of costs sustained for the application of theMARPOL Regulations,approximately $0.8 of benets were registered.
YEAR COST($ ,000)BENEFIT($ ,000)
1992 734,111.91 -
1993 23,274.35 -
1994 331,659.54 -
1995 260,883.46 225,253.49
1996 264,627.06 225,253.49
1997 274,034.95 225,253.49
1998 279,274.93 225,253.49
1999 264,373.84 225,253.49
2000 271,038.51 225,253.49
2001 259,102.75 225,253.49
2002 275,890.52 225,253.49
2003 289,120.44 225,253.49
2004 291,428.88 225,253.49
2005 306,205.72 225,253.49
2006 309,958.63 225,253.49
2007 300,959.11 225,253.49
2008 289,984.41 225,253.49
per-year ($ ,000) 295,642.88 225,253.49
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RESULT
CBA-ratio = 0.76
For every $1 of costs sustained for the application of theMARPOL Regulations,approximately $0.8 of benets were registered.
YEAR COST($ ,000)BENEFIT($ ,000)
1992 734,111.91 -
1993 23,274.35 -
1994 331,659.54 -
1995 260,883.46 225,253.49
1996 264,627.06 225,253.49
1997 274,034.95 225,253.49
1998 279,274.93 225,253.49
1999 264,373.84 225,253.49
2000 271,038.51 225,253.49
2001 259,102.75 225,253.49
2002 275,890.52 225,253.49
2003 289,120.44 225,253.49
2004 291,428.88 225,253.49
2005 306,205.72 225,253.49
2006 309,958.63 225,253.49
2007 300,959.11 225,253.49
2008 289,984.41 225,253.49
per-year ($ ,000) 295,642.88 225,253.49
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10Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
RESULT
CBA-ratio = 0.76
For every $1 of costs sustained for the application of theMARPOL Regulations,approximately $0.8 of benets were registered.
YEAR COST($ ,000)BENEFIT($ ,000)
1992 734,111.91 -
1993 23,274.35 -
1994 331,659.54 -
1995 260,883.46 225,253.49
1996 264,627.06 225,253.49
1997 274,034.95 225,253.49
1998 279,274.93 225,253.49
1999 264,373.84 225,253.49
2000 271,038.51 225,253.49
2001 259,102.75 225,253.49
2002 275,890.52 225,253.49
2003 289,120.44 225,253.49
2004 291,428.88 225,253.49
2005 306,205.72 225,253.49
2006 309,958.63 225,253.49
2007 300,959.11 225,253.49
2008 289,984.41 225,253.49
per-year ($ ,000) 295,642.88 225,253.49
IS DOUBLE-HULL A HULLABALOO???
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YES
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Incentives for technological improvements in the LR of technology standards (as double-hull) equal to zero. YES
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NO
Incentives for technological improvements in the LR of technology standards (as double-hull) equal to zero. YES
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The introduction of the MARPOL Regulations had a decreasing effect on both the number of accidents with an oil release and the volume of oil spilled in Mediterranean Sea waters.
NO
Incentives for technological improvements in the LR of technology standards (as double-hull) equal to zero. YES
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11Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
The introduction of the MARPOL Regulations had a decreasing effect on both the number of accidents with an oil release and the volume of oil spilled in Mediterranean Sea waters.
NO
Incentives for technological improvements in the LR of technology standards (as double-hull) equal to zero. YES
FURTHERMORE
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In the CBA, only use-value has been assessed. butTOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE (TEV) = f ( DUV , IUV, OV , BV , EV)
where:DUV= Direct Use Value
IUV= Indirect Use ValueOV = Option Value
BV = Bequest ValueEV = Existence Value
If non-use value introduced, benets would overweigh costs.
The introduction of the MARPOL Regulations had a decreasing effect on both the number of accidents with an oil release and the volume of oil spilled in Mediterranean Sea waters.
NO
Incentives for technological improvements in the LR of technology standards (as double-hull) equal to zero. YES
FURTHERMORE
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
ERIKA IICreation EMSA
+COPE Fund
+Improvements creation info
network on port state controls
ERIKA IIIMeasures:
port controls+...+
carriers liability
12Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954 1973 1975 1982 1992 200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
AMOCO CADIZ Oil Spill
off Brittany coasts[no-Med waters]1.6 million barrels
M/T HAVEN Oil Spill
off Genoa, Italy coasts
1 million barrels
ERIKA Oil Spill
off Brittany coasts[no-Med waters]
worst disaster (damages)
ERIKA ISafety package:creation backlist to improve
seabornepetroleum
products trade
1978 1991 1999
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MARPOL 73/78Regulation:
discharges at sea of oil and otherharmful sustances from ship
OILPOLCommitment:
prohibition dischargesin specic areas.
BARCELONA CONVENTIONProtocols:
appropriate measures toprevent and abate pollution
caused by dumping fromships in Mediterranean Sea
MARPOL I/13F, I/13GMandatory introduction
in Mediterranean Sea standard requirement
double-hull+
Phase-out scheduleold single-hulled eet
ERIKA IICreation EMSA
+COPE Fund
+Improvements creation info
network on port state controls
ERIKA IIIMeasures:
port controls+...+
carriers liability
12Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
1954 1973 1975 1982 1992 200520022000
UNCLOSRights and
responsabilitiesof nations intheir use of
worlds oceans+
Guidelinesprotection of the
environment
Each international and national regulation or amendment has been enactedonly after a major oil spill .
AMOCO CADIZ Oil Spill
off Brittany coasts[no-Med waters]1.6 million barrels
M/T HAVEN Oil Spill
off Genoa, Italy coasts
1 million barrels
ERIKA Oil Spill
off Brittany coasts[no-Med waters]
worst disaster (damages)
ERIKA ISafety package:creation backlist to improve
seabornepetroleum
products trade
1978 1991 1999
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13Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
SO
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- Being better to avoid a loss than make it up for damages caused,it is less costly to avoid damages from oil spills than to remedy to thecatastrophic consequences that any accidental oil spillage causes.
SO
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- Being better to avoid a loss than make it up for damages caused,it is less costly to avoid damages from oil spills than to remedy to thecatastrophic consequences that any accidental oil spillage causes.
SO
- Continued compliance by Mediterranean countries against oil spillsmust be forced, focusing on illegal operational discharges (< 7 tonnes).
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- Being better to avoid a loss than make it up for damages caused,it is less costly to avoid damages from oil spills than to remedy to thecatastrophic consequences that any accidental oil spillage causes.
SO
- Continued compliance by Mediterranean countries against oil spillsmust be forced, focusing on illegal operational discharges (< 7 tonnes).
- European Union, representing almost half of the Mediterraneancountries, could play a leading role in the enforcement of new laws.
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13Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Being better to avoid a loss than make it up for damages caused,it is less costly to avoid damages from oil spills than to remedy to thecatastrophic consequences that any accidental oil spillage causes.
SO
- Continued compliance by Mediterranean countries against oil spillsmust be forced, focusing on illegal operational discharges (< 7 tonnes).
- European Union, representing almost half of the Mediterraneancountries, could play a leading role in the enforcement of new laws.
- Only through concrete and prompt decisions there could be aneffective improvement of the environment.
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13Oil Spills in the Mediterranean Sea. An evaluation of the EU regulations: double-hull or -hullabaloo? - RINALDI ROBERTO
- Being better to avoid a loss than make it up for damages caused,it is less costly to avoid damages from oil spills than to remedy to thecatastrophic consequences that any accidental oil spillage causes.
SO
- Continued compliance by Mediterranean countries against oil spillsmust be forced, focusing on illegal operational discharges (< 7 tonnes).
- European Union, representing almost half of the Mediterraneancountries, could play a leading role in the enforcement of new laws.
- Only through concrete and prompt decisions there could be aneffective improvement of the environment. An environment that is the source for the survival of all living being -humans included.
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Thank you for your attention!